scholarly journals Effect of carbon nanotubes on sheet molding composite analysis for automotive application: FEA Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3363-3365
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Fe Analysis ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Automotive Application ◽  
Composite Analysis ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
Body In White ◽  
Tool Cost

Sheet Moulding Composite (SMC) is used in automotive body’s for weight & tool cost reduction instead of sheet metal. As an alternative material SMC must fulfill the strength requirement as well as contribute less weight to Body-in-white (BIW). Hence, its mechanical properties & thickness selection must be done strategically. Further bending test setup has to be created & tested by FE analysis and followed by lab testing as a part of validation. Sheet moulding compounds (SMC) are fiber-reinforced thermosetting products. SMC is a generic term of different types of compounds together with the process to convert them into large composite parts by compression molding. SMC are widely used in the sectors like aerospace, agricultural, rail, marine, electrical and energy construction but the automotive and truck industries remain the drivers of SMC technology.

Investigating Different Metrics for Evaluation and Selection of Mutation Operators for Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 311-336
Author(s):  
Shweta Rani ◽  
Bharti Suri
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Test Suite ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Powerful Technique ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Mutation Operators ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Java Programs ◽  
Selective Mutation ◽  
Selection Of

Mutation testing is a successful and powerful technique, specifically designed for injecting the artificial faults. Although it is effective at revealing the faults, test suite assessment and its reduction, however, suffer from the expense of executing a large number of mutants. The researchers have proposed different types of cost reduction techniques in the literature. These techniques highly depend on the inspection of mutation operators. Several metrics have been evolved for the same. The selective mutation technique is most frequently used by the researchers. In this paper, the authors investigate different metrics for evaluating the traditional mutation operators for Java. Results on 13 Java programs indicate how grouping few operators can impact the effectiveness of an adequate and minimal test suite, and how this could provide several cost benefits.

scholarly journals Performance of Flexible Chemoresistive Gas Sensors after Having Undergone Automated Bending Tests

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 5190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Alvarado ◽  
Silvia De La Flor ◽  
Eduard Llobet ◽  
Alfonso Romero ◽  
José Luis Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Flexible Substrate ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Ag Electrodes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After

Many sensors are developed over flexible substrates to be used as wearables, which does not guarantee that they will actually withstand being bent. This work evaluates the gas sensing performance of metal oxide devices of three different types, before and after having undergone automated, repetitive bending tests. These tests were aimed at demonstrating that the fabricated sensors were actually flexible, which cannot be taken for granted beforehand. The active layer in these sensors consisted of WO3 nanowires (NWs) grown directly over a Kapton foil by means of the aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition. Their response to different H2 concentrations was measured at first. Then, they were cyclically bent, and finally, their response to H2 was measured again. Sensors based on pristine WO3-NWs over Ag electrodes and on Pd-decorated NWs over Au electrodes maintained their performance after having been bent. Ag electrodes covered with Pd-decorated NWs became fragile and lost their usefulness. To summarize, two different types of truly flexible metal oxide gas sensor were fabricated, whereas a third one was not flexible, despite being grown over a flexible substrate following the same method. Finally, we recommend that one standard bending test procedure should be established to clearly determine the flexibility of a sensor considering its intended application.

Fatigue Assessment of Work-Over Risers Through Physical Testing

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Gundersen ◽  
Rolf Hugo Kirkvik ◽  
Christopher Hoen-Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Structural Response ◽  
Fe Analysis ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Fatigue Assessment ◽  
Inner Work ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
Bending Loads ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
Variable Internal Pressure

