scholarly journals Effects of maternal dietary nitrate supplementation during the perinatal period on piglet survival, body weight, and litter uniformity

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 464-472
Author(s):  
Moniek van den Bosch ◽  
Jan Wijnen ◽  
Irene B van de Linde ◽  
Ad A M van Wesel ◽  
Delphine Melchior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
No Formation ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different dosages of dietary nitrate supplementation to sows from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation on reproductive performance of sows and piglet performance from birth until weaning. Dietary nitrate supplementation leads to nitric oxide (NO) formation that can potentially increase blood flow to the fetuses (by the vasodilative effect of NO), leading to a decrease in the loss of potential viable piglets in the form of stillbirth and preweaning mortality. Three hundred and five gilts and sows were allocated to one of six diets from d 108 of gestation until d 5 of lactation, containing 0.00% (Control), 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09%, 0.12%, or 0.15% of dietary nitrate. The source of nitrate used was calcium nitrate double salt. Calcium levels were kept the same among diets by using limestone. Gilts and sows were weighed and backfat was measured at arrival to the farrowing room (d 108 of gestation) and at weaning (d 27 of age). Data included number of piglets born alive, born dead, and weaned, as well as individual piglet weights at d 0, 72 h of age and weaning. Preweaning mortality was determined throughout lactation. Body weight d 0 (P = 0.04) as well as BW at 72 h of age (P < 0.01) increased linearly with increasing dosages of nitrate in the maternal diet. Litter uniformity (SD) at birth was not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation level (P > 0.10), but tended to be higher at 72 h of age in the control treatment than in all nitrate-supplemented treatments (P = 0.07), and SD decreased linearly (increased uniformity) at weaning with increasing dosages of nitrate (P = 0.05). BW at weaning (P > 0.05) and average daily gain of piglets during lactation (P > 0.05) were not affected by maternal nitrate supplementation. A tendency for a quadratic effect (P = 0.10) of the dosage of maternal dietary nitrate was found on preweaning mortality of piglets with the lowest level of mortality found at 0.09% to 0.12% of maternal nitrate supplementation. We conclude that the use of nitrate in the maternal diet of sows during the perinatal period might stimulate preweaning piglet vitality. Exact mode of action and optimal dose of nitrate still need to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Review of potential risks associated with supplemental dietary exposure to nitrate-containing compounds in swine — a paradox in light of emerging benefits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace L Doepker ◽  
Melissa M Heintz ◽  
Jennifer van de Ligt ◽  
Daniele S Wikoff
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Potential Risks

Abstract Calcium nitrate has been reported to benefit reproductive outcomes in sows and their offspring when administered via the feed (15–19 mg/kg-bw/day) during the periparturient period. Traditionally, dietary nitrate had been considered a methemoglobinemia (MetHb) risk in swine. Similar hazard concerns have existed in humans, but a recent benefit/risk analysis established that nitrate levels associated with well-recognized health benefits outweigh potential risks. A similar benefit/risk perspective in swine was lacking and challenged by sparse published hazard data, often referenced within larger reviews related to all livestock. The objective of this review was to better characterize the potential for adverse health and performance effects reported in the literature for swine consuming nitrate, and to provide metrics for evaluating the reliability of the studies reviewed. Supplemental exposure via feed or drinking water was considered for any life stage, dose, and exposure duration. More than 30 relevant studies, including case reports and reviews, examined calcium, potassium, sodium, or unspecified nitrate salts at doses up to 1,800 mg nitrate/kg-bw/day for exposures ranging from 1 to 105 days. The studies primarily evaluated weight gain, blood methemoglobin levels, or vitamin A homeostasis in sows or growing swine. An extensive review of the literature showed reports of adverse effects at low nitrate doses to be of low reliability. Conversely, reliable studies corroborate nitrate intake from feed or drinking water at levels equal to or greater than EFSA’s no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for swine of 410 mg nitrate/kg-bw/day, with no MetHb or other adverse effects on reproduction, growth, or vitamin A levels. Using a weight-of-evidence evaluation, we have moderate to high confidence that the NOAEL for nitrate supplementation in swine is likely between 600 and 800 mg/kg-bw/day. These levels are several-fold higher than dietary nitrate concentrations (19 mg/kg-bw/day) that are known to benefit birth outcomes in sows. This review elucidates the quality and reliability of the information sources historically used to characterize nitrate in swine feed as a contaminant of concern. Results from this evaluation can assist risk managers (e.g., regulatory officials and veterinarians) in consideration of proposed benefits, as well as reassuring swine producers that low-level nitrate supplementation is not anticipated to be a concern.

