scholarly journals Earthquake Preparedness in Schools of Islamabad

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Nadia Tariq ◽  
Tamkeen Nishat Jaffry ◽  
Sadaf Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Preparedness Plan ◽  
Earthquake Preparedness ◽  
Response Planning

Background: Pakistan is located in the Himalayan region, which has the highest vulnerability to earthquakes. The Islamabad-Rawalpindi area lies in a tectonically active zone, where earthquakes have been frequent in the recent geological past. Earthquake preparedness in schools is relatively under studied area in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to determine the level of preparedness of schools for earthquakes and to compare it between urban and rural, government and private schools in Islamabad Capital Territory. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study. The study population was schools of Islamabad Capital Territory. The total sample size was 74 and non-probability purposive sampling technique was used.  Data was collected through a structured questionnaire pretested on 5% of the sample size and respondents were administrative staff of schools. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Data of the categorical variables was presented in the form of frequencies (percentages). Statistical significance of association between school profile and level of preparedness was determined by using bivariate tabular association analysis (Chi square). Results: Out of 74 schools, 61 were private and 14 were government schools. 46 schools were located in urban areas while 28 were in rural area of Islamabad Capital Territory. Out of the total schools, 66.2% had written preparedness plan for earthquake and 73% of the schools had a safety committee to lead disaster response planning.  Most of the schools (82.4%) had minimum of two exits in high occupancy rooms. There was significant association of location of school with preparedness plan for earthquake (p=0.009), and type of school with two evacuation drills annually (p=0.03). Conclusion: Private schools and those located in urban areas are better prepared for earthquakes as compared to government schools and the ones located in rural areas.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS SITUATED IN URBAN & RURAL AREAS OF HARYANA IN THE SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE BOARD OF SCHOOL EDUCATION HARYANA IN 2020.

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Balkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Education ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
Exam Preparation ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exam Result

The capability or calibre cannot be judged based on Results, as it depends on the student to student & also the examination is testing of knowledge of a student, for the whole year in two or three hours. In July 2020 the exam result of the secondary standard was declared by the Board of School Education Haryana, Bhiwani and there is a discussion about topper & the schools in which these toppers were studying & strategy of these toppers regarding exam preparation, their interviews & photos were published in the Newspapers, why not? It must be but in this spark light, there is some darkness behind this. Everyone is congratulating these students, as they are studied from the Private Schools of the Urban City areas of the Haryana, a few are from the most educated families, whose parents their selves are teachers or professors. Through this, we are ignoring a bitter truth of the poor students of the Government Schools, who despite lack of all the big & small facilities, as compare of these Private schools’ performed equal to these toppers. KEYWORDS: Testing of knowledge, Education in Private Schools, Toppers and Calibre.

scholarly journals A comparative study of chest CT findings regarding the effects of regional dust exposure on patients with COPD living in urban areas and rural areas near cement plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junghyun Kim ◽  
Bom Kim ◽  
So Hyeon Bak ◽  
Yeon-Mok Oh ◽  
Woo Jin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Dust Exposure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Copd Patients

Abstract Background The clinical and radiological presentation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogenous depending on the characterized sources of inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate COPD phenotypes associated with specific dust exposure. Methods This study was designed to compare the characteristics, clinical outcomes and radiological findings between two prospective COPD cohorts representing two distinguishing regions in the Republic of Korea; COPD in Dusty Area (CODA) and the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease (KOLD) cohort. A total of 733 participants (n = 186 for CODA, and n = 547 for KOLD) were included finally. A multivariate analysis to compare lung function and computed tomography (CT) measurements of both cohort studies after adjusting for age, sex, education, body mass index, smoking status, and pack-year, Charlson comorbidity index, and frequency of exacerbation were performed by entering the level of FEV1(%), biomass exposure and COPD medication into the model in stepwise. Results The mean wall area (MWA, %) became significantly lower in COPD patients in KOLD from urban and metropolitan area than those in CODA cohort from cement dust area (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 70.2 ± 1.21% in CODA vs. 66.8 ± 0.88% in KOLD, p = 0.028) after including FEV1 in the model. COPD subjects in KOLD cohort had higher CT-emphysema index (EI, 6.07 ± 3.06 in CODA vs. 20.0 ± 2.21 in KOLD, p < 0.001, respectively). The difference in the EI (%) was consistently significant even after further adjustment of FEV1 (6.12 ± 2.88% in CODA vs. 17.3 ± 2.10% in KOLD, p = 0.002, respectively). However, there was no difference in the ratio of mean lung density (MLD) between the two cohorts (p = 0.077). Additional adjustment for biomass parameters and medication for COPD did not alter the statistical significance after entering into the analysis with COPD medication. Conclusions Higher MWA and lower EI were observed in COPD patients from the region with dust exposure. These results suggest that the imaging phenotype of COPD is influenced by specific environmental exposure.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge of women about cervical cancer: an urban and rural comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lesińska-Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The City

