scholarly journals ON A QUESTION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH

2018 ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
TEIMURAZ BERIDZE
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Educational Standards ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Education Standards ◽  
Investment Level ◽  
Per Capita

Economic development looks at a wider range than GDP per capita. Economic development is concerned with how people are actually affected. It looks at their actual living standards and social conditions. Measures of Economic development will look at: Real income per head – GDP per capita; Levels of literacy and education standards; Levels of healthcare (e.g. number of doctors per 1.000 population); Quality and availability of housing; Levels of environmental standards; Levels of infrastructure (transport, communication); Levels of corruption; Educational standards & labor productivity; Labor mobility; Flow of foreign aid & investment; Level of savings & investment; etc.

scholarly journals economic development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
cut jussara mufda
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Per Capita

The cause of economic growth but not followed by the improvement of the income distribution system is because economic growth is measured by an increase in GDP (Gross Gross Domestic Product), namely the number of products in the form of goods and services produced within a country's territory in one year.Gross Domestic Product is always considered to be an indicator or determinant of living standards in a country. Therefore it is necessary to calculate GDP per capita. The calculation of Indonesia's GDP is carried out every year and always changes. The amount of GDP in Indonesia in 2016 is approximately 3,604 per capita and in 2018 it has decreased to 3,788 per capita after 2017 has increased to 3,875 per capita.Economic growth in Indonesia continues to increase along with the 4 components above which continue to be improved. Because GDP is a standard that has become a benchmark for economic growth, the 4 components that are continually being improved also encourage economic growth in Indonesia. This can be seen from 2019 Indonesia's GDP which increased compared to 2018. Investment that continues to increase then also increases GDP per capita in Indonesia in 2019.

scholarly journals Using fuzzy logic for evaluating the level of countries’ (regions’) economic development

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordan Stojic
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

There are several divisions of countries and regions in the world. Besides geo-political divisions, there also are economic divisions. The most common economic division is the that on developed countries and the poor ones. These divisions are a consequence of the level of: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, industrial growth, and so on. The question is how to define a mathematical model based on which the following will be assessed: who is rich and who is poor, or who is economically developed and who is not? How the boundaries of transition from one category to another can be defined? This paper presents a model for evaluating the level of economic development of countries and regions using "fuzzy" logic. The model was tested on a sample of 19 EU member countries and aspirants for membership.

scholarly journals AID AND GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: A REASSESSMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 422-440
Author(s):  
Sharif Hossain ◽  
Rajarshi Mitra ◽  
Thasinul Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita

Although the amount of foreign aid received by Bangladesh as a share of GDP has declined over the years, Bangladesh remains one of the heavily aiddependent countries in Asia. The results of most empirical studies that have examined the effectiveness of foreign aid or other forms of development assistance for economic growth have varied considerably depending on the econometric methodology used and the period of study. As the debate and controversy over aid-effectiveness for economic growth continue to grow, this paper reinvestigates the short-run and long-run effects of foreign aid received on percapita real income of Bangladesh over the period 1972–2015. A vector error correction model is estimated. The results indicate lack of any significant short-run and long-run relation between foreign aid and per-capita real income. Results further indicate short-run unidirectional causalities from per-capita real GDP to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), from government expenditure (in proportion to GDP) to inflation rate, from inflation rate to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), and from domestic investment to foreign aid (as percentages of GDP). Short-run bidirectional causality is observed between per-capita electricity consumption and per-capita real GDP, and between per-capita real GDP and government expenditure (in proportion to GDP).

Equality of Opportunity: Theory and Measurement

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1288-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Roemer ◽  
Alain Trannoy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Equality Of Opportunities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ethical View

During the last third of the twentieth century, political philosophers actively debated about the content of distributive justice; the ruling ethical view of utilitarianism was challenged by various versions of equality of opportunities. Economists formulated several ways of modeling these ideas, focusing upon how individuals are placed with respect to opportunities for achieving various outcomes, and what compensation is due to individuals with truncated opportunities. After presenting a review of the main philosophical ideas (section 2), we turn to economic models (sections 3 and 4). We propose a reformulation of the definition of economic development, replacing the utilitarian measure of GDP per capita with a measure of the degree to which opportunities for income acquisition in a nation have been equalized. Finally, we discuss issues that the econometrician faces in measuring inequality of opportunity, briefly review the empirical literature (section 6), and conclude (section 7). (JEL C43, D63, D70, I24)

