scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN KOLESTEROL HDL Paradigma baru dalam pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Starry H. Rampengan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract: Studies of statin have proven that lower LDL-cholesterol levels will reduce morbidity and mortality of coronary heart diseases with succesfull rate only about 20-30%; therefore, it needs another attempt to decrease these morbidity and mortality rate. The other important risk factor is HDL-cholesterol which protects against atherosclerotic events. Several studies have shown that there is a close relationship between low levels of HDL-cholesterol and the increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular disease prevention applies to both males and females, as well as morbidity and mortality. The increase of HDL-cholesterol levels about 1 mg/dl can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease 2% in males and 3% in females. It needs to know the goal of patient treatment to achieve the higher HDL-cholesterol level. There are 4 groups of patients with low level of HDL-cholesterol, as follows: type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome/central obesity, elderly, and post-myocardial infarction. The management of patients with low level of HDL-cholesterol consists of non-pharmacological therapy such as diet, exercise, stop smoking, and alcohol restriction as well as pharmacological therapy by using drugs to increase the HDL-cholesterol levels such as fibrates and nicotinic acid. These drugs can be combined with others such as the statins.Keywords: HDL-Cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, managementAbstrak: Penelitian golongan statin membuktikan bahwa penurunan kadar kolesterol-LDL akan menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian akibat penyakit jantung koroner dengan angka keberhasilan hanya sebesar 20-30%, sehingga harus ada upaya lain dalam menurunkan angka kesakitan maupun kematian penyakit kardiovaskuler. Komponen lain yang penting yaitu kolesterol-HDL yang bersifat protektif terhadap kejadian aterosklerosis. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa terdapat hubungan erat antara rendahnya kadar kolesterol-HDL dengan meningkatnya kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Hubungan terbalik antara kolesterol-HDL tinggi dan pencegahan penyakit kardiovaskular berlaku baik bagi pria maupun wanita, serta morbiditas maupun mortalitas. Setiap kenaikan kadar kolesterol-HDL plasma sebesar 1 mg/dl dapat mengurangi risiko penyakit jantung koroner sebesar 2% pada pria dan 3% pada wanita. Untuk meningkatkan kadar kolesterol-HDL, perlu diketahui target pasien yang menjadi sasaran pengobatan. Terdapat 4 kelompok pasien yang memiliki kadar kolesterol-HDL rendah, yaitu: pasien dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2, sindroma metabolik/obesitas sentral, usia lanjut, dan pasca infark miokard. Penatalaksanaan pasien dengan kadar kolesterol-HDL rendah terdiri dari terapi non-farmakologis antara lain: diet, olahraga, berhenti merokok, dan restriksi konsumsi alkohol) serta penggunaan obat untuk meningkatkan kadar kolesterol-HDL, diantaranya ialah golongan fibrat dan asam nikotinik. Obat-obat ini dapat dikombinasikan dengan obat lain seperti golongan statin.Kata kunci: kolesterol-HDL, penyakit kardiovaskular, penatalaksanaan

scholarly journals Low levels of soluble TWEAK, indicating on-going inflammation, were associated with depression in type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva O. Melin ◽  
Jonatan Dereke ◽  
Magnus Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract Background Low levels of the soluble tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and depression are linked to cardiovascular disease. Galectin-3, inadequate glycemic control and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were previously linked to depression in these patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The main aim was to explore whether sTWEAK was associated with depression. A secondary aim was to explore diabetes related variables associated with low sTWEAK. Methods Cross-sectional design. T1DM patients (n = 283, men 56%, age18–59 years) were consecutively recruited from one specialist diabetes clinic. Depression was defined as Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression sub scale ≥8 points. Blood samples, anthropometrics and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic health records. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure sTWEAK and galectin-3. Low sTWEAK was defined as < 7.2 ng/ml and high galectin-3 as ≥2.6 ng/ml. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, calibrated and validated for goodness of fit. We adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, galectin-3, metabolic variables, serum-creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, medication, and cardiovascular complications. Results For 29 depressed versus 254 non-depressed patients the prevalence rates were for low sTWEAK: 93 and 68% (p = 0.003) and for high galectin-3: 34 and 13% (p = 0.005) respectively. HDL-cholesterol levels were lower for the depressed (p = 0.015). Patients with low sTWEAK versus high sTWEAK had lower usage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) (6% versus 17%, p = 0.005). Low sTWEAK (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 9.0, p = 0.006), high galectin-3 (AOR 6.3, p = 0.001), HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 0.1, p = 0.006), use of antidepressants (AOR 8.4, p < 0.001), and age (per year) (AOR 1.05, p = 0.027) were associated with depression. CSII (AOR 0.3, p = 0.003) and depression (AOR 7.1, p = 0.009) were associated with low sTWEAK. Conclusions Lower levels of sTWEAK and HDL-cholesterol and higher levels of galectin-3 were independently associated with depression in T1DM. These factors might all contribute to the increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality previously demonstrated in patients with depression. CSII (inversely) and depression were independently associated with low sTWEAK levels.

