Geoinformation analysis of variability state of the natural environment after eruption of the Chikurachki volcano by remote sensing data

Explosive volcanic eruptions pose certain danger for natural environment, transport communications and other objects of human economic activity due to the fact that during such eruptions, up to several cubic kilometers of volcanic ash and aerosols can enter to atmosphere in long time. The research of extent of the impact of volcanic eruptions on surrounding area and the determination of their consequences contributes to reasonable assessment of volcanic hazard and possible risks in time conduct of economic activities and ensuring for safe location of settlements, enterprises, sea way and air lines. Chikurachki volcano is one from most active on territory of the Kuril Island Arc. In articles of volcanologists is information about eruptions in 1853–1859, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1973, 1986, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2016. The vegetation index (NDVI) used as means of assessing state of the natural environment. The boundary dividing areas with disturbed and healthy vegetation cover taken along isoline with NDVI value of 0.4. Schematic maps of the dynamics of boundary isolines according for the vegetation index from 1972 to 2020 has been compiled. The dynamics of vegetation cover in the north-eastern, south-eastern and southern sectors relative to Chikurachki volcano is revealed. The north-eastern sector experienced strong negative impact of eruption of the Chikurachki volcano in 1853, at later (2007 and 2015) only ash falls were observed in this direction. The vegetation cover outside the isoline NDVI = 0.4 has almost completely recovered to 2020. The south-eastern sector damaged during eruption of 1986, and was also subject for periodic tephra precipitation and ash falls during 2002–2016. Vegetation was completely destroyed at distance of 9 km from the crater of the volcano, and also valley forests on Tukharka River were destroyed. In southern sector in upper part of the Vernadsky Ridge, harsh growing conditions do not allow vegetation to recover for decades. At the same time, on eastern and western slopes of the ridge, after eruptions with deposition of tephra by layer of small thickness, alder elfin restoration few years. The results of the recearch can be used in forecasting volcanic hazards and rapid assessment of impact on natural environment of territories adjacent to volcanoes of this type as a result of volcanic eruptions.

Download Full-text

Altitudinal differentiation of snow cover in the north-eastern sector of Chornohora massive in Ukrainian Carpathians

10.1063/1.5138049 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anatoliy Melnyk ◽

Mykhailo Grodzynskyi ◽

Oleksandr Obodovskiy ◽

Lydmyla Kostiv ◽

Mykola Karabiniuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

Eastern Sector ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern

Download Full-text

Urban Fire Severity and Vegetation Dynamics in Southern California

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13010019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Lauren E. H. Mathews ◽

Alicia M. Kinoshita

Keyword(s):

Vegetation Cover ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Burn Severity ◽

Native Vegetation ◽

Riparian Areas ◽

The Impact

A combination of satellite image indices and in-field observations was used to investigate the impact of fuel conditions, fire behavior, and vegetation regrowth patterns, altered by invasive riparian vegetation. Satellite image metrics, differenced normalized burn severity (dNBR) and differenced normalized difference vegetation index (dNDVI), were approximated for non-native, riparian, or upland vegetation for traditional timeframes (0-, 1-, and 3-years) after eleven urban fires across a spectrum of invasive vegetation cover. Larger burn severity and loss of green canopy (NDVI) was detected for riparian areas compared to the uplands. The presence of invasive vegetation affected the distribution of burn severity and canopy loss detected within each fire. Fires with native vegetation cover had a higher severity and resulted in larger immediate loss of canopy than fires with substantial amounts of non-native vegetation. The lower burn severity observed 1–3 years after the fires with non-native vegetation suggests a rapid regrowth of non-native grasses, resulting in a smaller measured canopy loss relative to native vegetation immediately after fire. This observed fire pattern favors the life cycle and perpetuation of many opportunistic grasses within urban riparian areas. This research builds upon our current knowledge of wildfire recovery processes and highlights the unique challenges of remotely assessing vegetation biophysical status within urban Mediterranean riverine systems.