Harnessing foreign aid for the poor: role of institutional democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1689-1710
Author(s):  
Eric Akobeng
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ssa Countries

PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and quantifies the facilitating role of democracy in harnessing foreign aid for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Design/methodology/approachThe paper attempts to address the endogenous relationship between foreign aid and poverty by employing the two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS-IV) estimator by using GDP per capita of the top five Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries sending foreign aid to SSA countries scaled by the inverse of the land area of the SSA countries to stimulate an exogenous variation in foreign aid and its components. The initial level of democracy is interacted with the senders’ GDP per capita to also instrument for the interaction terms of democracy, foreign aid and its components.FindingsThe results suggest that foreign aid reduces poverty and different components of foreign aid have different effects on poverty. In particular, multilateral source and grant type seem to be more significant in reducing poverty than bilateral source and loan type. The study further reveals that democratic attributes of free expression, institutional constraints on the executive, guarantee of civil liberties to citizens and political participation reinforce the poverty-reducing effects of aggregate foreign aid and its components after controlling for mean household income, GDP per capita and inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodological concern related to modeling the effects of foreign aid on poverty is endogeneity bias. To estimate the relationship between foreign aid, democracy and poverty in SSA, this paper relies on a 2SLS-IV estimator with GDP per capita of the top five aid-sending OECD countries scaled by the inverse of land area of the SSA countries as an external instrument for foreign aid. The use of the five top OECD's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) countries is due to the availability of foreign aid data for these countries. However, non-OECD-DAC countries such as China and South Africa may be important source of foreign aid to some SSA countries.Practical implicationsThe findings further suggest that the marginal effect of foreign aid in reducing poverty is increasing with the level of institutional democracy. In other words, foreign aid contributes more to poverty reduction in countries with democratic dispensation. This investigation has vital implications for future foreign aid policy, because it alerts policymakers that the effectiveness of foreign aid can be strengthened by considering the type and source of aid. Foreign aid and quality political institution may serve as an important mix toward the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and the Africa Union Agenda 2063.Social implicationsAs the global economy faces economic and social challenges, SSA may not be able to depend heavily on foreign partners to finance the region's budget. There is the need for African governments to also come out with innovative ways to mobilize own resources to develop and confront some of the economic challenges to achieve the required reduction in poverty. This is a vision that every country in Africa must work toward. Africa must think of new ways of generating wealth internally for development so as to complement foreign aid flows and also build strong foundation for welfare improvement, self-reliance and sustainable development.Originality/valueThis existing literature does not consider how democracy enhances the foreign aid and poverty relationship. The existing literature does not explore how democracy enhances grants, loans, multilateral and bilateral aid effectiveness in reducing poverty. This paper provides the first-hand evidence of how institutional democracy enhances the poverty-reducing effects of foreign aid and its components. The paper uses exogenous variation in foreign aid to quantify the direct effect of foreign aid and its components on poverty.

scholarly journals Towards a Comprehensive Framework of the Relationships between Resource Footprints, Quality of Life, and Economic Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Cibulka ◽  
Stefan Giljum
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Boundaries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between economic affluence, quality of life, and environmental implications of production and consumption activities is a recurring issue in sustainability discussions. A number of studies examined selected relationships, but the general implications for future development options to achieve environmentally and socially sustainable development of countries at different levels of per capita resource footprints, quality of life, and income have not yet been investigated in detail. In this study, we use a global dataset with 173 countries to assess the overall relationship between resource footprints, quality of life, and economic development over the period of 1990–2015. We select the material footprint and carbon footprint and contrast them with the Human Development Index, the Happiness Index, and GDP per capita. Regression analyses show that the relationship between various resource footprints and quality of life generally follows a logarithmic path of development, while resource footprints and GDP per capita are linearly connected. From the empirical results, we derive a generalized path of development and cluster countries along this path. Within this comprehensive framework, we discuss options to change the path to respect planetary and social boundaries through a combination of resource efficiency increases, substitution of industries and sufficiency of consumption. We conclude that decoupling and green growth will not realize sustainable development if planetary boundaries have already been transgressed.