scholarly journals The Role of Bole (Lake Soil) as a Mineral Supplement to Arsi-Bale Sheep Fed Natural Grass Hay and Concentrate Supplement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belete Kuraz ◽  
Adugna Tolera ◽  
Aster Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
Grass Hay

Background: Mineral deficiencies are considered to be one of the nutritional constraints to sheep performance. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of bole soil on feed intake, live weight change and carcass characteristics of Arsi-Bale sheep fed natural grass hay and concentrate supplement and its cost-benefit analysis of bole soil supplementation. Result: Total DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF intake and ADL were higher (p less than 0.0001) for T3 than for T1, T2 and T4. Final weight, body weight change, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were greater (p less than 0.0001) for T3 and T2 than for T1 and T4. There were no differences (p greater than 0.05) between T3 and T2 whereas T4 was greater than T1 in these variables. Slaughter weight (SW) was heavier (p less than 0.0001) for treatment two and treatment three than for treatment four and treatment one, hot carcass weight, foreleg weight and dressing percentage on empty body weight basis were greater (p less than 0.0001) for T3 and T2 than for T1and T4. Conclusion: Bole soil supplementation had potentially highest effect on feed intake, live weight change and carcass characteristics of Arsi-Bale sheep than non-supplemented groups. The present study also revealed that supplementation of minerals improved the total weight gain of sheep over the control treatment.

scholarly journals Maternal Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Lowers Incidence of Stillbirth in Hyper Prolific Sows under Commercial Circumstances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3364
Author(s):  
Moniek van den Bosch ◽  
Bram Bronsvoort ◽  
Bas Kemp ◽  
Henry van den Brand
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Dietary Nitrate ◽  
Commercial Farm ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Piglet Growth ◽  
Cross Fostering

The objective of the current experiment was to investigate whether or not maternal dietary nitrate supplementation, a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, could reduce piglet losses under commercial circumstances. In the current experiment, 120 hyper prolific gilts and sows (Landrace x Yorkshire: Danbred) on a commercial farm in Denmark received either a control lactation diet or a lactation diet containing 0.1% of calcium nitrate (containing 63.1% of nitrate) from approximately 5 days pre-farrowing until day 4 of lactation. The number of piglets born total, alive, and stillborn, as well as birth weights, weights after cross-fostering (approximately 1 day of age), 24 h after cross-fostering, day 3 of age, and at weaning was recorded. Placentas of sows were collected after expulsion and scored on redness. No effect of nitrate supplementation was found on piglet weight, piglet growth, placental redness score, and pre-weaning mortality during lactation. Maternal dietary nitrate supplementation decreased stillbirth percentage with 2.5% (9.9 vs. 7.4%; p = 0.05). It can be concluded that maternal dietary nitrate supplementation shows the potential to decrease the incidence of stillbirth in hyper prolific sows.

The role of Bakasang as immunostimulant on non-specific immune response in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Rosa D Pangaribuan ◽  
Reiny A Tumbol ◽  
Hengky Manoppo ◽  
Julius Sampekalo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Immune Parameters