Download Full-text

Flight Simulator’s Energy Consumption Depending on the Conditions of the Air Operation

Energies ◽

10.3390/en15020580 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 580

Author(s):

Michał Gołębiewski ◽

Marta Galant-Gołębiewska ◽

Remigiusz Jasiński

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Civil Aviation ◽

Flight Simulator ◽

Motion Platform ◽

Simulator Motion ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Protection of the natural environment is a key activity driving development in the transport discipline today. The use of simulators to train civil aviation pilots provides an excellent opportunity to maintain the balance between efficiency and limit the negative impact of transport on the environment. Therefore, we decided to determine the impact of selected simulations of air operations on energy consumption. The aim of the research was to determine the energy consumption of the flight simulator depending on the type of flight operation and configuration used. We also decided to compare the obtained result with the energy consumption of an aircraft of a similar class, performing a similar aviation operation and other means of transport. In order to obtain the results, a research plan was proposed consisting of 12 scenarios differing in the simulated aircraft model, weather conditions and the use of the simulator motion platform. In each of the scenarios, energy consumption was measured, taking into account the individual components of the simulator. The research showed that the use of a flight simulator has a much smaller negative impact on the natural environment than flying in a traditional plane. Use of a motion platform indicated a change in energy consumption of approximately 40% (in general, flight simulator configuration can change energy consumption by up to 50%). The deterioration of weather conditions during the simulation caused an increase in energy consumption of 14% when motion was disabled and 18% when motion was enabled. Energy consumption in the initial stages of pilot training can be reduced by 97% by using flight simulators compared to aircraft training.

Download Full-text

Efektywność produkcji FAME na podstawie wymagań normy ISO 14045:2012

Nafta-Gaz ◽

10.18668/ng.2021.03.07 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 208-214

Author(s):

Michał Pajda ◽

◽

Wojciech Mazela ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

New Technologies ◽

Negative Impact ◽

New Technology ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Materials ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

The aim of the work was to present the issue of eco-efficiency, based on the PN-EN ISO 14045:2012 standard in relation to the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The ecoefficiency analysis takes into account economic and environmental aspects in the improvement of products and processes / technologies. Eco-efficiency considers the product and technology throughout the life cycle, from the construction phase, through use to decommissioning. The impact on the natural environment is assessed on the basis of: consumption of energy, materials, dust and gas emissions, waste and sewage. Total costs include: production costs, raw material costs, costs during the use phase including maintenance, repair and operating costs, product disposal or recycling. The eco-efficiency analysis is helpful in making decisions regarding the selection of a new product or designing a new technology, and enables the selection of the variant that is the most economical and has the least possible impact on the natural environment. These issues are particularly important in the case of biofuels. The rapid growth of their production and the European Union’s policy, which aims to increase the share of energy from renewable sources, cause concerns of many experts regarding the threats related to the production of biofuels, both for the environment and food security. In particular, efforts are made to minimize the amount of waste and residues by implementing the idea of a circular economy. This approach promotes the development of new technologies that are more environmentally friendly. Due to the regulations set out in the RED and RED II Directives, there is a chance that the biofuels will have a less negative impact on the environment. This results from the obligation to certify compliance with the sustainability criteria, which is carried out by voluntary systems recognized by the European Commission, such as the KZR INiG System.

Download Full-text

Detecting drought conditions related to vegetation at west continental Europe based on variations from the North and Caspian Seas

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10518 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bolin Xu ◽

Qing He ◽

Kwok Pan Chun ◽

Julian Klaus ◽

Rémy Schoppach ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North Sea ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Lower Troposphere ◽

Principal Component ◽

Positive Phase ◽

Vegetation Patterns ◽

Limited Region ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Impact

Teleconnections relate regional pressure patterns to local climate anomalies, influencing the variation of vegetation patterns. Over west continental Europe, droughts have been widely investigated with persistent low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO) with the centers over the Atlantic based on the 500mb height anomalies of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the effects of teleconnection patterns with the centers of active variability over the North and Caspian Seas is largely unexplored for droughts related to vegetation patterns. In this study, we explored the impact of the North Sea-Caspian Pattern (NCP) on regional ecohydrologic conditions in the Greater Region of Luxembourg in Western Europe. Using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we first decomposed the annual Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) between 1981 and 2015. In the first PCA component, a distinctive greening trend of NDVI is detected since the late 1980s. However, the corresponding station observations and the ERA5 reanalysis data show that the region in west continental Europe became increasingly drier based on the difference between precipitation and evaporation. We explain the above paradoxical greening but drying patterns by the mechanism of NCP over the region. During the positive phase of NCP, the high pressure over the North Sea weakens circulation over the region and leads to warmer conditions in west continental Europe. These conditions are good for vegetation growth because the region was mainly energy-limited during the observed period at the annual scale based on a Budyko analysis. However, the positive phase of NCP also promotes divergent conditions at the lower troposphere and it reduces moisture flux over the region. In the Budyko space, the persistent positive phase of NCP would lead the energy-limited region to be water-limited. As the positive phase of NCP is expected to be more frequent along with the increasing global temperatures, the region may start to experience increasing water stress on vegetation. These results suggest that unforeseen droughts related to vegetation may be emerging in the region. New drought monitoring and management measures related to vegetation should be developed at west continental Europe, especially during the positive phase of NCP.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Terrorism on Trade in Nigeria and Chad