Critical sections of work over strings, with respect to integrity, are components located close to end terminations, near well heads and above drill floors, where recurring bending moments are prevalent. The lifetime of these components are strongly dependent on the stiffness in the components of the string. Connections between these components are often complex, and of a type where the stiffness is unknown, or hard to reveal based on theoretical analysis. This paper considers the feasibility of applying state-of-the-art measurement technology for testing of the physical behavior of specific connections on a landing string to be used for work over operations in harsh environmental conditions, where low fatigue life of components have proven to be a recurring problem. Behavior of joint-connections revealed through measured response from physical testing serve as input for the global finite element (FE) analysis, where accumulated fatigue damage for each sea state is calculated based on site specific met-ocean data. The present work was carried out in advance of an operation on the Norwegian shelf, where a four-point bending test of the actual landing string to be used during the offshore campaign were performed on a section containing two critical couplings, in order to reveal the actual stiffness of the connections. The test string was subject to variable internal pressure, axial tension and bending loads, representative for the applicable work-over riser operational loads. The performance of the system was monitored through strain, displacement and force sensors, in order to relate applied loads to structural response. The results from these tests where later recreated from local FE analysis, where non linear springs was implemented and modified to fit the experimental results at the connections of interest. These springs was later input to the global fatigue analysis, where the complete system, including marine riser and inner work over string, was implemented in one model. Results from the fatigue assessment where used to determine the operational criteria for the work over operations.

Part II United Kingdom, 7 Extended Liens

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson Hamish
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Security Interest ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Standard Documents

During the course of the Lehman insolvencies it was discovered that the Lehman companies had used a number of different standard documents to record their terms of business which included provision for a security interest over the counterparty’s property. The important distinguishing feature of some of those security interests was that the relevant Lehman entity purported to take security not only for sums due to it but also for sums due to any other Lehman entity. Such security interests came to be known as ‘extended liens’—a label which is potentially misleading for an English lawyer because the security interests in question were more likely to be correctly characterized as floating charges. ‘Lien’ in this context is merely a generic term for different types of security interest. The chapter looks at the efficacy of extended liens.

Reeling of Tight Fit Pipe (TFP)

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Focke ◽  
E. Karjadi ◽  
A. M. Gresnigt ◽  
J. Meek ◽  
H. Nakasugi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Fe Analysis ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanical Bonding ◽  
Pipe Bending

A 12.75 inch outer diameter single walled pipe bending test was executed and theoretical and FE analysis of this test was performed as preparation for 12.75 inch outer diameter TFP bending tests. The main objective of the TFP bending tests was to determine the initiation and degree of liner wrinkling occurring during the TFP spooling-on phase when simulating the reeling pipelay installation method. Due to lack of a definition of liner wrinkling initiation, the crossing of a certain threshold of the liner wrinkle height was defined as liner wrinkling initiation. The bending tests results indicated that (1) the extent of liner wrinkling decreased if TFP with a high mechanical bonding strength was used. (2) The presence of a circumferential weld in the highly bonded TFPs initiated higher liner wrinkles at lower curvatures than in case no circumferential weld was present. (3) The ERW outer pipe longitudinal weld did not result in higher liner wrinkles. API residual compressive stress tests showed that the initial mechanical bonding strength in the 12.75 inch TFP used in this research was significantly reduced, irrespective of whether a high or a low initial mechanical bonding strength had been used prior to spooling-on. These findings justify further research into this phenomenon as the eventual mechanical bonding strength after reeling installation may be vital for its anticipated application during operation.

scholarly journals Improving Firms’ Performance and Sustainability: The Case of Eco-Innovation in the Agri-Food Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Rabadán ◽  
Ángela González-Moreno ◽  
Francisco J. Sáez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Environmental Responsibility ◽  
Company Performance ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Innovation Cooperation

Companies’ environmental responsibility has significantly increased in the last decade. However, the question about the benefits that this responsible decision has on the company’s performance in the market remains. In this scenario, the main goal of this study is to analyze the conditions that improve the performance of companies in the agri-food industry, paying specific attention to technological eco-innovation and different types of cooperation (in the use and in the development of eco-innovations). Our initial sample contains data of agri-food companies operating in Spain. The Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) has been used as a new path for the analysis of firm’s data. Company performance has been considered by using a construct including three variables (increase in the sales, company profitability and cost reduction). Results show that the conditions that largely benefit company performance are R&D spending and the development of technological eco-innovation. Cooperation in the development and use of eco-innovations are especially important for the smaller companies, with the larger companies in the sector relying both in cooperation and in their own resources. The different recipes which improve the performance, as well as the sustainability of the sector, are presented in this study.

