scholarly journals The Salamanca Declaration in Practice: Inclusion in Europe 2008-2012

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Ivor Williams ◽  
Gaj Vidmar
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The One ◽  
Inclusive Schooling ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Educating all children in local schools (inclusive schooling) was agreed by the Salamanca declaration in 1994. Progress has been uneven with evidence from the USA that rural areas achieve higher rates of inclusion possibly due to socio-economic factors. This paper considers whether individual jurisdictions in Europe are making progress, and which socio-economic factors may be relevant. A novel statistical analysis to identify outliers and economic and Social Progress Index data were used to determine likely sources of variation. There are significant differences across Europe both in the level of inclusion and in the progress towards inclusion. No economic or social indices predicted levels of inclusion. The most likely explanation for the one consistent outlier was a legislative one. The results are discussed with reference to data from the USA, and proposals are made for further analyses that might elucidate the reasons for differing levels of inclusion in education.

Menstrual knowledge and perceptions of schoolgirls in Bangladesh: do socio-economic factors really matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulsan Ara Parvin ◽  
Nina Takashino ◽  
Md. Shahidul Islam ◽  
Md. Habibur Rahman ◽  
Md. Anwarul Abedin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Professional Occupation ◽  
Menstrual Knowledge ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Purpose This study aims to explore whether socio-economic factors determine the level of menstrual knowledge and perceptions of schoolgirls in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to understand how knowledge and perceptions vary with variations in the different socio-economic factors in a schoolgirl’s life such as place of residence, religion, age, grade, parents’ education, parents’ occupation, family income and even family size. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from four schools (two in urban areas and two in rural areas). A total of 450 schoolgirls from grades V–X were interviewed to examine how knowledge and perceptions varied with different socio-economic aspects. Multiple logistic regression models were used to measure the associations between various socio-economic variables and perceptions of and knowledge about menstruation. Findings Respondents from urban areas were 4.75 times more likely and those 14–16 years old were two times more likely to report higher levels of knowledge about menstruation compared to their counterparts. Based on the father’s occupation, respondents whose father was engaged in a professional occupation were 1.983 times more likely to have a higher level of knowledge on menstruation compared to those whose fathers were in an unskilled profession. Similarly, the odds of positive perceptions on menstruation were 1.456 and 1.987 times higher, respectively, among respondents living in urban areas and those 14–16 years old, compared to their counterparts. Originality/value This study provides evidence that different socio-economic and even demographic factors are important in the development of menstrual knowledge and perceptions. Policy formulation and development actions related to adolescent girls’ physical and reproductive health development need to consider these factors in Bangladesh and in other developing countries, where poor knowledge and perception related to menstruation are hindering girls’ mental and physical development. This is expected that better knowledge and perception will facilitate girls’ right to have better health and social lives.

scholarly journals Determinants of antenatal care visits and their impact on the choice of birthplace among mothers in Uganda: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shallon Atuhaire ◽  
John Francis Mugisha
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Maternal Health Services ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Objective: The utilization of Antenatal Care (ANC) services to the recommended time by WHO is still low in developing countries. In Uganda, about 990,000 women become pregnant annually, 90 to 94% of whom attend at least the first ANC visit while 65% and 58% of them attend four or more times in urban and rural areas respectively with eventual health facility birth at about 62%, homebirth and TBA together at about 38%. The study determined antenatal care attendance and the mother’s choice of birthplace in Uganda. Materials and methods: Using electronic databases mainly Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and African Journals Online, and journal articles of international Website, 70,195 articles were identified but only 19 met the Cochrane review inclusion criteria hence were reviewed. Results: Reviewed studies attribute a decline in antenatal care visits and subsequent choice of birthplace to institutional, demographic and socio-economic factors. The demographic factors are maternal age (mothers less than eighteen years are less likely to utilize maternal health services than those above), marital status, occupation, residency, distance from home to the health facility, and parity. The socio-economic factors are mothers’ and partners’ levels of education (less educated women and their partners are less likely to utilize ANC), household income which affects transportation and medical bills, cultural norms and taboos, patriarchy society, enrollment on ANC in the third trimester, and intrinsic factors of attending ANC such as obtaining ANC card to present in case of emergency. Institutional factors include quality of medical care, availability of logistics and supplies, and health workers’ influence in terms of attitude, referral, competences, and staffing. Conclusion: Pregnant women who attend ANC are more likely to deliver in the health facility than those who do not at all. To enable them to attend ANC to full term and have a health facility delivery, their empowerment for increased self-efficacy through education, sustainable livelihood training and provision of subsidized capital alongside partner involvement. The facilitation of health facilities would also attract them.