10.4018/978-1-7998-9071-3.ch006 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 76-91

Author(s):

Isaac Terungwa Terwase ◽

Muhammad Yusuf ◽

Abubakar Sambo Mohammed ◽

Safwan Mikaila Sani

Keyword(s):

Terrorist Group ◽

African Countries ◽

Boko Haram ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

The Impact ◽

North Eastern Part

The Boko Haram conflict started in Nigeria from a city in the north-eastern part of the country known as Maiduguri in 2009 during the administration of President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua. It was a new thing to Nigeria considering the fact that the country was yet to witness terrorism and its activities. Boko Haram later continued after the death of President Yar'Adua, and they became stronger during the President Jonathan's administration. Boko Haram later transformed from an insurgent group into a terrorist group where they spread from Nigeria to other parts of African countries such as Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. This has it effects, impacts, and consequences on trade in Africa. The objective of this chapter is to draw the impact of terrorism on trade with specific attention to Nigeria and Chad.

Download Full-text

Changes in surface hydrology, soil moisture and gross primary production in the Amazon during the 2015/2016 El Niño

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2018.0084 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 373 (1760) ◽

pp. 20180084 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Erik van Schaik ◽

Lars Killaars ◽

Naomi E. Smith ◽

Gerbrand Koren ◽

L. P. H. van Beek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Primary Production ◽

El Niño ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

El Nino ◽

Gross Primary Production ◽

Surface Hydrology ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

The Impact

The 2015/2016 El Niño event caused severe changes in precipitation across the tropics. This impacted surface hydrology, such as river run-off and soil moisture availability, thereby triggering reductions in gross primary production (GPP). Many biosphere models lack the detailed hydrological component required to accurately quantify anomalies in surface hydrology and GPP during droughts in tropical regions. Here, we take the novel approach of coupling the biosphere model SiBCASA with the advanced hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB to attempt such a quantification across the Amazon basin during the drought in 2015/2016. We calculate 30–40% reduced river discharge in the Amazon starting in October 2015, lagging behind the precipitation anomaly by approximately one month and in good agreement with river gauge observations. Soil moisture shows distinctly asymmetrical spatial anomalies with large reductions across the north-eastern part of the basin, which persisted into the following dry season. This added to drought stress in vegetation, already present owing to vapour pressure deficits at the leaf, resulting in a loss of GPP of 0.95 (0.69 to 1.20) PgC between October 2015 and March 2016 compared with the 2007–2014 average. Only 11% (10–12%) of the reduction in GPP was found in the (wetter) north-western part of the basin, whereas the north-eastern and southern regions were affected more strongly, with 56% (54–56%) and 33% (31–33%) of the total, respectively. Uncertainty on this anomaly mostly reflects the unknown rooting depths of vegetation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

Download Full-text

The impact of transport infrastructure projects on sustainable development within a major logistics gateway in North West England

Logistics & sustainable transport ◽

10.1515/jlst-2016-0003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dimitrios Paraskevadakis ◽

Alan Bury ◽

Jin Wang ◽

Jun Ren ◽

Stephen Bonsall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Transport Infrastructure ◽

Quality Data ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Infrastructure Projects ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

The Impact

Abstract In the North West of England the issue of a perceived infrastructure gap is of increasing concern. Investment needs to be made to improve the transport infrastructure of the region if it is to be expected to promote the development of its own regional logistics gateway. Funding tools have been set up to address the challenges arising from the imbalance in infrastructure development that exists between regions in the north of the United Kingdom and those in the south. For regions with well developed economies the outlook is promising as the availability of modern transport infrastructure looks set to improve. However, some sources believe that the development of new transport infrastructure will have a negative impact upon sustainable development. It is expected that this will occur in a range of both direct and indirect ways. As a result, it is critical that planning for the creation of new intermodal transport infrastructure, or the upgrading of that which already exists, takes into account the impact that these developments will have on the sustainable development of the host region. A scenario based development methodology is proposed in this paper. It was developed to provide a way to identify potential scenarios that may arise within a given region as a result of transport infrastructure projects. To create significant scenarios the methodology is dependent on the availability of a sufficient quantity of quality data. For this paper that data was collected through a focus group composed of stakeholders from the region in question. This was further supported by the performance of an impact survey using the same group of stakeholders.

