SARS CoV-2 VIRUS Vs OPPORTUNISTIC MYCOSES

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-72
Author(s):  
Indira Ananthapadmanab asamy ◽  
G. Rajaram ◽  
CH. Srinivasa Rao
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Direct Microscopy ◽  
Nasal Tissue ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Opportunistic Mycoses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Purpose: SARS CoV 2 virus a novel coronavirus, which is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus. It causes severe pneumonia in susceptible individuals. In individuals with predisposing factors, like diabetes, neutropenia, corticosteroids therapy, and etc., the virus causes opportunistic fungal infections. This study aims the correlation between COVID 19 disease and fungal infections. Methodology: The present study includes 202 specimens collected from patients with symptoms suspected of fungal infections. The collected specimens were subjected to direct microscopy and fungal culture. Results: Nasal tissue scrapings were the most common specimen collected followed by sputum. Among the 202 specimens collected, 106 were positive for direct microscopy and 81 were positive for fungal culture. Conclusion: The fungal infections are more common among the patients with comorbidities, and appropriate guidelines should be followed in the management of such infections in order to prevent the morbidity and the mortality.

scholarly journals NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019-nCoV): DISEASE BRIEFINGS

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
KANAAN AL-TAMEEMI ◽  
RAIAAN KABAKLI
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Viral Pneumonia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus (CoV) (2019‐nCoV) is a large, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. The abnormal outbreak of 2019‐nCoV in Wuhan warns of the risk of CoV (2019‐nCoV) to public health which causes viral pneumonia outbreak. In our review, we will discuss the biology of CoVs and the potential risk of the novel CoV (2019‐nCoV) and guide us to strategic objectives for controlling the virus.

COVID-19 and lung pathologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darshana Purohit ◽  
Ashok Kumar Ahirwar ◽  
Apurva Sakarde ◽  
Priyanka Asia ◽  
Niranjan Gopal
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definite Treatment ◽  
High Infectivity

Abstract COVID-19 is a global emergency with over 10 million cases and over 500, 000 deaths worldwide. The SARS CoV-2 is a RNA virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. It has high infectivity. The manifestations of the disease range from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia and ARDS. The CT scan of lung shows consolidation and “Ground Glass Opacities”. The persons with other comorbidities are considered to be at a higher rate of acquiring the infection. Asthma and other allergies have not been identified as major risk factors for COVID-19 as the number of asthmatic patients having COVID-19 is not high enough for it to be considered so. The occurrence of COVID-19 in COPD patients can be related with smoking. The ACE-2 expression in such patients was considerably high. The relation between COVID-19 and Tuberculosis can also be reflected in terms of the stigma associated with diagnosis and treatment of such diseases in some communities, eventually increasing the chances of people's reluctance to seek medical help. Cancer patients are usually more susceptible to infections. Lung cancer is no different. Additionally, lung cancer also has strong association with smoking further increasing the risk. The risk of getting infection and its severity is high for autoimmune disorders as well as fungal infections. Currently there is no definite treatment of COVID-19. However, some of the currently used modalities are hydroxychloroquine and antiviral drugs.

The clinical type and etiological agents of superficial dermatophytosis: A cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
Sushmita Agrahari ◽  
Shivam ◽  
Shitij Goel ◽  
Gopi Krishna Maddali
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Tinea Corporis ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Tinea Cruris ◽  
Direct Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Type ◽  
Keratinized Tissue

Dermatophytosis are fungal infections caused by three genera of fungi that have the unique ability to invade and multiply within keratinized tissue (hair, skin, and nails). Although dermatomycoses are globally distributed, the endemic and most prevalent species of dermatophytosis differ strikingly from one geographic locality to another. Changing trend has been noticed in last few years with dermatophytic infections presenting as chronic, treatment unresponsive and recurrent. Also various microscopic and fungal culture studies have shown shift in identification of causative fungal species in recent years. Numerous studies have been done on the occurrence of dermatophytes in various parts of our country illustrating the range and changing pattern of fungal infection as well as causative fungal species. Total number of 150 patients attending outpatient department of our hospital who were clinically diagnosed as having superficial dermatophytosis were enrolled into the study. Patients were carefully screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria and then enrolled in the study. Samples were taken from all the patients and examined for KOH direct microscopy and sent for fungal culture on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar as well as on Dermtophyte Test Medium. Results were then analyzed using standard statistical methods. Out of total 150 patients, 101 were males and 49 were females. Most common age group was 21-30 years (37.3%). 58 patients (38.7%) showed positivity to KOH microscopy as well as fungal culture. Additionally 25 more samples demonstrated positivity to KOH microscopy (total 83 patients) but negativity to culture, while 9 patient samples were positive to culture but negative to direct microscopy. Predominant fungal species isolated on culture was Trichophyton mentagrophytes (50.7%) while next common species isolated was T. tonsurans (29.9%). No significant association was found between dermatophyte isolate on culture and clinical type. Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton tonsurans were the most common species isolated among subjects with Tinea faciei, Tinea cruris and Tinea corporis. The study showed a male preponderance and T. corporis was the commonest clinical type found. Majority of patients were in the 3rd decade and came within a duration of 1 month to 6 months of getting an infection. In patients diagnosed with tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis and tinea manuum, T. mentagrophytes was the most predominant species isolated.

