scholarly journals UJI DAYA BUNUH EKSTRAK BIJI SIRSAK (Annona muricata) TERHADAP LARVA KUBIS Plutella xylostella (Linn.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Eva Lienneke Baideng
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
The Village

UJI DAYA BUNUH EKSTRAK BIJI SIRSAK (Annona muricata) TERHADAP  LARVA KUBIS  Plutella xylostella (Linn.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) ABSTRAK Penelitian terhadap uji daya bunuh ekstrak biji sirsak (Annona muricata) terhadap larva kubis Plutella xylostella dilakukan untuk mengetahui uji daya bunuh beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak biji sirsak terhadap larva Plutella xylostella. Manfaat penelitian adalah untuk memberikan informasi daya bunuh dari ekstrak biji sirsak terhadap larva P. xylostella sehingga dapat digunakan dalam pengendalian hama tersebut.  Penelitian dilaksanakan di desa Rurukan Kota Tomohon, yang berlangsung selama 3 bulan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), yang terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dan tiap perlakuan terdiri dari tiga ulangan.        Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kematian larva meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak biji sirsak yang disemprotkan yaitu 10 g/l, 20 g/l, 30 g/l, 40 g/l dan 50 g/l. Beberapa larva yang belum mati pada stadia ini dan masih hidup hingga pada stadia pupa, persentase mortalitasnya tidak meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak biji sirsak yang diaplikasikan, yakni secara berurutan 30g/l (11,11%), 10g/l (13,33%), 50g/l (14,44%), 20g/l (16,67%) dan 40g/l(16,67%). Total persentase mortalitas larva dan pupa meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak biji sirsak yang disemprotkan. Konsentrasi ekstrak biji sirsak sebesar 50g/l sudah cukup baik digunakan sebagai insektisida botani dalam mengendalikan populasi hama P. xylostella, karena pada konsentrasi ini efektif mematikan sebesar 96,78% populasi serangga yang diuji. Kata kunci: biji sirsak, Plutella xylostella, kubis   TEST POWER KILL THE SEED EXTRACT SOURSOP (Annona muricata) ON CABBAGE LARVAE Plutella xylostella (Linn.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) ABSTRACT Research on the test of the power to kill the seed extract of soursop (Annona muricata) to larvae of the cabbage Plutella xylostella test is performed to determine the power to kill some seed extract concentration of soursop against Plutella xylostella larvae. Benefits of the research is to provide information on the killing power of soursop seed extract against P. xylostella larvae so that it can be used. In the pest control.  Research conducted at the village Rurukan Tomohon, which lasted for three months. The method used is Completely Random Design (CRD), which consists of 6 treatments and each treatment consisted of three replication.  The results showed that the percentage of larval mortality increases with increasing concentration of soursop seed extract that is sprayed is 10 g / l, 20 g / l, 30 g / l, 40 g / l and 50 g / l. Some larvae are not dead at this stage and still live up to the pupal stage, the percentage of mortality was not increased with increasing concentration of soursop seed extract is applied, ie sequentially 30g / l (11.11%), 10g / l (13.33 %), 50g / l (14.44%), 20g / l (16.67%) and 40g / l (16.67%). Total percentage mortality of larvae and pupae increased with increasing concentration of soursop seed extract is sprayed. Concentration of soursop seed extract of 50g / l is good enough to use as a botanical insecticide to control the pest population of P. xylostella, because at this concentration amounted to 96.78% effective lethal insect populations tested. Keywords: soursop seed, Plutella xylostella, cabbage.

scholarly journals GANGGUAN BIOLOGI PADA CROCIDOLOMIA PAVONANA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) AKIBAT PERLAKUAN DENGAN EKSTRAK BIJI AGLAIA ODORATISSIMA BLUME (MELIACEAE)

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Erwin Cuk Surahmat ◽  
Djoko Prijono
Keyword(s):  
Small Difference ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Methanol Fraction ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Feeding Development