Bakasang produced from fermented fish’s offals contains some type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and have potential as imunostimulant. LAB that can live and grow in the digestive tract of fish serve to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and produce metabolites that can stimulate the activity of the immune system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bakasang as imunostimulant and to determine the optimal dose of bakasang for increasing non-specific immune response and growth in tilapia (Oreochronomis niloticus). This research was conducted using completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates: B0 (0 ml/kg feed), B1 (50 ml/kg feed), B2 (100 ml/kg feed), and B3 (150 ml/kg feed). The treatment feed was given for 4 weeks at a dose of 3% /body weight/day with a frequency of twice a day (08:00 and 17:00). The data taken were immune parameters (total leukocytes and phagocytic activity) and growth. To evaluate the effect of bakasang, the observed parameters were subjected to analysis of variance performed to evaluate differences between the treatments. The results show that after 4 weeks of feeding, the total leukocyte of tilapia treated with bakasang B2 (100 ml/kg feed) on week three was significantly different compared to the total leukocytes in the other treatments with total leukocytes of 68% more than the control. Phagocytic activity in treated fish with 100 and 150 ml/kg (Treatment B2 and B3) were significantly different (p<0.05) from the other treatments. Nevertheless, the phagocytic activity in treatment B2 (100 ml/kg) was higher than B3 (150 ml/kg). Bakasang has an influence on growth during 4 weeks treatment in B1 and B2 which were significantly different to other treatments, but the difference between B1 and B2 treatment was not significantly different. The weight gain of tilapia in treatment B1 was 17.06 ± 3.17 g or 34.75% more than the control treatment, while the B2 body weight reached 17.72 ± 2.63 g or 39.96% greater than the control. In conclusion, the inclusion of bakasang in fish feed by using oral technique with a dose of 100 ml/kg could increase the nonspecific immune response and growth of tilapia. Bakasang yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi jeroan ikan mengandung beberapa jenis Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dan mempunyai potensi sebagai immunostimulan. BAL, yang dapat hidup dan tumbuh di dalam saluran pencernaan, berfungsi menekan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dan menghasilkan produk metabolit yang dapat merangsang aktivitas sistem kekebalan tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh bakasang sebagai imunostimulan serta menentukan  dosis yang optimal  dalam meningkatkan respon imun non spesifik dan pertumbuhan pada ikan nila (Oreochronomis niloticus). Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan  Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan empat perlakuan B0 (0 ml/kg pakan), B1 (50 ml/kg pakan), B2 (100 ml/kg pakan), dan B3 (150 ml/kg pakan); masing-masing dengan tiga ulangan.  Pakan perlakuan diberikan selama 4 minggu dengan dosis sebanyak 3%/bb/hari dengan frekwensi pemberian 2x sehari pagi (08.00), dan sore (17.00). Data yang diamati terdiri dari parameter imun (total leukosit dan aktivitas fagositik) dan pertumbuhan. Untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh bakasang terhadap parameter yang diamati dilakukan analisis ragam, sedangkan untuk mengevaluasi perbedaan pengaruh antar perlakuan dilakukan Uji Duncan. Setelah diberikan selama  4 minggu, total leukosit ikan nila yang diberi perlakuan bakasang  B2 (100 ml/kg pakan) minggu ke-3 berbeda sangat nyata dibandingkan dengan total leukosit pada perlakuan lainnya dengan total leukosit mencapai 68% lebih banyak dari kontrol. Aktivitas fagositosis pada ikan yang diberi perlakuan 100 ml/kg dan 150 ml/kg (Perlakuan B2 dan B3 ) berbeda nyata (p< 0.05) dengan perlakuan lainnya. Meskipun demikian aktivitas fagositosis pada perlakuan B2 (100 ml/kg) lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada perlakuan B3 (150 ml/kg). Pengaruh bakasang  terhadap pertumbuhan selama minggu ke 4 perlakuan B1 dan B2 berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya, namun antar perlakuan B1 dan B2 tidak berbeda nyata. Perolehan berat ikan nila pada perlakuan  B1 sebesar 17,06 ± 3,17 g atau 34,75% lebih berat dari kontrol, sedangkan pada perlakuan B2 berat tubuh mencapai  17,72 ± 2,63 g atau 39,96% lebih besar dari kontrol. Sebagai kesimpulan, pemberian bakasang secara oral pada pakan ikan dapat menjadi imunostimulan dan memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ikan dengan dosis 100 ml/ kg pakan.

scholarly journals Performance of dairy calves fed diet containing Ca-palm oil fatty acid and Sapindusrarak fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wina ◽  
Yenni Widiawati ◽  
Budi Tangendjaja
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Daily Gain