Download Full-text

Future projections of river floods over the European region using EURO-CORDEX simulations

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-15847 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabio Di Sante ◽

Erika Coppola ◽

Filippo Giorgi

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Hydrological Cycle ◽

Snow Accumulation ◽

Late Winter ◽

European Regions ◽

Mean Flow ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

River Floods ◽

The Impact

In a sick world with fever caused by global warming, the hydrological cycle will experience most certainly large changes in intensity and variability. One of the most intense phenomena that will probably be affected by the climate change is the flood hazard. For a long time the stakeholders have been dedicated resources to assess the risk linked to the floods magnitude and frequencies and shaping the public infrastructures based on the assumption of their immutability. Under the effect of the climate change this assumption can be broken and a different approach should be followed to avoid large disasters and threaten to the population health. In this study the biggest ever ensemble of hydroclimatic&#160; simulations has been used to simulate the river floods over the European regions. A river routing model derived from a distributed hydrological model (CHyM) has been forced with 44 EURO-CORDEX, 5 CMIP5 and 7 CMIP6 simulations to assess the effects of the climate change on the floods magnitude under two different scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 for EURO-CORDEX and CMIP5, SSP126 and SSP585 for CMIP6). The impact of the climate change has been evaluated using a 100 year return period discharge indicator (Q100) obtained fitting a Gumbel distribution on the yearly peak discharge values. Results show a decrease of magnitude of flood events over the Mediterranean, Scandinavia and the North Eastern European regions. Over these two last regions the signal appear particularly robust and in contrast to the projected mean flow signal that is shown to increase by the end of the century mainly driven by the related increase of mean precipitations. The reduction of snow accumulation during winter time linked to a large increase of late winter temperatures is the main reason behind the decrease of floods over the North Eastern regions. An opposite signal is projected&#160; instead over Great Britain, Ireland, Northern Italy and Western Europe where a robust signal of floods magnitude increase is evident driven by e the increase of extreme precipitations. All these simulation are meant to feed the impact community and to shade the light on the use of climate information for impact assessment studies.

Download Full-text

Environmental sustainability of increasing silk demand in India

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-19986 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Livia Ricciardi ◽

Seda Karatas ◽

Davide Danilo Chiarelli ◽

Maria Cristina Rulli

Keyword(s):

Water Scarcity ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Baseline Scenario ◽

Silk Production ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

Horizontal Expansion ◽

The Impact

Natural resources competition between food and cash crops is a current challenge in many developing countries that are experiencing both lack of food availability and a fast growing economy, such as India. Silk industry has always been significant for the Indian economy since it provides high profits and employment. Almost 90% of the world commercial silk production is mulberry silk. Recently, to the aim of increasing silk production in the Country, the Central Silk Board of the Indian Ministry of Textile and the Indian Space Research Organization have identified potential suitable areas for mulberry cultivation through horizontal expansion in wastelands. Here, taking India as a case study, we analyse if the current cultivation of mulberry silk and the horizontal expansion of moriculture is environmentally sustainable. To this end, using the present land cover, we use a dynamic spatially distributed crop water balance model evaluating mulberry water requirement, the green and blue water provision and analysing both water scarcity at pixel scale and the impact of present and future moriculture on its increase.Results show in the baseline scenario some States (e.g. West Bengal, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Telangana) suitable for mulberry horizontal expansion already experiencing water scarcity conditions and high prevalence of malnutrition that will be exacerbated, both on yearly and monthly scale, by increasing moriculture. Other States (i.e. Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Mizoram, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya and Nagaland) show Mulberry expansion as the triggering factor of water scarcity condition. Particularly affected by water scarcity will be the North-Eastern Indian districts where potential mulberry areas are clustered.The analysis of the population exposure to water scarcity due to mulberry horizontal expansion shows 11 million people potentially affected in India, where more than 65% living in the North-Eastern States. Compared to the total North-Eastern Region inhabitants, affected population accounts for more than the 15%.

Download Full-text