The role of Bakasang as immunostimulant on non-specific immune response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Bakasang produced from fermented fish’s offals contains some type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and have potential as imunostimulant. LAB that can live and grow in the digestive tract of fish serve to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and produce metabolites that can stimulate the activity of the immune system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bakasang as imunostimulant and to determine the optimal dose of bakasang for increasing non-specific immune response and growth in tilapia (Oreochronomis niloticus). This research was conducted using completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates: B0 (0 ml/kg feed), B1 (50 ml/kg feed), B2 (100 ml/kg feed), and B3 (150 ml/kg feed). The treatment feed was given for 4 weeks at a dose of 3% /body weight/day with a frequency of twice a day (08:00 and 17:00). The data taken were immune parameters (total leukocytes and phagocytic activity) and growth. To evaluate the effect of bakasang, the observed parameters were subjected to analysis of variance performed to evaluate differences between the treatments. The results show that after 4 weeks of feeding, the total leukocyte of tilapia treated with bakasang B2 (100 ml/kg feed) on week three was significantly different compared to the total leukocytes in the other treatments with total leukocytes of 68% more than the control. Phagocytic activity in treated fish with 100 and 150 ml/kg (Treatment B2 and B3) were significantly different (p<0.05) from the other treatments. Nevertheless, the phagocytic activity in treatment B2 (100 ml/kg) was higher than B3 (150 ml/kg). Bakasang has an influence on growth during 4 weeks treatment in B1 and B2 which were significantly different to other treatments, but the difference between B1 and B2 treatment was not significantly different. The weight gain of tilapia in treatment B1 was 17.06 ± 3.17 g or 34.75% more than the control treatment, while the B2 body weight reached 17.72 ± 2.63 g or 39.96% greater than the control. In conclusion, the inclusion of bakasang in fish feed by using oral technique with a dose of 100 ml/kg could increase the nonspecific immune response and growth of tilapia. Bakasang yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi jeroan ikan mengandung beberapa jenis Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dan mempunyai potensi sebagai immunostimulan. BAL, yang dapat hidup dan tumbuh di dalam saluran pencernaan, berfungsi menekan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dan menghasilkan produk metabolit yang dapat merangsang aktivitas sistem kekebalan tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh bakasang sebagai imunostimulan serta menentukan dosis yang optimal dalam meningkatkan respon imun non spesifik dan pertumbuhan pada ikan nila (Oreochronomis niloticus). Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan empat perlakuan B0 (0 ml/kg pakan), B1 (50 ml/kg pakan), B2 (100 ml/kg pakan), dan B3 (150 ml/kg pakan); masing-masing dengan tiga ulangan. Pakan perlakuan diberikan selama 4 minggu dengan dosis sebanyak 3%/bb/hari dengan frekwensi pemberian 2x sehari pagi (08.00), dan sore (17.00). Data yang diamati terdiri dari parameter imun (total leukosit dan aktivitas fagositik) dan pertumbuhan. Untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh bakasang terhadap parameter yang diamati dilakukan analisis ragam, sedangkan untuk mengevaluasi perbedaan pengaruh antar perlakuan dilakukan Uji Duncan. Setelah diberikan selama 4 minggu, total leukosit ikan nila yang diberi perlakuan bakasang B2 (100 ml/kg pakan) minggu ke-3 berbeda sangat nyata dibandingkan dengan total leukosit pada perlakuan lainnya dengan total leukosit mencapai 68% lebih banyak dari kontrol. Aktivitas fagositosis pada ikan yang diberi perlakuan 100 ml/kg dan 150 ml/kg (Perlakuan B2 dan B3 ) berbeda nyata (p< 0.05) dengan perlakuan lainnya. Meskipun demikian aktivitas fagositosis pada perlakuan B2 (100 ml/kg) lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada perlakuan B3 (150 ml/kg). Pengaruh bakasang terhadap pertumbuhan selama minggu ke 4 perlakuan B1 dan B2 berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya, namun antar perlakuan B1 dan B2 tidak berbeda nyata. Perolehan berat ikan nila pada perlakuan B1 sebesar 17,06 ± 3,17 g atau 34,75% lebih berat dari kontrol, sedangkan pada perlakuan B2 berat tubuh mencapai 17,72 ± 2,63 g atau 39,96% lebih besar dari kontrol. Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian bakasang secara oral pada pakan ikan dapat menjadi imunostimulan dan memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ikan dengan dosis 100 ml/ kg pakan.

