The technology of wastewater sludge vitrification in comparison with other processing methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
А.Ю. Маркелов ◽  
В.Л. Ширяевский ◽  
Е.И. Пупырев ◽  
И.О. Шеремета ◽  
В.В. Никитин
Keyword(s):  
Financial Models ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Sludge Digestion ◽  
Industrial Implementation ◽  
Incineration Process ◽  
Dried Sludge ◽  
The Cost

Специалистами компании ООО «НТЦ «Экопромтех» разработана инновационная технология остеклования илового осадка сточных вод, позволяющая значительно сократить объем отходов и получить на выходе безопасный остеклованный материал для использования в строительстве. Приводится сравнение технологии остеклования с другими способами переработки осадка: депонированием, сбраживанием осадка в метантенках, сушкой, пиролизом, каталитическим и классическим сжиганием. В России более 90% образующихся иловых осадков депонируются. При сохранении этой тенденции неизбежен рост плеча перевозки осадка. Использование необработанного илового осадка в качестве удобрения повышает риск загрязнения почвы. Финансовые модели проектов с внедрением метантенков за счет продажи биогаза или электроэнергии не окупаются. В случае применения метода сушки для получения топлива из осадка расходуется практически столько же тепловой энергии, сколько содержится в конечном продукте. Поэтому себестоимость высушенного илового осадка как топлива не будет меньше стоимости природного газа, а с учетом других операционных затрат, включая доставку до потребителя, превысит стоимость газа в 2–3 раза. Пиролиз с получением ликвидных продуктов находится на стадии разработки, что потребует проведения большого количества исследований. Технология каталитического сжигания осадка без предварительной сушки не решает основные проблемы любого сжигания и приводит к определенным трудностям: риск эмиссии суперэкотоксикантов сохраняется, золу необходимо утилизировать, затруднено поддержание автотермического режима, катализатор изнашивается и требует замены. Технология остеклования имеет ряд преимуществ, готова к масштабированию и промышленному внедрению. The experts of Ekopromtekh R & D Centre, LLC have developed an innovative technology for vitrification of wastewater sludge that provides for reducing significantly the volume of wastes and obtaining a safe vitrified material to be used in construction. A comparison of the vitrification technology with other methods of sludge processing is given: depositing, sludge digestion in digesters, drying, pyrolysis, catalytic and classical incineration. In Russia, more than 90% of the generated sludge is landfilled. If this trend persists, an increase in the sludge hauling distance is inevitable. Using unprocessed sludge as fertilizer increases the risk of soil contamination. Financial models of projects that envisage using digesters and selling biogas or electricity do not pay off. In case of using the drying method to obtain fuel from sludge, almost the same amount of thermal energy is consumed as the final product contains. Therefore, the cost of dried sludge as a fuel will not be less than the cost of natural gas, and taking into account other operating costs, including delivery to the consumer, will exceed the cost of gas by 2–3 times. Pyrolysis to obtain marketable products is under development and involves a lot of research. The technology of catalytic incineration of sludge without preliminary drying does not solve the main problems of any incineration process and causes certain difficulties: the risk of emission of superecotoxicants remains; the ash must be disposed of, the autothermal regime is difficult to maintain, the catalyst wears out and requires replacement. The vitrification technology has a number of advantages, it is ready for scaling and industrial implementation.

scholarly journals Monitoring the technological processes in the wood industry in order to make them more efficient through technical overhauling

2019 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Radu Dan Paltan ◽  
Cristina Biriş ◽  
Loredana Anne-Marie Rădulescu
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Research Article ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Cost

Of many techniques that are used to optimize production and costs, the studies conducted within a profile company lead to our choice for testing the 6Sigma method (the most used method in the automotive industry) in view of the economic efficiency applied in the wood Industry company. This method measures how many flaws exist in a process and determines in a systematic way how to improve it by technical overhauling and eliminating or minimizing the process for efficiency. This research article aims to study the state of research on the optimization of the production process through technical overhauling for panels reconstituted from solid wood and ways to make production more efficient by cutting costs through technical overhauling. From preliminary research, we estimate that all the items founded and others that will result from further research will result in a significant decrease in production costs that are reflected in the cost of the finished product and consequently in increasing the yield of the company by maximizing its profit. At the same time it may be the basis of future research studies in the field. The easier it is to maximize profits, the lower the operating costs are and the higher recovery rate of investments are, that will result a change in the operating mode: “working smarter not harder”.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4553
Author(s):  
Ewelina Ziajka-Poznańska ◽  
Jakub Montewka
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Financial Models ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Benefit Estimation ◽  
Autonomous Ship ◽  
The Cost

The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

Case study on the implementation of deammonification for the process water treatment of Munich WWTPs