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Factors Affecting The Maternal Health In Rural Areas Of District Layyah, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Ghulam Abbas ◽  
Naseer Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Socio Economic Factors ◽  
Fertile Women

The present quantitative study was conducted to explore the socio-economic factors affecting on the maternal health in the rural areas of District Layyah. The universe of the present study consisted of the all the fertile women those were able to reproduce. 150 women were selected from the rural areas of the research areas through systematic random sampling. Description of the data and analysis was done through SPSS. It was concluded that the early marriages, low level of education and income, unavailability of the maternal homes and general hospitals, far away of the hospitals, and the absence of doctors and gynecologists in the rural areas and the traditional methods of delivery cases are the major causes of the low level of maternal health in the rural areas of the study area. It was recommended that to improve the maternal health education and income level should be raised and awareness should be given in the study areas.

scholarly journals Analysis of Built-Up Areas of Small Polish Cities with the Use of Deep Learning and Geographically Weighted Regression

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Maciej Adamiak ◽  
Iwona Jażdżewska ◽  
Marta Nalej
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Small cities are an important part of the settlement system, a link between rural areas and large cities. Although they perform important functions, research focuses on large cities and metropolises while marginalizing small cities, the study of which is of great importance to progress in social sciences, geography, and urban planning. The main goal of this paper was to verify the impact of selected socio-economic factors on the share of built-up areas in 665 small Polish cities in 2019. Data from the Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT), Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2015 and 2019, and Local Data Bank by Statistics Poland form 2019 were used in the research. A machine learning segmentation procedure was used to obtain the data on the occurrence of built-up areas. Hot Spot (Getis-Ord Gi*) analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to explain spatially varying impact of factors related to population, spatial and economic development, and living standards on the share of built-up areas in the area of small cities. Significant association was found between the population density and the share of built-up areas in the area of the cities studied. The influence of the other socio-economic factors examined, related to the spatial and economic development of the cities and the quality of life of the inhabitants, showed great regional variation. The results also indicated that the share of built-up areas in the area of the cities under study is a result of the conditions under which they were established and developed throughout their existence, and not only of the socio-economic factors affecting them at present.

scholarly journals Features of the fight against a viral epidemic at the present stage of human development

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Vorobʹev
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Seasonal Migrations ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Electronic Technologies ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Modern results of a research of questions of fight against virus epidemics which existed at the time of society of hunters and collectors are presented. Modern concepts epidemic and pandemics are opened. The historical information on epidemics of the ancient world is supplied. Factors which caused emergence of epidemics and pandemics are described. Difficult natural (global climate change) also the socio-economic factors leading to increase in number of populations of carriers of viral diseases are the main reasons for emergence of these phenomena. The world map characterizing the epidemiological events which took place in the certain countries is submitted. The analysis of researches of a problem is carried out and its results are presented. The possibility of transfer of viruses and emergence of epidemics and pandemics not only with migration of people, but also seasonal migrations, first of all, migratory birds is opened. Functions and possibilities of reproduction of pathogenic viruses and also the main ways of transfer of viruses from one organism to another are characterized. The recommendations about COVID-19 developed by the Center of the USA on control and prevention of diseases are opened. The complex of actions promoting the termination of virus epidemics to which vaccination of the population special medicines, self-isolation and various social restrictions and also broad use of digital (electronic) technologies belongs is described.

scholarly journals Evaluate the Capabilities and Limitations Sustainable Rural Development in the Kermanshah District