Abstract Introduction Cervical cancer and its etiopathogenesis, the age of women in whom it is diagnosed, average life expectancy, and prognosis are information widely covered in scientific reports. However, there is no coherent information regarding which regions—urban or rural—it may occur more often. This is important because the literature on the subject reports that people living in rural areas have a worse prognosis when it comes to detection, treatment, and life expectancy than city dwellers. Material and methods The subjects of the study were women and their knowledge about cervical cancer. The research was carried out using a survey directly distributed among respondents and via the Internet, portals, and discussion groups for women from Poland. Three hundred twenty-nine women took part in the study, including 164 from rural and 165 from urban areas. The collected data enabled the following: (1) an analysis of the studied groups, (2) assessment of the respondents’ knowledge about cervical cancer, and (3) comparison of women’s knowledge depending on where they live. Results The average assessment of all respondents’ knowledge was 3.59, with women living in rural areas scoring 3.18 and respondents from the city—4.01. Statistical significance (p < 0.001) between the level of knowledge and place of residence was determined. The results indicate that an increase in the level of education in the subjects significantly increases the chance of getting the correct answer. In the case of age analysis, the coefficients indicate a decrease in the chance of obtaining the correct answer in older subjects despite the fact that a statistically significant level was reached in individual questions. Conclusions Women living in rural areas have less knowledge of cervical cancer than female respondents from the city. There is a need for more awareness campaigns to provide comprehensive information about cervical cancer to women in rural areas. A holistic approach to the presented issue can solve existing difficulties and barriers to maintaining health regardless of the place of life and residence. Implication for cancer survivors They need intensive care for women’s groups most burdened with risk factors.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study of obesity and overweight among adolescents in schools in district Ghaziabad

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3177
Author(s):  
Susmita Thakur ◽  
Narendra Singh ◽  
Mitasha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Private School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government School ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
The Government

Background: Developing countries are experiencing an epidemic of obesity and overweight. Adolescence is the stage when the lifestyle behavior sets in and decides the future pattern of health. The objective was to study the prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among school going adolescents of district Ghaziabad.Methods: A school based cross sectional survey was conducted in district Ghaziabad. Adolescents (10-19 years) from both urban and rural government and private schools were included. Multistage sampling technique was used to study 1128 study population. Anthropometry and a structured questionnaire were used as study tool.Results: In urban area, the proportion of underweight students in government schools (20.9%) was significantly more than the private school (13.8%) whereas the number of overweight students in private school (18.2%) was significantly more than the government schools (10.3%). In rural area underweight students in government school (30.5%) was significantly more than the private school (21.3%) whereas the number of overweight students in private school (11.3%) was significantly more than the government school (3.2%). Obesity was significantly associated with the area of residence, type of school, consumption of carbonated drinks, fast foods and decreased physical activity.Conclusions: An overall higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in urban areas and increasing trend in rural areas too alarm us to focus on the modifiable risk factors. 