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 1895-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Hilliges ◽  
Eberhard Steinle ◽  
Bernhard Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Sludge Digestion ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Flow Treatment

The two-staged WWTP ‘Gut Grosslappen’ has a capacity of 2 mio. PE. It comprises a pre-denitrification in the first stage using recirculation from the nitrifying second stage. A residual post-denitrification in a downstream sand filter is required in order to achieve the effluent standards. Presently the process water from sludge digestion is treated separately by nitrification/denitrification. Due to necessary reconstruction of the biological stages, the process water treatment was included in the future overall process concept of the WWTP. A case study was conducted comparing the processes nitritation/denitrititation and deammonification with nitrification/denitrification including their effect on the operational costs of the planned main flow treatment. Besides the different operating costs the investment costs required for the process water treatment played a significant role. Six cases for the process water treatment were compared. As a result, in Munich deammonification can only be recommended for long-term future developments, due to the high investment costs, compared with the nitritation/denitritation alternative realizable in existing tanks. The savings concerning aeration, sludge disposal and chemicals were not sufficient to compensate for the additional investment costs. Due to the specific circumstances in Munich, for the time being the use of existing tanks for nitritation/denitritation proved to be most economical.

The More the Merrier? Detecting Impacts of Bank Regulation After the Global Financial Crisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Christian Kalhoefer ◽  
Guenter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Structural Shifts

Abstract Governments worldwide reacted swiftly to the global financial crisis by tougher regulations. This paper investigates the impacts of the regulatory environment on operating costs using panel data of 2,200 German banks over the timeframe from 1999 to 2014. We estimate cost functions with and without proxies for regulation and analyze the results with respect to period, bank size, and group affiliation. Our results show that regulatory costs were peaking in 2001, 2008, and lately since 2012. Most interesting, however, is the asymmetry of regulation: Whereas the cost effects were symmetric for all banks until 2003, the last ten years were different. Larger institutions and savings banks could neutralize the impacts of increasing regulation on operating costs. In contrast, smaller banks, especially if they are cooperative banks, were facing significant cost increases. We therefore expect unintended structural shifts like a reduction in the diversity of banks, which are negative for competition, service quality, and for the stability of the financial system. Zusammenfassung Weltweit wurde als Folge der globalen Finanzkrise die Regulierung des Finanzsektors verschärft. Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche Konsequenzen diese Regulierungsmaßnahmen für die operativen Kosten im Bankengeschäft haben. Auf der Basis von Paneldaten von 2,200 in Deutschland aktiven Banken über den Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2014 schätzen wir Kostenfunktionen mit und ohne Proxies für Regulierung und werten die Ergebnisse nach Beobachtungsjahr, Bankengröße, und Gruppenzugehörigkeit aus. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen Kostenspitzen in den Jahren 2001, 2008, und zuletzt seit 2012. Am interessantesten sind jedoch die asymmetrischen Effekte der Bankenregulierung: Während unsere Modelle bis einschließlich 2003 nahezu gleichmäßige Kostenbelastungen anzeigen, änderte sich dies deutlich mit dem Jahr 2004. Im Gegensatz zu großen Institute und Sparkassen, die die Regulierungskosten nahezu neutralisieren konnten, sahen sich kleine Institute und Genossenschaftsbanken mit deutlichen Kostensteigerungen konfrontiert. Als Folge dieser asymmetrischen Kostenwirkungen staatlicher Bankenregulierung erwarten wir unbeabsichtigte Strukturveränderungen wie z.B. Konzentrationsprozesse, die sich negativ auf Wettbewerb, Dienstleistungsqualität, und letztendlich auch negativ auf die Stabilität des gesamten Finanzsystems auswirken werden. JEL Classification: G21, G38

scholarly journals Shuttle diplomacy

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (07) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Burton Dicht
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Space Program ◽  
International Space ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

This article analyzes the decisions and technological challenges that drove the Space Shuttle’s development. The goal of the Shuttle program was to create a reusable vehicle that could reduce the cost of delivering humans and large payloads into space. Although the Shuttle was a remarkable flying machine, it never lived up to the goals of an airline-style operation with low operating costs. In January 2004, a year after the Columbia accident, President George W. Bush unveiled the “Vision for U.S. Space Exploration” to guide the U.S. space effort for the next two decades. A major component of the new vision, driven by the recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, was to retire the Space Shuttle fleet as soon as the International Space Station assembly was completed. With cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, the planned successor to the Shuttle, the U.S. space program is now in an era of uncertainty.

scholarly journals Microfiltration Membranes Modified with Silver Oxide by Plasma Treatment