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Indicators of immunoreactivity in rats under conditions of different nutrition regimen

The Animal Biology ◽

10.15407/animbiol23.01.012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 12-17

Author(s):

O. M. Voloshchuk ◽

◽

T. V. Luchyk ◽

G. P. Kopylchuk ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

Low Protein ◽

Adaptive Mechanisms ◽

Sucrose Diet ◽

High Sucrose Diet ◽

Haematological Indices ◽

High Sucrose

The research deals with the integral haematological indices such as markers of immunoreactivity and phagocytic activity of neutrophils in animals kept in conditions of a nutrient imbalance. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: I — animals receiving full-value semi-synthetic ration (control group); II — animals receiving low-protein ration (LPR); III — animals receiving high-sucrose diet (HS); IV — animals receiving low-protein/high-sucrose diet (LPR/HS). It has been found that in animals kept in conditions of nutritional protein deficiency there was a disturbance of the specific immune response, as evidenced by a decrease in the immunoreactivity index and an increase in the index of neutrophils and leukocytes ratio. At the same time, no significant changes in the index of blood leukocytes shift and phagocytic activity of neutrophils were found, indicating the preservation of the non-specific immune response activity. However, in animals of this experimental group compensation of endotoxemia and a decrease in the adaptation index were observed, indicating an inhibition of the adaptive mechanisms. Similar changes in the integral haematological indices were observed in animals kept on a high-sucrose ration. It has been shown that animals consuming a low protein/high-sucrose ration have low immunological reactivity, as evidenced by a 3.4-fold decrease in the immunoreactivity index and a 1.5-fold increase in the blood leukocyte shift index, and disturbances in specific immune response (marker is an increase in the neutrophils and lymphocytes ratio), as well as a significant decrease in the phagocytic index, indicating the ineffectiveness of immune reactions involving neutrophils. At the same time, the intensification of the adaptive mechanisms and a three-fold increase in the reactive neutrophil response index indicates the subcompensation stage of endotoxemia. It is concluded that studied integral haematological parameters can be used as additional early diagnostic markers of impaired immunoreactivity and endotoxemia in animals kept in conditions of different protein and sucrose content in the diet.

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Effects of maternal dietary nitrate supplementation during the perinatal period on piglet survival, body weight, and litter uniformity

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txy137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 464-472

Author(s):

Moniek van den Bosch ◽

Jan Wijnen ◽

Irene B van de Linde ◽

Ad A M van Wesel ◽

Delphine Melchior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Calcium Nitrate ◽

Optimal Dose ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Dietary Nitrate ◽

No Formation ◽

Nitrate Supplementation

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different dosages of dietary nitrate supplementation to sows from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation on reproductive performance of sows and piglet performance from birth until weaning. Dietary nitrate supplementation leads to nitric oxide (NO) formation that can potentially increase blood flow to the fetuses (by the vasodilative effect of NO), leading to a decrease in the loss of potential viable piglets in the form of stillbirth and preweaning mortality. Three hundred and five gilts and sows were allocated to one of six diets from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation, containing 0.00% (Control), 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12%, or 0.15% of dietary nitrate. The source of nitrate used was calcium nitrate double salt. Calcium levels were kept the same among diets by using limestone. Gilts and sows were weighed and backfat was measured at arrival to the farrowing room (d 108 of gestation) and at weaning (d 27 of age). Data included number of piglets born alive, born dead, and weaned, as well as individual piglet weights at d 0, 72 h of age and weaning. Preweaning mortality was determined throughout lactation. Body weight d 0 (P = 0.04) as well as BW at 72 h of age (P < 0.01) increased linearly with increasing dosages of nitrate in the maternal diet. Litter uniformity (SD) at birth was not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation level (P > 0.10), but tended to be higher at 72 h of age in the control treatment than in all nitrate-supplemented treatments (P = 0.07), and SD decreased linearly (increased uniformity) at weaning with increasing dosages of nitrate (P = 0.05). BW at weaning (P > 0.05) and average daily gain of piglets during lactation (P > 0.05) were not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation. A tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.10) of the dosage of maternal dietary nitrate was found on preweaning mortality of piglets with the lowest level of mortality found at 0.09% to 0.12% of maternal nitrate supplementation. We conclude that the use of nitrate in the maternal diet of sows during the perinatal period might stimulate preweaning piglet vitality. Exact mode of action and optimal dose of nitrate still need to be elucidated.