scholarly journals Addressing the COVID-19 transmission in inner Brazil by a mathematical model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Almeida ◽  
T. N. Vilches ◽  
C. P. Ferreira ◽  
C. M. C. B. Fortaleza
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Public Health Strategies

AbstractIn 2020, the world experienced its very first pandemic of the globalized era. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of severe pneumonia and has rapidly spread through many nations, crashing health systems and leading a large number of people to death. In Brazil, the emergence of local epidemics in major metropolitan areas has always been a concern. In a vast and heterogeneous country, with regional disparities and climate diversity, several factors can modulate the dynamics of COVID-19. What should be the scenario for inner Brazil, and what can we do to control infection transmission in each of these locations? Here, a mathematical model is proposed to simulate disease transmission among individuals in several scenarios, differing by abiotic factors, social-economic factors, and effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The disease control relies on keeping all individuals’ social distancing and detecting, followed by isolating, infected ones. The model reinforces social distancing as the most efficient method to control disease transmission. Moreover, it also shows that improving the detection and isolation of infected individuals can loosen this mitigation strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of control may be different across the country, and understanding it can help set up public health strategies.

scholarly journals Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri I. Wolf ◽  
Darius Kazlauskas ◽  
Jaime Iranzo ◽  
Adriana Lucía-Sanz ◽  
Jens H. Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Rna Helicases ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
Dsrna Viruses

ABSTRACTViruses with RNA genomes dominate the eukaryotic virome, reaching enormous diversity in animals and plants. The recent advances of metaviromics prompted us to perform a detailed phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolution of the dramatically expanded global RNA virome. The only universal gene among RNA viruses is the gene encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We developed an iterative computational procedure that alternates the RdRp phylogenetic tree construction with refinement of the underlying multiple-sequence alignments. The resulting tree encompasses 4,617 RNA virus RdRps and consists of 5 major branches; 2 of the branches include positive-sense RNA viruses, 1 is a mix of positive-sense (+) RNA and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, and 2 consist of dsRNA and negative-sense (−) RNA viruses, respectively. This tree topology implies that dsRNA viruses evolved from +RNA viruses on at least two independent occasions, whereas −RNA viruses evolved from dsRNA viruses. Reconstruction of RNA virus evolution using the RdRp tree as the scaffold suggests that the last common ancestors of the major branches of +RNA viruses encoded only the RdRp and a single jelly-roll capsid protein. Subsequent evolution involved independent capture of additional genes, in particular, those encoding distinct RNA helicases, enabling replication of larger RNA genomes and facilitating virus genome expression and virus-host interactions. Phylogenomic analysis reveals extensive gene module exchange among diverse viruses and horizontal virus transfer between distantly related hosts. Although the network of evolutionary relationships within the RNA virome is bound to further expand, the present results call for a thorough reevaluation of the RNA virus taxonomy.IMPORTANCEThe majority of the diverse viruses infecting eukaryotes have RNA genomes, including numerous human, animal, and plant pathogens. Recent advances of metagenomics have led to the discovery of many new groups of RNA viruses in a wide range of hosts. These findings enable a far more complete reconstruction of the evolution of RNA viruses than was attainable previously. This reconstruction reveals the relationships between different Baltimore classes of viruses and indicates extensive transfer of viruses between distantly related hosts, such as plants and animals. These results call for a major revision of the existing taxonomy of RNA viruses.

scholarly journals A prospective clinico mycological study of deep mycoses in a tertiary centre in Tamil Nadu