Biological interferences in Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as affected by the treatment with seed extract of Aglaia odoratissima Blume (Meliaceae).  The effects of Aglaia odoratissima seed extract on mortality, feeding, development, and reproduction of Crocidolomia pavonana were studied in laboratory.  Ground seeds of A. odoratissima were extracted with methanol, the extract obtained was partitioned in n-hexane and 95% aqueous methanol, and the methanol fraction was partitioned further in chloroform and water.  The chloroform fraction obtained was used in all tests.  In mortality tests, first- and second-instar larvae C. pavonana were fed with extract-treated broccoli leaf discs.  The first instars were also used in the test to determine the effect of the test extract on development and fecundity of C. pavonana, while the second instars were also used in antifeedant test.  A. odoratissima extract acted relatively slowly and larval mortality mostly occurred in the instar that was given the feeding treatment.  This is also reflected by the relatively small difference between LC50 against second+third instar (0.166%) and that against the second instar only (0.175%).  The test extract at all concentrations tested also inhibited feeding by C. pavonana larvae.  The test extract at 0.471% delayed the development from the first instar to the pupal stage by 2.57 days compared with control.  The treatment with the test extract at 0.095-0.471% decreased the fecundity of the females C. pavonana by 8.6-85.6%.  Those various biological interferences in C. pavonana caused by the treatment with A. odoratissima extract can result in substantial suppression of the target pest population in the field.

scholarly journals The Aplications Biological Control of the Pest Population ( Plutella xylostella Linn. And C. pavonana Zell.) and Their Natural Enemies in Cabbage Plants in the Village Kalibaru Kulon, District Banyuwangi

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Helmi Helmi ◽  
Didik Sulistyanto ◽  
Purwatiningsih Purwatiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Village

The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of biological control agens  to the population of pests  and their natural enemies in cabbage crops in agricultural land Kalibaru kulon Kab. Banyuwangi. The research was conducted by Randomized Complete Block Design with with five replications. The treatments were Control as P0, Heterorhabditis sp. as P1, Bacillus thuringiensis as P2, Profenofos as P3, Beauveria bassiana as P4, Red bacteria as P5. Data were obtained from observations of pest population and their natural enemies, as well as the percentage decrease in the population of pests and their natural enemies. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD were tested further by 5%. The results showed that Heterorhabditis sp. was the most effective agents to control populations of Plutella xylostela Linn. and Crocidolomia pavonana Zell., this is also indicated by a decrease in pest population of Plutella xylostela by 54.66% and amounted to 47.9% Crocidolomia  pavonana. Aplication biological agens  was not  affect  the population of natural enemies Coccinela repanda, and Verania sp. Keywords : Cabbage, Biological Control, Pests, Natural enemies

scholarly journals IMPACT OF BOTANICAL INSECTICIDES DERIVED FROM Pangium edule Reinw AND Annona muricata L. SEED EXTRACTS ON THE “GAY GANTUNG” DIAMONDBACK MOTH, Plutella xylostella L.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Ernest Hanny Sakul
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Botanical Pesticides ◽  
Randomized Design