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On Immunity

Continual Raving ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190677312.003.0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 57-80

Author(s):

Janet R. Gilsdorf

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

The Other ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Cell Theory ◽

Humoral Theory

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a war of words raged among physicians and scientists regarding the nature of immunity: Some supported the so-called cellular theory and others the serum, or humoral, theory. Considerable laboratory research was mounted by scientists on each side to refute the findings of those on the other. The two camps on immunity, the cell theory people and the serum (or humoral) theory people, passionately clung to their respective beliefs and sometimes lobbed disrespectful comments, or downright insults, very publicly at each other. Ultimately, both theories, the killing power of serum and the phagocytic activity of the leukocytes, were recognized to be operative in immunity because they work together to facilitate a rich, complete, albeit complex, immune response.

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Comparison of the immunomodulators “β-glucan” and “sodium alginate” on the non-specific immune response of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus (Decapoda, Palinura)

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/15685403-00003851 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 91 (12) ◽

pp. 1409-1423

Author(s):

Yu-Sheng Wu ◽

Hsiang-Yin Chen ◽

Shie-Jiun Wu ◽

Fan-Hua Nan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Spiny Lobster ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Index ◽

Short Term ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Panulirus Interruptus ◽

Phenoloxidase Activity ◽

Immune Parameters

Abstract This study mainly investigated whether β-glucan or sodium alginate enhance the non-specific immune response of the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus. In experiments, lobsters were fed a diet containing one or the other of these compounds, to determine their effect on non-specific immune parameters in the short term (14 days). The lobsters were then bled to examine variance in total haemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, superoxide anion (O2−) production, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, phagocytic ratio (PR), and phagocytic index (PI). The effects of treatment with various doses of β-glucan and sodium alginate were determined. The results showed that treatment with 1-2 g of β-glucan or 2-4 g of sodium alginate significantly increased THC, O2− production, SOD activity, and PR. In conclusion, the immunomodulators β-glucan and sodium alginate can increase the non-specific immune response in spiny lobsters.

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Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.02318-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 82 (10) ◽

pp. 4169-4181 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Ioannis Eleftherianos ◽

Kareen More ◽

Stephanie Spivack ◽

Ethan Paulin ◽

Arman Khojandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Immune Response ◽

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

The Other ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Content Type ◽

Reference Strains

ABSTRACTStudies on the innate immune response against microbial infections inDrosophila melanogasterinvolve mutant strains and their reference strains that act as experimental controls. We used five standardD. melanogasterlaboratory reference strains (Oregon R, w1118, Canton-S, Cinnabar Brown, and Yellow White [YW]) and investigated their response against two pathogenic bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescensandEnterococcus faecalis) and two nonpathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coliandMicrococcus luteus). We detected high sensitivity among YW flies to bacterial infections and increased bacterial growth compared to the other strains. We also found variation in the transcription of certain antimicrobial peptide genes among strains, with Oregon and YW infected flies showing the highest and lowest gene transcription levels in most cases. We show that Oregon and w1118 flies possess more circulating hemocytes and higher levels of phenoloxidase activity than the other strains upon infection with the nonpathogenic bacteria. We further observed reduced fat accumulation in YW flies infected with the pathogenic bacteria, which suggests a possible decline in physiological condition. Finally, we found that nitrite levels are significantly lower in infected and uninfected YW flies compared to w1118 flies and that nitric oxide synthase mutant flies in YW background are more susceptible to bacterial infection compared to mutants in w1118 background. Therefore, increased sensitivity of YW flies to bacterial infections can be partly attributed to lower levels of nitric oxide. Such studies will significantly contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic variation betweenD. melanogaster reference strains.