Dyslipidaemia

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-48
Author(s):  
Heinz Drexel
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Residual Risk ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Lipid metabolism has gained cardiological interest only after statins were demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular disease in secondary and primary prevention. Therefore, this chapter first introduces the physiological and atherogenic properties of lipoproteins, before focusing on interventions. Both the efficacy and safety of statins have been proven in numerous randomized clinical trials. Because there is a considerable residual risk in statin-treated patients, additional approaches have been investigated. The focus is now on further reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. First, high-intensity statin regimens were shown to reduce residual risk. Subsequently, ezetimibe was demonstrated, for the first time, to have a beneficial effect as a non-statin lipid intervention. More recently, inhibitors of the enzyme PCSK9 have demonstrated a very high efficacy in reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Although the causality of LDL for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has been proven in epidemiological studies, including Mendelian randomization studies, as well as interventional trials, adherence to statins and other therapies is far from optimal. In contrast, interventions to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels could not proven to have further benefits when combined with statins.

Pharmacological Uses of Ginkgo biloba Extracts for Cardiovascular Disease and Coronary Heart Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Shu ◽  
Akhtar Hussain Sh ◽  
Mohamed Shahen ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Mahmoud Alagawany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba Extracts

scholarly journals Whole grains protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most common cause of death in most Western countries. Nutrition factors contribute importantly to this high risk for ASCVD. Favourable alterations in diet can reduce six of the nine major risk factors for ASCVD, i.e. high serum LDL-cholesterol levels, high fasting serum triacylglycerol levels, low HDL-cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Wholegrain foods may be one the healthiest choices individuals can make to lower the risk for ASCVD. Epidemiological studies indicate that individuals with higher levels (in the highest quintile) of whole-grain intake have a 29% lower risk for ASCVD than individuals with lower levels (lowest quintile) of whole-grain intake. It is of interest that neither the highest levels of cereal fibre nor the highest levels of refined cereals provide appreciable protection against ASCVD. Generous intake of whole grains also provides protection from development of diabetes and obesity. Diets rich in whole-grain foods tend to decrease serum LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels as well as blood pressure while increasing serum HDL-cholesterol levels. Whole-grain intake may also favourably alter antioxidant status, serum homocysteine levels, vascular reactivity and the inflammatory state. Whole-grain components that appear to make major contributions to these protective effects are: dietary fibre; vitamins; minerals; antioxidants; phytosterols; other phytochemicals. Three servings of whole grains daily are recommended to provide these health benefits.

Traditional African Foods and Their Potential to Contribute to Health and Nutrition

2020 ◽  
pp. 268-294
Author(s):  
John H. Muyonga ◽  
Sophie Nansereko ◽  
Ilona Steenkamp ◽  
Marena Manley ◽  
Judith Kanensi Okoth
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Socio Economic Development

The nutritional state of large segments of the African population remains alarming despite the positive socio-economic development that is taking place. The most significant nutritional problems include undernutrition, iron deficiency and vitamin A deficiency. Malnutrition and deficiencies also exacerbate a number of other diseases and health conditions. Besides undernutrition, the prevalence of overnutrition and obesity on the African continent are rising, as are the associated health conditions such as diabetes and coronary heart diseases. This chapter outlines the unique nutritional and bioactive properties of Traditional African Foods (TAFs) and their potential to contribute to the alleviation of undernutrition, overnutrition and associated health problems. Special emphasis is placed on vegetables, fruits, cereals, edible insects, small fish species, mushrooms, legumes, sesame, tuber and root crops. Some of the identified health benefits of these TAFs include lowering of serum cholesterol, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disease prevention and anti-hypertensive properties.

scholarly journals LCAT, HDL Cholesterol and Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study of HDL Cholesterol in 54,500 Individuals

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. E248-E256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane L. Haase ◽  
Anne Tybjærg-Hansen ◽  
Abbas Ali Qayyum ◽  
Jesper Schou ◽  
Børge G. Nordestgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Cholesterol Acyltransferase ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
General Population Study ◽  
Instrumental Variable Analysis ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Hdl