Insecticidal properties of fractioned extracts from Pangium edule Reinw seed and Annona muricata seed against Plutella xylostella larvae were investigated in the laboratory. The study was initiated to investigate the possibility of using botanical pesticides to control P.xylostella, a serious cosmopolitan pest of crucifer plants. The study aims to determine the most effective concentration and the most active extract;  to evaluate the different extract concentrations on the treated larvae; and to characterize the phytochemical contents of the most effective extracts fraction. The study was an experiment initiated by test of phytochemical screening test in order to discover the presence of secondary metabolites in the extracts. It was followed by the test of mortality of the diamondback moth larvae. Furthermore, the extracts hexane fraction and etanol fraction, were conducted with completely randomized design; The LC50 values were determined following probit analysis, the data were treated in the software programme IBM Statistic SPSS 20. Results showed that n-hexane fraction is the most effective againts larvae (LC50-48h = 12,71 mg/L) from P.edule seed extract, (LC50-48h = 50,81 mg/L) from A.muricata seed extract. Larva mortality was highest using 1000 ppm n-hexane fraction (96,6%) derived from P.edule seed extract, (93,3%) derived from A.muricata seed extract. The ethanol fraction tested positive for alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and tannins. N-hexane fraction of P.edule seed extract, and A.muricata seed extract are an effective botanical insecticides exhibiting larvicidal and antifeedant properties against P.xylostella thus it can be alternative to synthethic insecticides. Results indicate that these botanical insecticides have good possibilities for control of P.xylostella. Further work is necessary to evaluate and characterize the active components of the extract fractions and its efficacy in the fieldInsecticidal properties of fractioned extracts from Pangium edule Reinw seed and Annona muricata seed against Plutella xylostella larvae were investigated in the laboratory. The study was initiated to investigate the possibility of using botanical pesticides to control P.xylostella, a serious cosmopolitan pest of crucifer plants. The study aims to determine the most effective concentration and the most active extract;  to evaluate the different extract concentrations on the treated larvae; and to characterize the phytochemical contents of the most effective extracts fraction. The study was an experiment initiated by test of phytochemical screening test in order to discover the presence of secondary metabolites in the extracts. It was followed by the test of mortality of the diamondback moth larvae. Furthermore, the extracts hexane fraction and etanol fraction, were conducted with completely randomized design; The LC50 values were determined following probit analysis, the data were treated in the software programme IBM Statistic SPSS 20. Results showed that n-hexane fraction is the most effective againts larvae (LC50-48h = 12,71 mg/L) from P.edule seed extract, (LC50-48h = 50,81 mg/L) from A.muricata seed extract. Larva mortality was highest using 1000 ppm n-hexane fraction (96,6%) derived from P.edule seed extract, (93,3%) derived from A.muricata seed extract. The ethanol fraction tested positive for alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenol and tannins. N-hexane fraction of P.edule seed extract, and A.muricata seed extract are an effective botanical insecticides exhibiting larvicidal and antifeedant properties against P.xylostella thus it can be alternative to synthethic insecticides. Results indicate that these botanical insecticides have good possibilities for control of P.xylostella. Further work is necessary to evaluate and characterize the active components of the extract fractions and its efficacy in the field

scholarly journals Toxicity of Barringtonia asiatica L. (KURZ.), Melia azedarach L. and Annona muricata L. Seed Extract Mixture Against Larvae Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Eka Retnasari ◽  
Lindung Tri Puspasari ◽  
Rika Meliansyah ◽  
Rani Maharani ◽  
Yusup Hidayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Seed Extracts ◽  
Insecticidal Activities

Crocidolomia   pavonana   is   the main   pest of Brassicaceae family. Barringtonia asiatica, Melia azedarach and Annona muricata are plants that have a potency for insect pest control.  Their insecticidal activities include poisoning, antifeeding and inhibiting the growth of larvae. This study aimed to determine insecticidal activities of seed extracts of B. asiatica, M. azedarach and A. muricata and their mixtures against C. pavonana F.. Experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Pesticide and Application Techniques, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran from August to November 2014. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized desain (CRD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the seed extract of B. asiatica, M. azedarach, A. muricata and their mixtures (1:1) at the concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5% and a control treatment. The results showed that the mixture of B. asiatica and A.  muricata extract  was effective to control C. pavonana larvae. At the concentration of 0.1%, it caused 100% larval mortality at 3 days after application. It had also antifeedant activity. It seems there is a synergistic effects between B. asiatica and A. muricata extract. Therefore, seed extracts of B. asiatica, M. azedarach, A. muricata and their mixtures have a potency to control C. pavonana larvae. Keywords: Annona  muricata,  Barringtonia  asiatica,  Melia azedarach,  Crocidolomia  pavonana, extract mixture, mortality.

scholarly journals Bioactivity of microencapsulated soursop seeds extract on Plutella xylostella

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Barros Gomes ◽  
Roseane Cristina Predes Trindade ◽  
Antônio Euzébio Goulart Sant'Ana ◽  
Eurico Eduardo Pinto de Lemos ◽  
Irinaldo Diniz Basílio Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Spray Dryer ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Chronic Effects