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The role of host miRNAs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis

ExRNA ◽

10.1186/s41544-019-0040-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ava Behrouzi ◽

Marjan Alimohammadi ◽

Amir Hossein Nafari ◽

Mohammad Hadi Yousefi ◽

Farhad Riazi Rad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Host Defense ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Biological Pathways ◽

Innate Immune ◽

The Other ◽

Non Coding Rnas

Abstract MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs, playing an important role in regulating many biological pathways, such as innate immune response against various infections. Different studies confirm that many miRNAs act as important regulators in developing a strategy for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the host cell. On the other hand, an innate immune response is one of the important aspects of host defense against Mycobacterium. Considering the importance of miRNAs during tuberculosis infection, we focused on studies that performed on the role of various miRNAs related to pathogenic bacteria, M. tuberculosis in the host. Also, we have introduced important miRNAs that can be used as a biomarker for the detection of Mycobacterium.

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Growth and immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei fed on β-(1, 3) glucan and poly-β hydroxybutyrate

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.12.121-127 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

, Sarmin ◽

Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽

Dedi Jusadi ◽

Julie Ekasari

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Body Weight ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Pacific White Shrimp ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Initial Body Weight

ABSTRACT This research was aimed to examine the growth performance and non-specific immune response of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed on the diet supplemented with β-(1,3) glucan (BG) and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as feed additives. Shrimp juvenile at an initial body weight of 2.06±0.03 g was randomly distributed into 12 units of aquaria at a density of 20 shrimps/tank and reared for 42 days. The treatments applied in this study were control (without feed additives), 1.5 g/kg BG, 10 g/kg PHB and 1,5 g/kg BG+10 g/kg PHB. Results showed that shrimp fed on 1.5 /kg BG-supplemented feed had significantly higher growth performance and non-specific immune response. Keywords: growth, shrimp, non-specific immune response, Litopenaeus vannamei ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun nonspesifik udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang diberi pakan dengan penambahan feed additive berupa β-(1,3) glukan (BG) dan poli-β-hidroksibutirat (PHB). Juvenil udang 2,06±0,03 g dipelihara pada 12 unit akuarium dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, serta padat tebar 20 ekor/tank selama 42 hari pemeliharaan. Perlakuan yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penambahan BG (1,5 g/kg), PHB (10 g/kg), dan BG (1,5 g/kg)+PHB (10 g/kg), serta kontrol (tanpa penambahan feed additive). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa udang yang diberi 1,5 g/kg BG memiliki kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun nonspesifik yang terbaik. Kata kunci: pertumbuhan, udang, respons imun nonspesifik, Litopenaeus vannamei

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Effect of the EM Bokashi® Multimicrobial Probiotic Preparation on the Non-specific Immune Response in Pigs

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins ◽

10.1007/s12602-018-9460-5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1264-1277 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ewa Laskowska ◽

Łukasz Sebastian Jarosz ◽

Zbigniew Grądzki

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

Peripheral Circulation ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Cells ◽

Production Of Hydrogen ◽

Group A ◽

Lysozyme Concentration ◽

Probiotic Preparation ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EM Bokashi® on the phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes, oxidative burst, SWC3, and CD11b + CD18+ expression on monocytes and granulocytes, and the serum concentration of cytokine and lysozyme in pig. 60 Sixty female piglets were divided into two groups: I – control and II – experimental. For the experimental group, a probiotic in the form of the preparation EM Bokashi® was added to the basal feed. Flow cytometry was used to determine selected non-specific immune response parameters, intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral granulocytes and monocytes, and surface particles in peripheral blood. The EM Bokashi® preparation used in the study was found to increase phagocytic activity mainly in monocytes, with an increased percentage of phagocytic cells in the experimental group. The highest serum lysozyme concentration in the piglets in the experimental group (2.89 mg/dl), was noted on day 42 of the study. In the group of pigs receiving EM Bokashi®, the percentage of phagocytic cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression was statistically significantly higher than in the control. The increase in the number of cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression in the peripheral circulation in combination with the greater capacity of the cells for phagocytosis and respiratory burst confirms that the non-specific immune response was modulated in the pigs supplemented with EM Bokashi®.

