scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THE «REVITAL» TECHNOLOGY OF WASTE WATER CONDITIONING FOR THE ALL-YEAR INTRA-SOIL IRRIGATION OF MISCANTHUS, GRAINED ON LOW-CARBON SOILS, WITH PRODUCTION OF BIO SUBSTRATE FOR RESTORATION OF SOIL FERTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIALS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Kotsar ◽  
Sergey Seregin ◽  
Ievgen Bimbirekov
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Water Conditioning ◽  
Soil Irrigation

scholarly journals New Circular Challenges in the Development of Take-Away Food Packaging in the COVID-19 Period

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4705
Author(s):  
Ewa Kochańska ◽  
Rafał M. Łukasik ◽  
Maciej Dzikuć
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Food Market

The COVID-19 pandemic has set new challenges for the HoReCa industry. Lockdowns have coincided with and strongly impacted the industrial transformation processes that have been taking place for a decade. Among the most important HoReCa transition processes are those related to the rapid growth of the delivery-food market and ordering meals via internet platforms. The new delivery-food market requires not only the development of specific distribution channels, but also the introduction of appropriate, very specific food packaging. Food packaging and its functionality are defined by the administrative requirements and standards applicable to materials that have contact with food and principally through the prism of the ecological disaster caused by enormous amounts of plastic waste, mainly attributed to the food packaging. To meet environmental and administrative requirements, new technologies to produce food packaging materials are emerging, ensuring product functionality, low environmental impact, biodegradability, and potential for composting of the final product. However, predominantly, the obtained product should keep the nutritional value of food and protect it against changes in color or shape. Current social transformation has a significant impact on the food packaging sector, on one hand creating a new lifestyle for society all over the world, and on the other, a growing awareness of the negative impact of humans on the environment and increasing responsibility for the planet. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to develop a circular economy based on the paradigm of shortening distribution channels, using local raw materials, limiting the consumption of raw materials, energy, water, and above all, minimizing waste production throughout the life cycle of products, all of which are in line with the idea of low-carbon development.

CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND THEIR RELATION TO GRASSLAND.

1934 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
J.A. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Animal Manures ◽  
Plant Life

A growing plant obtains energy from the sun's rays and fertility from the soil and transforms these raw materials into wholesome food for man and beast. Without plant food we cannot have plant life. . Withdrawals of soil fertility must be replenished. Farm animal manures, plant refuse, meat works manures and chemical fertilizers constitute the principal means used to offset these losses.

scholarly journals Introduction of the CP concept in a Factory for the production of welding electrodes Piva, Pluzine

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
M. Vukcevic ◽  
D. Blecic ◽  
Z. Blecic ◽  
D. Cabarkapa
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cleaner Production ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Technical Modifications ◽  
Coated Electrodes

The new concept of Cleaner Production (CP) was recently introduced in the Factory for the production of welding electrodes (FEP) in Pluzine, by following some activities, raw materials and products. By the identification of some sub-processes with CP opportunities, focus points were identified and subjected to some technical modifications and innovations. The most significant results were obtained regarding waste waters, through the modifications of existing waste water generation and a possible switch to an other technology, the reduction of K-silica waste through a technological modification, a system of powder transport, as well as the production of coated electrodes.

One-Step Method of Carbon Thermal Reduction and Nitride to Produce Vanadium Nitrogen Alloy

2012 ◽  
Vol 476-478 ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Chao Chen ◽  
Zheng Liang Xue ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Preferential Formation ◽  
One Step ◽  
Nitrogen Alloy ◽  
Product Forms

Keywords: vanadium pentoxide；carbon black；reduction and nitridation；vanadium nitrogen alloy. Abstract. The V2O5 extracted from low vanadium shale and carbon black are used as raw materials to prepare briquetting samples through mixing, grinding and pressing. The samples are prereduced, final reduced and nitrated to produce vanadium nitrogen alloy with high nitrogen content. Thermodynamic analysis and experiment results show that：（1）In order to avoid V2O5 volatilization loss during reduction, the briquetting samples should be pre-reduced for 4 hours below the melting point 670°C of V2O5, which can transform V2O5 into low valence vanadium oxide.（2）During V2O5 being self-reduction under N2 atmosphere, if the final reduction temperature is below 1271°C, the VN is preferential formation; if more than 1271°C, the reduced product forms V4C3.（3）To make a product with high nitrogen and low carbon content, the final reduction and nitride temperature should be controlled below 1300°C.