scholarly journals SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY OF TOXOPLASMOSIS IN HUMANS AND DOGS FROM A SMALL MUNICIPALITY IN PARANA, BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline do Nascimento Benitez ◽  
Daniela Dib Gonçalves ◽  
Beatriz de Souza Lima Nino ◽  
Eloiza Teles Caldart ◽  
Roberta Lemos Freire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis with important public health implications. The aims of this study were to determine and identify factors associated to the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans and dogs from Jataizinho, Parana State, Brazil. Serum samples from 280 humans and 766 dogs, from rural and urban areas, were tested by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. Positive dilutions were ≥ 1:16. Epidemiological informations were obtained through an individual questionnaire and data tabulation was performed using EpiInfo 3.5.3 (CDC, Atlanta). Statistical significance was evaluated by chi-square (ᵪ2) or Fisher's exact tests with a 5.0 % significance level. The seroprevalence in humans was 70.00% (196/280), as follows: 69.08% (143/207) in rural and 72.60% (53/73) in a slum urban community. The seroprevalence in dogs was 52.35% (401/766), as follows: 71.74% (99/138) in rural and 48.08% (302/628) in urban area. In rural areas, there was no factor associated to risk of infection. In urban slum community, visualizing more than four rats at home was a factor statistically associated to seropositivity for human toxoplamosis. Infection of urban dogs was associated to age, contact with stray dogs or rodents, and free access to street. The results indicated a similar possibility of contact with Toxoplasma gondii between dogs and humans living in rural or slum urban areas of small municipalities.

scholarly journals Adherence to Medical Treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients from a Referral Center in Bahia-Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Laíla D. Andrade ◽  
Fernanda A. Oliveira ◽  
Victor D. Mariano ◽  
Monique C. A. Santos ◽  
Fernanda A. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Referral Center ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background/Aims. Identify the degree of adherence to drug therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases followed up at a referral center in Bahia-Brazil. Methods. Observational, analytical, and cross-sectional studies carried out from June/2017 to July/2018, with questionnaire application and medical record review at a referral center in inflammatory bowel diseases in Salvador, Bahia. The Morisky Green Levine Scale was applied to assess adherence. Mean, standard deviation, and frequency analyses were performed using the statistical package SPSS, and chi-square was used to evaluate the association between categorical variables and adherence degree to treatment. Significant associations were considered with p<0.05. Results. 302 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases were included. Nonadherence was highlighted in the sample. Most part of the study population was female, declared themselves to be mixed race, claimed to be from urban areas, and married. Nonadherence was more frequent than adherence in most sociodemographic variables of the present study. Nonadherence also stood out among the clinical variables, such as disease activity, drug side effect, and use of more than two additional medications. The association between all studied variables and adherence degree to treatment, considering the general sample, did not show statistical significance. When Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients were evaluated separately, a statistically significant association between nonadherence and female patients with ulcerative colitis was observed. Conclusions. The high frequency of nonadherence was observed in the studied sample. Female gender was associated to nonadherence in the subpopulation with ulcerative colitis.

Self-rated health and indicators of SES among the ageing in three types of communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli P. Nummela ◽  
Tommi T. Sulander ◽  
Heikki S. Heinonen ◽  
Antti K. Uutela
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Rated Health

Aims: This paper examines associations between self-rated health, three indicators of SES (self-reported education, disposable household income, adequacy of income) and three types of communities (urban, densely or sparsely populated rural areas) among ageing men and women in the Province of Päijät-Häme, Southern Finland. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the magnitude of community type when examining the relation between subjective health and SES. Methods: Cross-sectional questionnaire data gathered in the spring of 2002 for a prospective follow-up of community interventions were used. These data, together with a number of clinical and laboratory measurements, yielded the baseline for a 10-year community intervention study. A representative stratified (age, gender, area) sample of men and women living in the province and belonging to the birth cohorts 1926—1930, 1936—1940, and 1946—1950 was obtained from the National Population Registry. The target sample was 4,272, with 2,815 persons responding (66% response rate). Results: Positive associations between indicators of SES and self-rated health were observed in all three community types. After adjusting for other factors, adequacy of income showed the strongest (positive) association with self-rated health in urban areas in all age groups. A similar pattern of associations, with varying statistical significance, though, was found in the two rural areas. Conclusions: This study supports the view that while actual income is positively correlated to health, adequacy of income is an even stronger predictor of it. Thus, there was a significant link between better financial standing and good health among ageing people, especially in urban areas.

scholarly journals Urban-Rural Differences in Indiana Pediatric Firearm Trauma

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Wuerch ◽  
Jodi Raymond, MPH, CSTR, CAISS ◽  
Joseph O'Neil, MD, MPF, FAAP ◽  
Matthew P. Landman, MD, MPH, FAAP, FACS
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Firearm Injury ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
Rural Counties