State-of-Art High Strength Steel Sheets for the Automotive Application

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4369-4374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Urabe ◽  
Fusato Kitano ◽  
Takeshi Fujita ◽  
Yuji Yamasaki ◽  
Yoshihiro Hosoya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Solid Solution Hardening ◽  
Automotive Application ◽  
Continuous Annealing ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Body In White

New type of IF cold-rolled high strength steels (HSSs) with the strength level of 390 and 440MPa have been developed under the chemistry of the extra-low carbon steel containing around 60ppm C with an intentional addition of niobium by hybridizing the precipitation hardening with niobium carbides and the supplemental solid-solution hardening. In this steel, Precipitation Free Zone (PFZ) nearby recrystallized grain boundaries forms during continuous annealing. This structure leads to unique mechanical properties such as lower yielding and superior anti-secondary-work embrittlement under fine grain structure strictly required for the exposed panels in Body-in-White. Principles of the unique mechanical properties of the steel are introduced related with the formation of PFZ during annealing, and the results of further approach to improve them as the state-of-the-art product, which is widely used for the exposed panels in Body in White, are introduced in the paper.

scholarly journals Adaptacja przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych – przykład Łodzi

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 156-172
Author(s):  
Jacek May
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Transitional Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Organization Of Production ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Space Adaptation

This article has two objectives. The cognitive objective is to recognize and systematize the strategies of adaptation of industrial enterprises in Łódź in the years 1992–2003. The basis for the systematic arrangement are conclusions made by T. Stryjakiewicz (1999), J. Michalak and U. Dzika (2000). The other, theoretical objective is an attempt to apply the typology of forms of space adaptation of industrial enterprises presented by T. Stryjakiewicz (1999) in order to synthesise the identified strategies. The typology of T. Stryjakiewicz transfers A. Smith’s (1995) conclusions into Polish science. Its theoretical basis are theories of regulation and industrial networks.Having studied the cases of fifteen companies, whose adaptation strategies were the most diverse or characteristic of a given branch, the author has systemized the identified adaptation procedures. There were eighteen different types of strategies falling into five categories: cost reduction, relocation, changes in management system, changes in the structure of production and contacts with foreign partners. While trying to classify the adaptation typology forms, besides those characterized by T. Stryjakiewicz (1999), such as deindustrializing, paternalistic and global, two additional types were recognized: local and transitional adaptation. Local adaptation, applied mostly by small enterprises, limits their activity to the local market. Those enterprises have a small adaptability and do not participate in the process of globalization. The transitional type is common to a part of medium-sized and large enterprises with Polish capital. Owning to new technologies and organization of production, they increase their adaptability and are better suited to global competition. The analysis has led to the conclusion that the kind of adaptation procedures taken by enterprises and also the result of those actions depend on the origin of the enterprises, their branch, size and the origin of capital.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robiah Bt. Yunus ◽  
N.H. Zahari ◽  
M.A.M. Salleh ◽  
Nor Azowa Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Hot Press ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Test Impact

In this paper, the mechanical properties of carbon fiber polypropylene composites prepared under various process conditions were investigated. Two different types of polypropylene composites were produced by mixing and compressing the mixtures using hot press. The mixture was prepared by mixing polypropylene with chopped carbon fiber and carbon fiber percentage (wt%) was varied. Mechanical properties investigated were tensile test, impact test, bending test and density test. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to study the morphology of the composites. The highest tensile strength was obtained for polypropylene (MFI 60) composites reinforced with 10 wt% carbon fiber. The composite also exhibited the best tensile and flexural properties.

Effect of Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of NiTi Orthodontic Arch Wires

2008 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kiattiwongse ◽  
Anak Khantachawana ◽  
P. Santiwong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Orthodontic Archwires ◽  
A Current

Two types of rectangular orthodontic archwires; NiTiTM and 40oCuNiTi, were heat treated by Direct Electric Resistance Heat Treatment (DERHT) using different electric currents for 4 s. Their mechanical properties were then evaluated by micro hardness and three-point bending tests. After applying 4.5-5.5 A current, the hardness of NiTiTM increased with the increased current, whereas the change in hardness of 40oCuNiTi was slight. When 6 A current was applied, the hardness of the midspan of both wires significantly decreased. From the three-point bending test, unloading forces of NiTiTM increased after treating with 5.5 A current, while those of 40oCuNiTi decreased. However, both specimens lost their superelasticity when applied with 6 A current. In conclusion, after DERHT, various changes in mechanical properties can be noted in the different types of nickel titanium archwire.

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