SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE PROPERTIES OF SOIL TAXONOMY UNITS DOMINANT  IN SAQLAWIYAH PROJECT

The area under study is located at the lower of resent Mesopotamian plain of Euphrates river, located between longitude 43 35 to 43 35 East and latitude 33 22 to 33 27 North with area (3445.38 ha.) at 169 path and 37 row of Landsat-5 taken by Thematic Mapper image sensor (TM). The space images taken during the year 1985, were used ERDAS V.8.2 and GIS V.9.2 Software. using data of soil survey report.A study show ability of Spectral reflectance to detecting the Aridisols and Entisols and can be also detecting sub- great group at Typic Haplogypsids and Typic Haplosalids taxonomy units appeared to be distinguished and isolated. While there were difficult to detecting and identification between Vertic Torrifluvents and Typic Torrifluvents.

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The Spectral Reflectance Properties of Soil Structural Crusts in the 1.2- to 2.5-μm Spectral Region

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj2003.0289 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 289 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

E. Ben-Dor ◽

N. Goldlshleger ◽

Y. Benyamini ◽

M. Agassi ◽

D. G. Blumberg

Keyword(s):

Spectral Region ◽

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Properties Of Soil

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Soil Diversity (Pedodiversity) and Ecosystem Services

Land ◽

10.3390/land10030288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Elena A. Mikhailova ◽

Hamdi A. Zurqani ◽

Christopher J. Post ◽

Mark A. Schlautman ◽

Gregory C. Post

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Ecosystem Services ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Taxonomic Diversity ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Original Research ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Business Decision ◽

Soil Diversity

Soil ecosystem services (ES) (e.g., provisioning, regulation/maintenance, and cultural) and ecosystem disservices (ED) are dependent on soil diversity/pedodiversity (variability of soils), which needs to be accounted for in the economic analysis and business decision-making. The concept of pedodiversity (biotic + abiotic) is highly complex and can be broadly interpreted because it is formed from the interaction of atmospheric diversity (abiotic + biotic), biodiversity (biotic), hydrodiversity (abiotic + biotic), and lithodiversity (abiotic) within ecosphere and anthroposphere. Pedodiversity is influenced by intrinsic (within the soil) and extrinsic (outside soil) factors, which are also relevant to ES/ED. Pedodiversity concepts and measures may need to be adapted to the ES framework and business applications. Currently, there are four main approaches to analyze pedodiversity: taxonomic (diversity of soil classes), genetic (diversity of genetic horizons), parametric (diversity of soil properties), and functional (soil behavior under different uses). The objective of this article is to illustrate the application of pedodiversity concepts and measures to value ES/ED with examples based on the contiguous United States (U.S.), its administrative units, and the systems of soil classification (e.g., U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) Database). This study is based on a combination of original research and literature review examples. Taxonomic pedodiversity in the contiguous U.S. exhibits high soil diversity, with 11 soil orders, 65 suborders, 317 great groups, 2026 subgroups, and 19,602 series. The ranking of “soil order abundance” (area of each soil order within the U.S.) expressed as the proportion of the total area is: (1) Mollisols (27%), (2) Alfisols (17%), (3) Entisols (14%), (4) Inceptisols and Aridisols (11% each), (5) Spodosols (3%), (6) Vertisols (2%), and (7) Histosols and Andisols (1% each). Taxonomic, genetic, parametric, and functional pedodiversity are an essential context for analyzing, interpreting, and reporting ES/ED within the ES framework. Although each approach can be used separately, three of these approaches (genetic, parametric, and functional) fall within the “umbrella” of taxonomic pedodiversity, which separates soils based on properties important to potential use. Extrinsic factors play a major role in pedodiversity and should be accounted for in ES/ED valuation based on various databases (e.g., National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) databases). Pedodiversity is crucial in identifying soil capacity (pedocapacity) and “hotspots” of ES/ED as part of business decision making to provide more sustainable use of soil resources. Pedodiversity is not a static construct but is highly dynamic, and various human activities (e.g., agriculture, urbanization) can lead to soil degradation and even soil extinction.

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A Comparative Analysis of a Detailed and Semi-Detailed Soil Mapping for Sustainable Land Management Using Conventional and Currently Applied Methodologies in Greece

Land ◽

10.3390/land9050154 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Orestis Kairis ◽

Vassiliki Dimitriou ◽

Chrysoula Aratzioglou ◽

Dionisios Gasparatos ◽

Nicholas Yassoglou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Classification ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Soil Mapping ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Sustainable Land Use ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Reference Base ◽

World Reference Base ◽

Soil Surveys

Two soil mapping methodologies at different scales applied in the same area were compared in order to investigate the potential of their combined use to achieve an integrated and more accurate soil description for sustainable land use management. The two methodologies represent the main types of soil mapping systems used and still applied in soil surveys in Greece. Diomedes Botanical Garden (DBG) (Athens, Greece) was used as a study area because past cartographic data of soil survey were available. The older soil survey data were obtained via the conventional methodology extensively used over time since the beginnings of soil mapping in Greece (1977). The second mapping methodology constitutes the current soil mapping system in Greece recently used for compilation of the national soil map. The obtained cartographic and soil data resulting from the application of the two methodologies were analyzed and compared using appropriate geospatial techniques. Even though the two mapping methodologies have been performed at different mapping scales, using partially different mapping symbols and different soil classification systems, the description of the soils based on the cartographic symbols of the two methodologies presented an agreement of 63.7% while the soil classification by the two taxonomic systems namely Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base for Soil Resources had an average coincidence of 69.5%.