Background: Epidemiologically, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels associate inversely with risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease. Whether this is a causal relation is unclear. Methods: We studied 10,281 participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS) and 50,523 participants in the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS), of which 991 and 1,693 participants, respectively, had developed myocardial infarction (MI) by August 2010. Participants in the CCHS were genotyped for all six variants identified by resequencing lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in 380 individuals. One variant, S208T (rs4986970, allele frequency 4%), associated with HDL cholesterol levels in both the CCHS and the CGPS was used to study causality of HDL cholesterol using instrumental variable analysis. Results: Epidemiologically, in the CCHS, a 13% (0.21 mmol/liter) decrease in plasma HDL cholesterol levels was associated with an 18% increase in risk of MI. S208T associated with a 13% (0.21 mmol/liter) decrease in HDL cholesterol levels but not with increased risk of MI or other ischemic end points. The causal odds ratio for MI for a 50% reduction in plasma HDL cholesterol due to S208T genotype in both studies combined was 0.49 (0.11–2.16), whereas the hazard ratio for MI for a 50% reduction in plasma HDL cholesterol in the CCHS was 2.11 (1.70–2.62) (Pcomparison = 0.03). Conclusion: Low plasma HDL cholesterol levels robustly associated with increased risk of MI but genetically decreased HDL cholesterol did not. This may suggest that low HDL cholesterol levels per se do not cause MI.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Substituted and Unsubstituted N-(Benzoylphenyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamides as Potent Antihypertriglyceridemic Agents

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moyad Shahwan ◽  
Ghassan Shattat ◽  
Tariq Al-Qirim ◽  
Ghassan Abu Sheikha ◽  
Yusuf Al-Hiari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Sodium Ethoxide ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Plasma Total Cholesterol ◽  
Coronary Heart Diseases ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Model Treatment

The N-(benzoylphenyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives 1 - 6 were synthesized, and the lipid-lowering effects of two of these novel compounds were studied using hyperlipidemic rats as an experimental model. Treatment of ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylate with aminobenzophenones in the presence of sodium ethoxide and DMF, followed by purifi cation using column chromatography, gave the target compounds in good yields. The tested animals were divided into control, hyperlipidemic, compounds 2-, 3- and bezafibrate-treated groups. At a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, compounds 2, 3 and bezafibrate significantly reduced the elevated plasma triglyceride levels after 7 and 24 h. Furthermore, the high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol levels were remarkably increased in all treated groups after 7 and 24 h compared to the hyperlipidemic control group. However, only compounds 2- and 3-treated groups obviously showed a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol levels after 24 h. It is therefore reasonable to assume that 2 and 3 may have a promising potential in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and coronary heart diseases.

scholarly journals Female sex, high soluble CD163, and low HDL-cholesterol were associated with high galectin-3 binding protein in type 1 diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Olga Melin ◽  
Jonatan Dereke ◽  
Magnus Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Galectin 3

Abstract Background Galectin-3 binding protein (Gal3BP), sCD163, galectin-3, and depression have been linked to cardiovascular disease and mortality. In patients with type 1 diabetes, female sex has also been linked to cardiovascular disease and mortality. The aim was to explore whether female sex, sCD163, galectin-3, and depression were associated with Gal3BP in patients with type 1 diabetes. We adjusted for metabolic variables, creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, and cardiovascular disease. Methods Cross-sectional design. Patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 285, women 44%, age18–59 years, diabetes duration 1–55 years) were consecutively recruited from one diabetes outpatient clinic. Blood samples, anthropometrics, and blood pressure were collected, supplemented with data from electronic medical records. High Gal3BP was defined as ≥3.3 mg/l (≥80th percentile). Depression was assessed by a self-report instrument. Linear and logistic regression models were elaborated for the associations and calibrated and validated for goodness of fit with the data variables. Results Median (q1, q3) Gal3BP was 2.3 (1.8, 3.1) mg/l. The prevalence of high Gal3BP for women was 30% and 14% for men (p = 0.001). Female sex (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.0), sCD163 (per μg/l) (AOR 6.6), and total cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 1.6) were positively associated with high Gal3BP, and HDL-cholesterol (per mmol/l) (AOR 0.2) was negatively associated with high Gal3BP. Conclusions High Gal3BP levels were associated with female sex, increasing sCD163 and total cholesterol levels, and decreasing HDL-cholesterol levels in patients with type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of high Gal3BP was more than twice as high in the women as in the men.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of Total Flavonoids of Astragalus on Atherosclerosis Formation and Potential Mechanisms

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deqing Wang ◽  
Yuan Zhuang ◽  
Yaping Tian ◽  
Graham Neil Thomas ◽  
Mingzhong Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Astragalus mongholicusBunge has long been used to treat cardiovascular disease in Chinese traditional medicine. However, its mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we explored potential mechanisms and protective effects of total flavonoids of Astragalus (TFA) on cardiovascular disease using in vitro experiments and diet-induced atherosclerotic rabbits. We identified six components and their proportion in TFA. The animal experiments showed that TFA significantly reduced plasma levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (P<0.05to 0.01), increased HDL cholesterol levels (P<0.01), and reduced the aortic fatty streak area by 43.6 to 63.6% (P<0.01). We also found that TFA scavenged superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and this effect increased with higher TFA concentration. In in vivo experiments, TFA effectively inhibited the free radical spectrum in the ischemia-reperfusion module. In conclusion, TFA was the active component ofAstragalus mongholicusBunge, which benefits cardiovascular disease attributing to the potent antioxidant activity to improve the atherosclerosis profile.

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