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of microencapsulated extract from the soursop seeds, Annona muricata L. ( Annonaceae ), on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostela L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae ). Microencapsulation was performed in a Mini Spray Dryer model B-290 using 50mL of ethanolic and hexanic extracts plus 150mL of ethanol and 150mL of ultrapure water, mixed with aerosil (first polymer) or arabic gum (second polymer). It was possible to microencapsulate the ethanolic extract of soursop seeds only by using the polymer arabic gum at 20%. The microencapsulated extract caused significant acute toxicity (LC50=258mg L-1) and chronic effects, especially reduction of larval viability and increased larval stage. We concluded that the microencapsulation of the ethanolic extract of soursop seeds can be a viable alternative for controlling diamondback moth with possible gains for the environment.

Phytochemical characterization of Caraway (Carum carvi) seed extract and its use as a potent medicinal agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
Vivek Chauhan ◽  
Sunita Devi ◽  
Sonaxi Sharma ◽  
Shamsher S. Kanwar
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Carum Carvi ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
The Village

Carum carvi (Caraway) is a member of Apiaceae family which originated in Asia. Due to its economic importance, it is widely cultivated. Caraway is the only annual species, commonly present in arable land, moist meadows and on low lands to mountains. Caraway has different applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. Phytochemical screening of different medicinal plants is helpful in identifying new sources of industrially and therapeutically important compounds. In this study, Caraway obtained from forest surrounding the village Goherman, Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh (India) was used. Seed extract of caraway extracted in methanol (MSE) and distilled water (WSE) was used for phytochemical analysis to determine the constituents of caraway seeds. Further, caraway seeds extract was checked for antibacterial activity [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella typhimurium (NCTC 74), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)], antioxidant activity and acid neutralizing activity. After analysing the results, it can be said that caraway seeds possess many medicinal properties and it can be used in enhancing human health.

scholarly journals Effect of aqueous neem seed extract via irrigation on larvae of Liriomyza sativae in melon crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewerton M Costa ◽  
Francisco EL Silva ◽  
Elton L Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Liriomyza Sativae ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Soil Irrigation ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Pupal Mortality ◽  
Neem Seed Extract

ABSTRACT The leafminer [Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)] is one of the main pests of melon crop (Cucumis melo) in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. Thus, adopting strategies to control this destructive insect is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous neem seed extract, applied to soil via irrigation, on leafminer larvae, in the melon crop. An experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in completely randomized design, consisting of five treatments (four doses of aqueous neem seed extract: 1; 3; 5 and 10 g/100 mL) and the control consisting only of distilled water and 10 replicates (melon plants). The treatments were applied in a single dose, via soil irrigation. In the first stage of the evaluation, 24 hours after application, the number of dead larvae per plant was counted. In the second step, pupal mortality was recorded. The total mortality was also calculated considering the number of larvae and the number of emerged adults. We verified that, increasing the concentration of aqueous neem seed extract, an increase in the larval and pupal mortality of the leafminer in melon crop was noticed. The concentration 10 g/100 mL presented the best results, resulting in 36.4% of larval mortality, 96.5% of pupal mortality and 96.8% of total mortality.

scholarly journals Impact complexes nanokarboksylativ and drug Kvatronan-Se on hematological parameters of blood of experimental animals

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
N. B. Seba ◽  
M. A. Khomenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Group I ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Research Experiment ◽  
The Village ◽  
Experimental Group