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Measurements of snow- and glacier-covered areas with single-polarization SAR

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0260305500012635 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 72-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jiancheng Shi ◽

Jeff Dozier

Keyword(s):

Weather Conditions ◽

Thematic Mapper ◽

Single Frequency ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Alpine Regions ◽

Wet Snow ◽

Glacier Ice ◽

Data Source ◽

Single Polarization ◽

Using Data

Climatological and hydrological investigations in mountainous regions frequently require delineation of the areas covered by snow and glacial ice. Active microwave sensors can discriminate snow and glacier from other targets, are effective under all weather conditions, and have a spatial resolution compatible with the topographic variation in alpine regions. Using data acquired with the NASA AIRSAR, which operates at three frequencies and four combinations of polarization, we examine the usage of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map snow- and glacier-covered areas. In order to assess the available SARs that operate from satellites, we analyze single-frequency, single-polarization data, and we compare our results with images from the Landsat Thematic Mapper obtained under clear conditions only a few days after the SAR flight. Single polarization, C-band (5.3 GHz) SAR data can discriminate between areas covered by wet snow from those that are ice-free, but do not easily separate glacier ice from snow and rock. L-band SAR (1.25 GHz) data cannot discriminate between snow and glacier ice. The accuracy (74%) of SAR is high enough to justify its use as the data source in areas that are too cloud-covered to obtain reliable data from the thematic mapper.

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An Environmental Approach to Understanding the Expansion of Future Vineyards: Case Study of Soil Developed on Alluvial Sediments

Environments ◽

10.3390/environments8090096 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta ◽

Sandra Bravo ◽

Jose Angel Amorós ◽

Caridad Pérez-de-los-Reyes ◽

Jesus García-Pradas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Soil Type ◽

Salt Content ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Final Conclusion ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Age Related ◽

La Mancha

The importance of soil properties in wine grape production is generally treated as secondary to climate and canopy management. This study was undertaken to characterize and classify a singular soil resource for a vineyard in a traditional viticultural region: Castilla-La Mancha, central Spain. The soil under study was described and sampled using standard soil survey procedures as outlined by FAO, and served as a pedologic window for Gleyic Fluvisol (Calcaric, Humic), according to the FAO System, or Fluventic Haploxerept, according to the Soil Taxonomy System. This soil, developed on alluvial materials of Holocene age related to the Gigüela river (either carbonatic or gypsiferous) has, in addition to obvious hydromorphic features (that reduce its use), high organic matter content (5.5% in the Ap horizon) and moderate salt content (between 1.14 and 2.39 dS/m). Other properties are common to most vineyard soils in Castilla-La Mancha, such as alkaline reactivity (pH between 7.6 and 8.2); calcium and magnesium as the dominant cations followed by sodium and potassium; finally, some deficiency in N (0.11%) and P (12.3 mg/kg). The most restricting soil factors for vineyard growth of this soil type were waterlogging, which can affect vine roots, and the appearance of certain salinity problems. The final conclusion of this study was that the use of the studied soil type for vineyard cultivation could be recommended to farmers only in the case of improving soil properties—for example, draining the river level.

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Evaluation of changes in ecological conditions of wetlands in the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression (Kazakhstan)

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology ◽

10.15421/2019_816 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 719-722

Author(s):

Y. N. Sagatbayev ◽

O. N. Baryshnikova ◽

Y. P. Krupochkin ◽

O. B. Mazbayev

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Space Images ◽

Earth Remote Sensing ◽

Ecological Conditions ◽

Spatial Differences ◽

Depression Wetlands ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Using Data ◽

Living Organisms

The article presents the results of a study of the long-term dynamics of the state of ecosystems of the Teniz-Korgalzhyn depression, carried out using data from the Earth remote sensing (ERS). Based on the analysis of space images, the formation factors of modern environmental conditions are established. In the study area, such factors are positional and barrier factors, as well as the confinement of individual surface sections to different-height layers of the Earth's surface. An analysis of the Landsat series of space images taken at different time, made it possible to establish spatial differences in the intensity of phytomass accumulation in areas located in different landscape locations. The spatio-temporal variability of the ecological conditions of the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression wetlands is accompanied by a change in the amount of food supply and the number of living organisms. Monitoring of these changes on the basis of Earth remote sensing data will allow to prove measures to preserve the biodiversity of the Teniz-Korgalzhin depression wetlands timely.