<p class="abstrak2">Calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid (Ca-FA) is a high dense energy source that is protected from degradation in the rumen. Sapindusrarak fruits (SrF) contain high level of saponin and have been reported to increase body weight sheep or cattle and reduced protozoa population in the rumen. This experiment used a combination of Ca-FA and SrF to improve the performance of weaned dairy calves. Thirty two heads of weaned Indonesian Holstein were used in factorial block design experiment (2 x 2). The first factor was Ca-FA(with 2.5% and without addition of Ca-FA)  while the second factor was SrF (with 0.3% and without addition of SrF in total diet) and sex of the animal as block was applied. The feed as total mixed ration contained crude protein (CP)17%, total digestible nutrien (TDN)minimum 69%, Net energy for maintenance 1.70Mcal/kg and Net energy for gain 1.03Mcal/kg. It was fed 3% of body weight of the animals for 14 weeks included 2 weeks of adaptation period. Feces collection for measuring digestibility of feed was conducted at the end of experiment. Average daily gain (ADG) of calves received SrF was higher than without SrF (896.9 vs 853.7 g/day) while ADG received CaFA was lower than without CaFA (860.6 vs 890 g/day) but both effects were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05). DM intake due to SrF treatment tended to be higher than control treatment (4.4 vs 4.3 kg/day). DM digestibility was not different among treatments. In conclusion,calves received supplementation of 0.3% SrF fruit in the diet had similar average daily gain with those given unsupplemented diet but had reduced diarrhea cases.</p>

Nitrogen Fertilization of Basil

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481a-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rangappa ◽  
H.L. Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
N Rates

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) is an important culinary herb in Virginia and other areas. The objective of this study, conducted during 1997, was to determine optimal N rate for fresh and dry matter yield. Seed of Broad Leaf sweet basil were direct-seeded on 18 June in rows 0.75 m apart in a RCBD design with 8 replications. Four N rates (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N/ha) were used. Calcium nitrate (15.5% N) was used as the fertilizer source. All plants from 1-m row length from middle row of each plot were harvested by hand on 23 Sept. and fresh weights were recorded. The plant material was dried at 70°C for 48 h to record dry weights. The moisture content at harvest was calculated from fresh and dry weights. The fresh yields following 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N/ha were 3.7, 5.4, 6.4, and 6.8 kg/m2, respectively. The yield difference between two highest N rates was not significant, however, both these rates had significantly higher yield than the two lowest rates. Similar results were also obtained for dry matter yields. The highest N rate of 75 kg N/ha resulted in significantly higher dry matter yield (1.3 kg/m2) as compared to the other three rates. The lowest dry matter yield was obtained after the control treatment (0.6 kg/m2). An opposite relationship between N rate and moisture content was observed when the highest moisture content resulted from control and 50 kg N/ha treatments. These results indicate that optimum N rate for sweet basil in Virginia is 50 to 75 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaslou ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Hamed Beiranvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

scholarly journals 93 Evaluation of the intake and digestibility of ensiled residual material from edamame soybean processing with and without the use of an inoculant

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Ellen M Herring ◽  
Elizabeth B Kegley ◽  
Ken Coffey ◽  
Shane Gadberry ◽  
Jeremy G Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Soybean Processing ◽  
Silage Inoculant ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract This research evaluated the effects of ensiled edamame soybean processing waste on ruminant intake and total tract digestibility. Waste from processing stored edamame was obtained (3 trips) and wilted (28%, 25%, and 37% DM), then treated with or without inoculant (Lactobacillus buchneri) and ensiled in 167 L plastic barrels (2 or 3 barrels/treatment from each trip) for 72 (Trip 1) or 69 (Trip 2 and 3) days. Pregnant ewes (n = 18; body weight = 55.5 ± 1.2 kg; 2 to 3 years old) were blocked by body weight and assigned randomly within a block to treatments within a trip, then each ewe was assigned to a barrel of silage. Ewes were housed individually in 1 × 1.5-m pens and offered silage for a 10-day adaptation period followed by 7 days of total feces and urine collection. Ewes were offered silage to allow for 10% orts and were offered 0.2% of their body weight of soyhulls and 32 g of mineral supplement/day to meet their predicted nutrient requirements for gestating ewes. Ewes consumed 1,616 ± 54 g DM/day (X ± SEM) or 2.9 ± 0.12% of their body weight and there was no effect (P ≥ 0.85) of inoculant treatment on DM intake (g/day or % of body weight). Dry matter digestibility was not affected (P = 0.98) by inoculant and averaged 55.7 ± 0.66%. Ewe average daily gain for the 17-day trial tended to be greater (P = 0.08) for the ewes offered the silage without inoculant (0.18 vs. 0.04 kg/d). Ensiling edamame processing waste yielded a feed that ewes consumed in adequate amounts to maintain their body weights over 17 days when also supplemented with soyhulls. The addition of silage inoculant had minimal effects on intake, digestibility, or ewe body weight change.

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