In this paper present the results of research of influence of the preparation «Kvatronan-Se» and carboxylates of Se, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ge in different combinations on haematological parameters of blood of experimental animals. Study was carried out on the basis of PC Haleks-Agro. It is located in the village Gul'sk of Novograd Volynskiy district of Zhytomyr region. In the farm to bred of Simmental cows. For the experiment was formed four groups. We took into account age, live weight of 650–700 kg and the average milk yield 5000–6000 kg. Animals is located in identical conditions of feeding and maintenance. Research experiment was carried out on animals couples counterparts.  Preparations introduced animals three times at 10–12 days after insemination. The cows first experimental group were injected complex nanokarboksylativ Ge, Cu, Mn and Cr, second – drug Kvatronan–Se and animals third experimental group was administered a complex composed of Se, Cu, Mn, Cr. On 13 day after insemination in experimental animals were taken blood from tail vein and examined the contents of hematological parameters. Established that injection nanokarboksylativ enhance the fertility of cows in the first and third group, the figure rose to 20% in the second by 40% compared with the control. Research hematological parameters blood  animals shows that after entering content drugs of blood cells had minor changes but remained within the physiological norm. The results show that in  concentration monocyte the second group  was at 5.53% (P > 0.01) higher compared to the control group and 2.3% compared to the first and third. The content of lymphocytes in this group decreased by 26.3% (P > 0.05), 22% and 16% relative to the control, the first and third groups. Also, it should be noted that the hemoglobin in the experimental groups decreased in group I by 7.9% in the II – 3.9% and III by 7.3% compared with the control group. Also, these groups distinguished downward trend eosinophils 1.8%, 1.5%, 2.05%. Then, as the number of segment-nuclear neutrophils contrast, in the first group increased by 18.2% in the second and third at 16.9% comparatively control. The number of monocytes in the second group doslfidniy the suspicion was higher by 66.3% and 0.3% higher than the physiological norm – it may indicate a high immune response.

Baseline Plant-to-Plant Larval Movement of Spodoptera eridania in Bt and Non-Bt Soybean and Its Possible Impacts on IRM

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1741-1752
Author(s):  
Thiago L M Fanela ◽  
Edson L L Baldin ◽  
Thomas E Hunt ◽  
Rodrigo D Faria
Keyword(s):  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Refuge Strategy ◽  
Bt Toxins ◽  
Incomplete Resistance ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Transgenic Technologies ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest ◽  
Larval Movement

Abstract The widespread use of transgenic technologies has led to the emergence of insect populations resistant to Bt toxins. Some lepidopteran pest species also appear to naturally have some level of tolerance to certain proteins, such as some species of Spodoptera to Cry1Ac. One of the main strategies to manage resistance is the use of refuge areas, the success of which is in part dependent on larval movement of the target pest. Thus, in order to assess the viability of a refuge strategy addressing Spodoptera eridania Stoll (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Bt soybean, it was evaluated the larval movement across plants in Bt and non-Bt soybean, as well as the larval development and mortality on Bt and non-Bt soybean cultivars. We concluded that apparent S. eridania incomplete resistance resulting from high larval mortality and low adaptability on Bt plants, high larval dispersal, nondirectional larval movement, and random larval spatial dispersion suggest that structured refuge is more suitable than mixed refuge for managing resistance in S. eridania populations.

Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Sheng Liu ◽  
Xin-Geng Wang ◽  
Shi-Jian Guo ◽  
Jun-Hua He ◽  
Zu-Hua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Cotesia Plutellae ◽  
Pupal Parasitoids ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Brassica Vegetable ◽  
June July

AbstractAn investigation of insect parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus), in brassica vegetable crops in the suburbs of Hangzhou was conducted during five periods from 1989 to 1997. Eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, Microplitis sp., Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov, Diadromus collaris(Gravenhorst), Itoplectis naranyae (Ashmead), Exochus sp. and Brachymeria excarinata Gahan. Seven species of hyperparasitoids were also collected. Rates of parasitism of eggs of P. xylostella were usually very low. However, rates of parasitism of larvae and pupae were substantial and showed two peaks each year, around June–July and September–November respectively. Rates of parasitism during peaks were usually 10–60% and reached over 80% on a few occasions. Cotesia plutellae, O. sokolowskii and D. collaris were the major larval, larval-pupal and pupal parasitoids respectively. In the field, C. plutellae was active throughout the year. Oomyzus sokolowskii was active from May to October, entered a quiescent pupal stage in October–November to overwinter and did not emerge until next April–May. Diadromus collariswas recorded from April to July and October. Rates of parasitism of P. xylostellain radish and mustard fields were usually higher than those in cabbage and Chinese cabbage fields in the same locality. Negative correlations of parasitism rates between C. plutellae and O. sokolowskii indicate a competitive relationship for host larvae between these two larval parasitoids.

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