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Sivayogana R. ◽  
Madhu R. ◽  
Ramesh A. ◽  
Dhanalakshmi U. R.
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Tertiary Centre ◽  
Wet Mount ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Madurella Mycetomatis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Opportunistic Mycoses ◽  
Subcutaneous Mycoses

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Deep mycoses which<strong> </strong>includes subcutaneous mycoses and systemic mycoses, accounts for about 1% of the all the fungal infections seen in human beings. Though rare, these infections assume significance due to the increased morbidity and mortality associated with them. The objective of the study was to study the incidence, clinical presentation, aetiological agents and histopathological findings of deep mycoses in patients attending the mycology section, department of dermatology of a tertiary centre in Chennai.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> All Patients with clinical suspicion of deep mycoses who presented to mycology section during the period from November 2015 to September 2016 were screened. The samples from these patients were subjected to direct microscopy by potassium hydroxide wet mount, culture and histopathology.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Among the 8250 patients who attended mycology OPD, 41 patients (0.5%) had deep mycoses. The commonly affected age group was 41-50 yrs (29.7%). Males (73.2%) were predominantly affected. Of the 41 patients, 26.8% were immunocompromised. 37 patients (90.2%) had subcutaneous infection and 4 (9.8%) had opportunistic mycoses. Mycetoma (43.2%) was the most common subcutaneous mycoses. Mucormycosis (75%) and aspergillosis (25%) were the opportunistic mycoses observed. KOH positivity was 100%, while culture positivity was 65.7%. <em>Madurella mycetomatis,</em> <em>Phialophora verrucosa</em>, <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> and <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em> were the common organisms isolated in this study.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Mycetoma is the most common subcutaneous mycoses in this part of India. Eumycetoma is more common than actinomycetoma. Phaeohyphomycosis is on the rise. Simple KOH examination would pave way for an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of deep mycoses.</p>

scholarly journals Pulmonary aspergillosis associated to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelia Cebotaru ◽  
◽  
Oxana Munteanu ◽  
Eugenia Scutaru ◽  
Victor Botnaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Clinical Imaging ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Management Challenge

Infection with novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) remains one of the most important pandemics till present, becoming an equation with several unknowns, one of them being the associated fungal infections. Pulmonary mycoses have an increased incidence and mortality, the most common germ identified among cases of COVID-19 is Aspergillus spp. Due to discrepancies in defining and diagnostic criteria, but also nonspecific clinical-imaging manifestations, COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis remains a diagnostic and management challenge.

scholarly journals An Over View of Ovine and Caprine Dermatophytosis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Wisal G. Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Skin Biopsy ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Direct Examination

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of hair and keratinized layers of the epidermis and is caused by keratinophilic and keratinolytic genera such as Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The animal age and trauma are important predisposing factors of disease. Show lambs are more susceptible to ringworm. T. verrucosum has been cited as a major agent encountered in cases of ovine and caprine ringworm. Lesions in lambs are most often noticed on the head while in goats lesions can occur beside head in pinnae, neck, and legs. The disease can be diagnosed by direct examination, fungal culture, skin biopsy and molecular diagnostic methods. This review will forecast more light on the different aspects of this disease.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Isolation and Propagation from Turkish COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihan Tastan ◽  
Bulut Yurtsever ◽  
Gozde Sir ◽  
Derya Dilek Kancagi ◽  
Sevda Demir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Characterization Studies ◽  
Positive Strand Rna Virus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Positive Strand Rna ◽  
Vaccine Testing ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

AbstractThe novel coronavirus pneumonia, which was named later as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, namely SARS-CoV-2. It is a positive-strand RNA virus that is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. The COVID-19 outbreak presents enormous challenges for global health behind the pandemic outbreak. The first diagnosed patient in Turkey has been reported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health on March 11, 2020. Today, over ninety thousand cases in Turkey, and two million cases around the world have been declared. Due to the urgent need for vaccine and anti-viral drug, isolation of the virus is crucial. Here, we report one of the first isolation and characterization studies of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens of diagnosed patients in Turkey. This study provides an isolation and replication methodology, and cell culture tropism of the virus that will be available to the research communities.Article SummaryScientists have isolated virus from Turkish COVID-19 patients. The isolation, propagation, and plaque and immune response assays of the virus described here will serve in following drug discovery and vaccine testing.

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