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Masood Safari AliAkbari ◽  
Hamdollah Pishroo
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The One

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities and limitations sustainable rural development in the Kermanshah district, is. Kermanshah district is, the one of Kermanshah city in the Kermanshah Province, located in the West of Iran. Province with an area of 24,640 square kilometers, the seventeenth province of Iran, the extent of. Reviews features and capabilities of the rural Kermanshah district, in order to achieve sustainable development goals of the study is considered. To assess the capabilities and limitations of sustainable rural development, Kermanshah district, the Model " driving force ( pressure), - the status quo - Response " (PSR), with emphasis on economic factors, is employed. In order to sustain economic factors are the factors that leads to rural development in a period of sustained economic terms, and the amount of economic and social prosperity for farmers and villagers to create. In the model used, studied over 10 indicators, such as access to water resources, food security, adequate income and permanent farmer’s share of manufactured exports, etc. have been studied. To calculate the index, data from the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Agriculture has been used. The results of the model used, the indicators used, show that stability, rural development, agricultural activities down to reliance has been, and continues to the present situation cannot be sustainable development for rural areas surveyed have. One of the main reasons for this instability, the increasing cost of agricultural production, on the one hand, and the low prices of the other party, which has caused the value added of this sector was low and income from agricultural activities 30 percent of total rural income ), not sustainable rural development, to be held.

scholarly journals How Universities Have Betrayed Reason and Humanity—And What's to Be Done About It

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Know How ◽  
High Profile ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk

In 1984 the author published From Knowledge to Wisdom, a book that argues that a revolution in academia is urgently needed, so that problems of living, including global problems, are put at the heart of the enterprise, and the basic aim becomes to seek and promote wisdom, and not just acquire knowledge. Every discipline and aspect of academia needs to change, and the whole way in which academia is related to the rest of the social world. Universities devoted to the pursuit of knowledge and technological know-how betray reason and, as a result, betray humanity. As a result of becoming more intellectually rigorous, academic inquiry becomes of far greater benefit to humanity. If the revolution argued for all those years ago had been taken up and put into academic practice, we might now live in a much more hopeful world than the one that confronts us. Humanity might have begun to learn how to solve global problems; the Amazon rain forests might not face destruction; we might not be faced with mass extinction of species; Brexit might not have been voted for in the UK in 2016, and Trump might not have been elected President in the USA. An account is given of work published by the author during the years 1972–2021 that expounds and develops the argument. The conclusion is that we urgently need to create a high-profile campaign devoted to transforming universities in the way required so that humanity may learn how to make social progress toward a better, wiser, more civilized, enlightened world.

scholarly journals Household socio-economic status and likelihood of HIV infection among under five-year children in Muheza district, north-eastern Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veneranda M. Bwana ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
Sayoki G. Mfinanga ◽  
Charles Michelo
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

AbstractBackgroundThere are evidences of the association between socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of information on such relationship in Tanzania. Here, we present data on the relationship between household’s socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence among under five-year children in Muheza district, Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a facility-based study from June 2015 to June 2016 in which we enrolled under five-year children born to HIV positive mothers. Information on HIV status of the child and socio-demographic characteristic of the head of the household was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using STATA version 13.0.ResultsA total of 576 mothers/guardians were interviewed each with respective HIV exposed under five-year child. Children who belonged to a head of household with at least a high education level (AOR= 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and living in a relatively wealthy household (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) was associated with reduced odds of HIV infection among children. Univariate analysis revealed that the odds of HIV infection was three-fold (COR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) higher among children living in rural than in urban areas. The heads of household living in rural areas (AOR=0.3 95% CI 0.1-0.9) had low education level compared to those living in urban areas.ConclusionChildren who belong to the head of households with high educational level, high household wealth were associated with reduced likelihood of HIV infection in Tanzania. Children living in rural areas had increased likelihood of acquiring HIV infection. These findings stress the need to focus on improving education status of the population and economically disadvantaged populations as a strategy for HIV prevention and control measures.

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