Reduction Design for Corrugated Box - Local Composite Strengthening Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 655-657 ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Jian Hua Xu ◽  
Zhi Jian Xiao ◽  
Adan Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Traditional Process ◽  
Carbon Economy

The reduction design is an important orientation for the design and development of corrugated box in the low-carbon economy era. Concentrating on 02 pattern corrugated box, and in accordance with the weight-bearing principle of cartons and intended strength requirements, this paper conducts the local strengthened composition on the corrugated box casing and enhances the physical properties of cartons in circulation, stacking, storage, and other aspects, which achieves the same physical strength as the traditional process but with less raw materials. The conclusions are drawn as follows on the basis of experimental and production cases: under the premise of selecting appropriate composite materials and processes, the use of the local composite strengthening technology in corrugated box casing can produce the carton with the same compressive strength while lowering more than 15% production costs than the conventional process. The study will provide some guidance to the reduction design of the corrugated box.

scholarly journals Agricultural Biogas—An Important Element in the Circular and Low-Carbon Development in Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Energy Economy ◽  
Materials Used

The agricultural sector can play an important role in the transformation of the energy economy in Poland. Special attention in this paper has been paid to the development of the agricultural biogas market in Poland. The considerations mainly concern organizational and economic aspects. Agricultural biogas plant represents the circular cycle of matter and energy. It enables the establishment of low-carbon, resource-efficient links between the agriculture and energy sectors. This is an important element of the circular economy, where waste from agricultural production and the agri-food industry, coming from renewable resources, is transformed into goods with a higher added value. The social and economic needs of the present generation and future generations are considered. The paper presented the characteristics of the Polish market, i.e., the number of entities, the number and location of plants, as well as the production volumes. Analyses were performed in the area of raw materials used to produce agricultural biogas. The analyses were carried out between 2011 and 2018. According to analyses, the potential of the agricultural biogas market in Poland is currently being used to a small extent. It is necessary not only to provide institutional support but also to increase the awareness of farmers and managers in agri-food companies of the possibility of using production waste for energy purposes.

scholarly journals Costs and Profitability of Crops for Bioeconomy in the EU

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calliope Panoutsou ◽  
Efthymia Alexopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Unused Land ◽  
Good Yielding ◽  
Cost Efficient

The bioeconomy is the cornerstone of the EU’s policy for shifting economic and societal trends towards circularity and low carbon arrangements. Europe has several crops that can be used as raw materials for this purpose, however pressure on land which might displace other activities and industrial competition for cost efficient raw materials remains a challenge. Hence, ensuring good yielding capacity and examining the likelihood to produce more by exploiting low quality, unused land can present significant opportunities to increase sustainable, locally sourced supply and at the same time offer profitable solutions to both industry and the farmers. This paper estimates the production costs of fourteen crops (oil, sugar, starch and lignocellulosic) and analyses how their profitability can be influenced by yield increases and cultivation in low quality land. Results show that there are profitable options for all crops under current market prices and land types except for cases in countries where crop productivity is rather low to sustain farm incomes. The analysis confirms that Europe has plenty crop options as raw materials for bioeconomy. Decision makers however must ensure future research and policy support are oriented towards sustainable yield increases and accelerate rehabilitation of land that is unused and of low quality.

Effect of using raw waste water from food industry on soil fertility, cucumber and tomato growth, yield and fruit quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Qaryouti ◽  
N. Bani-Hani ◽  
T.M. Abu-Sharar ◽  
I. Shnikat ◽  
M. Hiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Tomato Growth

scholarly journals Microstructure and mechanical characteristics of hot forged lateritic steels

2018 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 05007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satrio Herbirowo ◽  
Luqmanul Hakim ◽  
Bintang Adjiantoro
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cast Steels ◽  
Preheating Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition Of Steel ◽  
Forging Force ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hot Forging Process

The current development of steel industry has constraints on the availability of raw materials, so we have developed local raw materials that are lateritic steels as a high potential for alternative manufacturing of steel. This research was conducted to understand the characteristics of lateritic steel through hot forging process by the mechanical and microstructure behaviour. The research methodology was chained by variety of preheating temperature of 800; 1000; 1200 °C and forging force from 0 until 1000 kilonewton. In case of hot forging values was obtained the impact and hardness properties also microstructure that compared with as-cast steels. The results of impact strength increased by 81.83% at the temperature of 1200 °C and the hardness increased by 4.99% at 1000 °C, for the microstructure analysis was produced the ferrite and pearlite phases with the fine grains. The chemical composition of steel is classified in low carbon steel included in lateritic steel it contains low alloy 1.78 Ni and 0.553 Cr %wt.

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