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Visible to near-infrared multispectral images dataset for image sensors design

Electronic Imaging ◽

10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.5.maap-082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (5) ◽

pp. 106-1-106-7

Author(s):

Axel Clouet ◽

Célia Viola ◽

Jérôme Vaillant

Keyword(s):

Spectral Range ◽

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Daily Life ◽

Image Sensor ◽

Image Sensors ◽

Multispectral Images ◽

Infrared Spectral Range ◽

Infrared Spectral ◽

Reflectance Data

In this paper we present a set of multispectral images covering the visible and near-infrared spectral range (400 nm to 1050 nm). This dataset intends to provide spectral reflectance images containing daily life objects, usable for silicon image sensor simulations. All images were taken with our acquisition bench and a particular attention was brought to processings in order to provide calibrated reflectance data. ReDFISh (Reflectance Dataset For Image sensor Simulation) is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.18709/perscido.2020.01.ds289.

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Recovering of surface spectral reflectance from the output signal of image sensor device

17th Congress of the International Commission for Optics: Optics for Science and New Technology ◽

10.1117/12.2316267 ◽

1996 ◽

Author(s):

Seung Ok Park

Keyword(s):

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Output Signal ◽

Image Sensor ◽

Sensor Device

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Major Arable Soils of the Tropics :A Descriptive Grouping Based on Clay Mineralogy

Tropical Soils ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0011 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Anthony S. R. Juo ◽

Kathrin Franzluebbers

Keyword(s):

Classification System ◽

Clay Mineralogy ◽

Soil Management ◽

Soil Classification ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Arable Soils ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Detailed Interpretation ◽

The Tropics

Several pedological soil classification schemes have been developed to classify soils worldwide based on morphological features, stage of weathering, and to some extent their chemical and physical properties. Three soil classification systems are commonly used as research and teaching tools in the tropics, namely, the USDA Soil Taxonomy classification, the FAO/UNESCO World Soil Legends, and the French soil classification system. Brazil, the country with the largest land area in the tropics, has its own national soil classification system. However, soil survey, classification, and interpretation are costly and time-consuming, and few countries in the tropics have completed soil maps that are at a scale detailed enough to be useful to farmers and land users. In the absence of soil information at state, county or farm level, the authors propose a simple descriptive grouping of major soils in the tropics based on clay mineralogy to facilitate discussion on soil management and plant production in the subsequent chapters of this book. Reference to the Soil Taxonomy classification will be made when such information is available. It should be pointed out that the main purpose of this technical grouping is to provide field workers, especially those who are less familiar with the various soil classification systems, with a simple framework for planning soil management strategies. It by no means replaces the national and international soil taxonomy and classification systems that are designed for communication among soil scientists and for more detailed interpretation of soil survey data and land-use planning. This technical scheme classifies major arable soils in the tropics into four groupings according to their dominant clay mineralogy. They are • kaolinitic soils • oxidic soils • allophanic soils • smectitic soils Kaolinitic soils are deeply weathered soils with a sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam texture in the surface horizon and a clayey B horizon (20-60%). Silt content is low (< 20%) throughout the profile. Kaolinite (> 90%) is the dominant mineral in the clay fraction. These soils have an effective CEC of less than 12 cmol/kg of clay in the lower B horizon. Kaolinitic soils have a relatively high bulk density, especially in the clayey subsoil horizons (> 1.40 Mg/m3). The structure of the subsoil horizons is usually massive or blocky.

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Application of a very detailed soil survey method in viticultural zoning in Catalonia, Spain

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2009.43.2.803 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Josep Miquel Ubalde ◽

Xavier Sort ◽

Rosa Maria Poch

Keyword(s):

Principal Component Analysis ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Clustering Analysis ◽

Survey Methodology ◽

Principal Component ◽

Soil Survey ◽

Survey Method ◽

Soil Maps ◽

Soil Taxonomy ◽

Soil Map

Aims: The aim of this study was to implement a very detailed soil survey methodology in 1,243 ha of vineyards in Catalonia (Spain) and analyse its suitability for viticultural zoning.Methods and results: The Soil Taxonomy at series level was used as the basis for classifying soils and delineating soil map units at 1:5,000 scale. A principal component analysis showed that most of the variability of soil properties, which was explained by factors related to water stress, iron chlorosis and vegetative growth, was not reflected exactly in the soil map unit classification. A k-means clustering analysis was proposed in order to group soils according to their potential for vine growing.Conclusion: A very detailed soil survey method, based on Soil Taxonomy, could be used as a basic map for viticultural zoning, when was directed at the differentiation of zones of distinct suitability for vineyard growing, by means of cluster analysis.Significance and impact of study: This study showed how very detailed soil maps, which can be difficult to interpret and put into practice, can be valorised as viticultural zoning maps by means of a simple methodology.

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