Background and Hypothesis: Several studies have evaluated differences in firearm injuries among children and adolescents based on population. However, many of these studies exclude patients who die before arriving at a trauma center. We therefore hypothesize that important population-based differences in pediatric firearm injuries may be uncovered with inclusion of both pre-hospital firearm mortalities and patients treated at a tertiary children’s hospital. Methods: Patients less than 15 years of age who sustained a firearms-related injury/death between the years 2012 and 2018 were identified in: (1) death certificates from the Office of Vital Statistics State of Indiana and (2) Riley Hospital for Children Trauma Registry. Counties were classified as either urban, midsized, or rural based on the National Center for Health Statistic’s population data. Bivariate analyses were used to analyze important variables with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: A total of 222 patients were identified (77% male, mean age = 11.3 ± 4.2 years). The median age of firearm injury survivors was 13 (IQR 7-14), while the median age of nonsurvivors was 14 (IQR 11-15). The county population was associated with injury intent, where the frequency of assaults/homicides was higher than expected in urban counties compared to midsized and rural counties (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Suicide frequency was higher than expected in rural counties (p<0.001). Race was associated with injury intent (p<0.001). Rural and midsized counties had higher than expected mortalities compared to urban counties (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Attempted suicides in rural areas were more likely to be associated with mortality than attempts in urban areas (p<0.001). Conclusion and Potential Impact: Important differences exist between firearm injuries based on where they occur. The findings presented here will inform public health initiatives aimed at reducing firearm injury and death in Indiana.

scholarly journals The Determinants of Student Achievement in Government and Private Schools in Pakistan

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4II) ◽  
pp. 841-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monazza Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Equity Issue ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Private Schooling ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Status ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
Set Up

This study is driven by some fundamental issues evolving in Pakistan’s educational set-up. In the past few decades, the country has been experiencing what can only be termed a dramatic revolution in education provision. There has been an explosion of private schooling mostly at the primary but at higher levels as well and, somewhat surprisingly, private schooling cannot be relegated the status of an urban èlite phenomenon alone [Andrabi, et al. (2002)]. This has taken the form of many poor households and those in rural areas opting to send their children to fee-paying private schools rather than the non-fee charging government schools. This transformation of the education sector has generated many concerns among which the ‘equity’ issue has been raised to the fore. The unprecedented growth of cheap private schooling has also raised questions regarding the role of these institutions in the delivery of education, the question of parental ‘choice’1 as well as the future of government educational policy.

scholarly journals Clinical differences between children with asthma and rhinitis in rural and urban areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Andrés Fandiño Losada
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Asthma Control Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interesting Study ◽  
The Difference

Dear Editors: In their article, Sánchez, et al 1 have reported about an interesting study on asthma and rhinitis symptoms among children in urban and rural Colombian areas, describing that the control of symptoms, over time, is more difficult among children in urban areas. Their article has the methodological advantage of having done a prospective follow-up of pediatric patients with asthma and rhinitis; nevertheless I have some questions: 1) The sample size calculation is not clear. The authors mentioned the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in the urban areas and their corresponding error, but they did not use these parameters in the sample size calculation. On the other hand, the authors argued that the main outcome was comparing the treatment of asthma and rhinitis between urban and rural areas; thus readers could assume that the measure of effect was the difference of the Asthma Control Test (ACT) score between both areas; but the authors did not clearly explain it. Furthermore, it is not clear why the ratio of urban/rural subjects is 1.57; is the ratio observed in the study health centers? In this line, it seems that the appropriate sample size calculation must have been the difference of means between two independent populations, although the authors did not report any ACT effect size based on previous studies. Thus, I have estimated the means difference (as the effect size) given the power (80%) and the study sample size (urban= 201 and rural= 128) provided by the authors; using Stata® 14.2 (power twomeans command). In this manner, the detectable effect size would be 3.5; which is higher than the ACT effect size estimated in the Sánchez, Sánchez and Cardona’s article (i.e.: 3.0), leading to an underpowered study, at least for the cross-sectional estimates. In this manner, what was the appropriate sample size calculation?

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