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Potency of aloe extract as immunostimulant for carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas salmonicida

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210302 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Andayani ◽

M. SULAIMAN DADIONO ◽

WIDYA TRI ELWIRA ◽

FEBBY HADI SETYAWAN

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Phagocytic Activity ◽

Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽

The Media ◽

C 30

Abstract. Andayani S, Dadiono MS, Elwira WT, Setyawan FH. 2020. Potency of aloe extract as immunostimulant for carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas salmonicida. Biodiversitas 21: 860-864. The objective of the study was to be able to know the cellular and humoral non-specific immune response to Aeromonas salmonicida after aloe extract administration. This study employed Complete Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 3 replications, control treatment (K), A =2 ppm of aloe extract application in the media, B = 16 ppm of aloe extract in the media, and C = 30 ppm of aloe extract in the media. The extract was given through one-hour soaking at day 0 and day 7, and then challenge-tested to 107 cells.ml-1 of A. salmonicida into the media for one day. Results showed that administration of aloe extract could raise plasma protein levels from 443.0 to 662.0 mg.Kg-1 antibody from 1.2576 to 3.3974, and phagocytic activity from 30.61% to 45.94%. Similarly, the differential value of leucocyte (lymphocyte from 58.6% to 73.70%, neutrophils from 6.09 to 8%, and monocyte from 5.70% to 7.72%). As conclusion, aloe extract at the dose of 2 ppm could raise the cellular and humoral non-specific immune. Therefore, the use of aloe extract as immunostimulant at the dose of 2 ppm applied through immersion could also apply other methods, such as oral and injection.

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Co-administration of Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-3 Agonist Poly I:C with Different Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccines Improves IBD Specific Immune Response in Chicken

10.21203/rs.3.rs-456938/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kannaki T Ramasamy ◽

E Priyanka ◽

Manda Abhilash ◽

Santosh Haunshi

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Specific Antibody ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Specific Immune Response ◽

Poly I:C ◽

Lesion Score ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

Ifn Γ

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are emerging as promising vaccine adjuvants and immunomodulators in poultry against many diseases. Infectious bursa disease (IBD) still remains as a major threat in poultry industry. Improving the vaccine mediated immune response would help in better protection against IBD virus infection. Adjuvant potential of TLR3 agonist, Poly I:C with different IBD vaccines has been analyzed in chicken in the present study. Intermediate, intermediate plus IBD vaccine, bursaplex vaccine and their respective poly I:C combinations were used for immunization of chicken. IBD specific antibody titre, bursa to body weight ratio, body weight gain and bursal lesion scores were evaluated at weekly interval in different immunization groups. Fold changes in cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA expression levels were also analyzed in different groups. Intermediate IBD plus vaccine induced significantly (P≤0.05) higher IBD specific antibody response at 35 days of age than other groups with comparatively lower body weight gain and moderate bursal lesion score. Poly I:C co-administration with intermediate IBD vaccine and bursaplex vaccine improved the IBD specific antibody titres, better body weight gain and moderately less bursal lesion score. However, Poly I:C combination with intermediate plus IBD vaccine did not improve the specific immune response. IL-1β levels were up-regulated in intermediate plus and bursaplex group, whereas IFN-γ m RNA expression levels were upregulated in intermediate IBD with Poly IC group. In conclusion, poly I:C co-administration with intermediate IBD and bursaplex vaccine was beneficial and improved the specific immune response with least immunosuppression and bursal damage.

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