scholarly journals China’s Provincial Vehicle Ownership Forecast and Analysis of the Causes Influencing the Trend

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Ma ◽  
Manhua Wu ◽  
Xiujuan Tian ◽  
Guanheng Zheng ◽  
Qinchuan Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transport Problems ◽  
The Impact

The growth of vehicle ownership not only brings opportunity for the economy, but also brings environment and transport problems, which is not good for sustainable transportation. It is of great significance to build supporting infrastructure and other services based on accurate forecasts of vehicle ownership in various provinces because of the variance of economic development stages, the carrying capacity of resources, and different degrees of transport planning in each province. We used the Gompertz model in order to predict China’s provincial vehicle ownership from 2018 to 2050. Considering the impact of the population structure, we summed up the growth rate of GDP per labor, the growth rate of population and the growth rate of employment rate to get the growth rate of GDP and then the GDP per capita of each province. We found that the vehicle ownership in each province will grow rapidly in the next 30 years; however, the change in the ranking of vehicle ownership among provinces varies. The ranking of some provinces with high or middle ranking now will decline in the following years, especially Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Xinjiang. While the ranking of some provinces that locates in the middle and low ranking now will increase, such as Chongqing, Hubei, Anhui, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangxi. We also investigate the reasons that affect the trend in each province and we find that the suitable vehicle growth pattern of each province, the stage of economic development and government policy, which are related to the growth rate of GDP per labor, employment rate, and GDP per capita, can affect vehicle ownership in the future.

Before the Great Divergence? Comparing the Yangzi Delta and the Netherlands at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 956-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozhong Li ◽  
Jan Luiten van Zanden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Yangzi Delta

This article tests recent ideas about the long-term economic development of China compared with Europe on the basis of a detailed comparison of structure and level of GDP in part of the Yangzi delta and the Netherlands in the 1820s. We find that Dutch GDP per capita was almost twice as high as in the Yangzi delta. Agricultural productivity there was at about the same level as in the Netherlands (and England), but large productivity gaps existed in industry and services. We attempt to explain this concluding that differences in factor costs are probably behind disparities in labor productivity.

Energy consumption flow and regional economic development: evidence from 25 economies

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao-jun Tang ◽  
Pi-qin Gong ◽  
Yu-chong Xiao ◽  
Huai-yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Regional Economic Development ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose This paper aims to figure out the relationship between energy consumption flow from a new perspective of embodied energy inventory index (EEII) and regional economic growth. Design/methodology/approach The input-output approach has been applied to calculate embodied energy inventory (EEI) and EEII using the data of 25 economies. Meanwhile, cluster analysis and panel data modeling were applied to carry out detailed research. Findings The results of cluster analysis show that there is a roughly negative relationship between EEII and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, although there are some exceptions, such as Russia and Taiwan (Province of China). Panel data model results provide further evidence that there is a negative relationship between EEII and GDP per capita. Population is an important productive factor in the regional economic development. The study showed a positive relationship between EEII and population. Therefore, energy consumption flow is closely related to regional economic development. Originality/value The value of this paper is to use EEI and EEII to comprehensively clarify the energy consumption flow. The advantage of EEII is that it can reflect the energy embodied in fixed assets and infrastructure.

The Potential and Obstacles for Waste-to-Energy in Island Settings

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Diaz Barriga ◽  
Nickolas J. Themelis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
One Step ◽  
Per Capita

Rapid economic development and also population growth of urban centers in developing island nations have resulted in the generation of large amounts of MSW that in the past were dumped at uninhabited areas indiscriminately. Also, islands have very limited space for new, sanitary landfills. This study examines islands where WTE has been implemented successfully (Bermuda, Martinique, St. Barth) and several others (Jamaica, Mauritius, Rhodes) where WTE has been considered and is in various stages of implementation. The study showed that the per capita generation of MSW increases as GDP per capita increases. Also, it is usually recommended that the waste management system be improved one step at a time, that is, to go from dumps to sanitary landfills, to waste to energy; it is interesting to note that the three islands examined in this study went directly from dumps to WTE. This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the scarcity of land for new landfills, but may also be due to the desire to develop a local and renewable energy source.

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