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Joanna Kacprzyńska-Gołacka ◽  
Anna Kowalik-Klimczak ◽  
Ewa Woskowicz ◽  
Piotr Wieciński ◽  
Monika Łożyńska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Silver Oxide ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Surface Deposition ◽  
Microfiltration Membranes ◽  
The Cost

Microfiltration (MF) membranes have been widely used for the separation and concentration of various components in food processing, biotechnology and wastewater treatment. The deposition of components from the feed solution and accumulation of bacteria on the surface and in the membrane matrix greatly reduce the effectiveness of MF. This is due to a decrease in the separation efficiency of the membrane, which contributes to a significant increase in operating costs and the cost of exploitative parts. In recent years, significant interest has arisen in the field of membrane modifications to make their surfaces resistant to the deposition of components from the feed solution and the accumulation of bacteria. The aim of this work was to develop appropriate process parameters for the plasma surface deposition of silver oxide (AgO) on MF polyamide membranes, which enables the fabrication of filtration materials with high permeability and antibacterial properties.

scholarly journals Modeling Airline Cost Pass-Through within Regional Aviation Markets

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (23) ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Bojun Wang ◽  
Aidan O’Sullivan ◽  
Lynnette Dray ◽  
Andreas W. Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fuel Costs

Studies assessing the impact of market-based environmental policies in aviation rely on various scenarios of airline cost pass-through, because there is little empirical evidence with respect to the impacts of airline costs on airfares. Instead, the costs effect has been indirectly measured by proxy variables such as distance, fuel price, and aircraft sizes. This paper provides empirical evidence of airline cost pass-through by developing an airfare model that explicitly captures airline operating costs. Using a feasible generalized two-stage least squares (FG2SLS) approach, we obtained coefficients of airline fuel costs per passenger, non-fuel costs per passenger, and non-fuel costs per flight modeling for seven world regions (20 region-pair markets). A comparison of the estimated cost pass-through elasticities conducted across regional markets suggests that airlines may respond to the cost increases differently, depending on the cost types and the markets they operate in. Based on the estimated coefficients, we systematically evaluate the potential impacts of introducing a carbon tax policy within two major regional markets with distinct cost pass-through elasticities.

Aircraft Servicing

1948 ◽  
Vol 52 (455) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Norman ◽  
S. F. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Cost ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Earning Capacity ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Private Owner ◽  
The Cost

The method of achieving efficient and economical servicing with the maximum rate of utilisation of aircraft, is a problem which always confronts the aircraft operator, either a private owner flying his modest machine or a national airline with a variety of large and expensive aircraft. From the point of view of safety, their problems are the same.Efficient servicing is closely related to safety in so far as the airworthiness aspect is concerned and, under present servicing methods, the direct cost of providing this aspect of safety may well amount to some 20 per cent, of operating costs; to this must be added the delays inseparable from major maintenance work which can reduce earning capacity as a result of the time taken to rectify defects. Invariably the cost to the private owner is higher than he had expected and, unless his aircraft is maintained by a competent servicing organisation, it can be subjected to frequent bouts of unserviceability—usually when he needs it most.

Current regulation of provision of discounts to customers by medical institutions and insurers in Russia

10.12737/7485 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Елена Кулакова ◽  
Elena Kulakova ◽  
Александр Цыганов ◽  
Aleksandr Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Marketing Plan ◽  
Insurance Law ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Instruments ◽  
Made In

The article based on the consideration of the Russian legal acts regulating the provision of discounts. In the article recommendations are made in respect of paid medical services and voluntary health insurance, with provision of the example of a short marketing plan required for formal reasons of discounts. Currently, the process of providing discounts and medical insurance companies are regulated, and most of the information should be public and posted on websites of medical institutions, insurance companies and their partners, which implement insurance or paid medical services. The increasing complexity of legislation on consumer protection, health and insurance law leads to the formation of new instruments for operations that previously did not require such a formalization. Of course, this leads to an increase in operating costs, not only the cost of creating, storing and placing this information. At the same time most organizations formalize many business processes, previously considered insignificant. Scope of medical care, like no other, attracted the attention of society composed of different groups and strata, some of whom are citizens who want to take advantage of a discount clinic or insurer.

Relation of Corrosion to Business Costs★

CORROSION ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
AARON WACHTER
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Competitive Condition ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Every business can benefit from reduction of its losses due to corrosion. Awareness of all possible sources of such losses is essential. Unnecessary acceptance of losses is common from chronic corrosion which is tolerated as established custom, and from hidden or indirect effects of corrosion. The importance of corrosion damage is not always proportional to the volume of metal affected. The functional aspects of corrosion are listed. Analysis is made of the ways in which corrosion enters into the cost of doing business. Explanations are given of the direct and indirect ways corrosion may effect capital investment, operating costs, product sales, maintenance costs, overhead costs and market competitive condition of and company.

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