Estrous Cycle of Induced Ovulators: Lesson From The Camel — A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Y Dauda
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Calving Intervals ◽  
Camel Husbandry ◽  
Ovulatory Process

Camel, rabbit, cat, ferrets, minks, koala and meadow moles are induced ovulators requiring copulation to trigger the ovulatory process and the estrous cycle differs from that of other domestic animals. The estrous cycle in these animals composed of follicular recruitment, follicular growth, follicular maturity and follicular regression phase. These animals are variously reared as companion, fur-bearing and meat animals. Among these, the camel is the most valuable and classical induced ovulator which is rear not only for milk and meat, but as work animal and contributes effectively to the welfare of people in harsh and difficult environments. As a classical induced ovulatory, camelid has cycling receptivity with distinctive estrus but requires mating in order to ovulate. The other classes of induced ovulators like cats and ferrets require both the presence of male to achieve behavioral estrus and actual copulation to ovulate. The camel has good prospects of survival as a suitable livestock for projects of sustainable agriculture and animal production under harsh desert or arid conditions. However the reproductive nature of camels presents a huge challenge to camel husbandry. The natural constraints include the long period of attaining puberty, limited breeding season, difficulties in induced ovulation, long gestation period and inter-calving intervals. Efforts to improve the reproductive efficiency of the female camel are closely related to a better understanding of the folliculogenesis or follicular wave pattern. Many investigators might not be aware of the peculiar reproductive information available about this animal species. A working knowledge of ovarian function or estrous cycle will be of immense importance to the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and enhancements of reproduction in camelids. This work presents the overview of estrous cycle in camel as a classical example of induced ovulators with the aim of providing current knowledge to the reader and to stimulate wider research interest in camel research and reproduction.

scholarly journals Use of GnRH for Synchronization of the Follicular Wave in Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Sheep: A Preliminary Study

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
Aina Año-Perello ◽  
Zurisaday Santos-Jimenez ◽  
Teresa Encinas ◽  
Paula Martinez-Ros ◽  
Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Set Up

The present study aimed to set up a short-term protocol for synchronization of follicular wave emergence in sheep, concomitant with estrus synchronization, which would improve ovarian response in assisted reproductive technologies. Administration of a single GnRH dose, concomitant with the insertion of a progesterone-loaded CIDR device, caused regression of gonadotrophin-dependent follicles ≥4 mm in all the GnRH-treated sheep and in around 80% of the controls treated only with CIDR (p < 0.05). Similar percentages of ewes lost all follicles (around 70%) or only the largest one (around 30%) in both groups. Hence, 54.1% and 70% of the sheep lost all large follicles and initiated a new follicular wave in the control and GnRH groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The remaining sheep showed follicles that were still not dependent of luteinizing hormone (LH). So, in fact, all the sheep had non-dominant follicles after treatment. In conclusion, a treatment including GnRH at CIDR insertion would offer a time- and cost-efficient protocol for inducing follicular turnover and synchronizing a new follicular wave at any stage of the estrous cycle.

Ovarian Function in Adolescents Conceived Using Assisted Reproductive Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina M. Merino ◽  
Patricia Lopez ◽  
Abril Salinas ◽  
Carolina Pastene ◽  
Alex Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies

scholarly journals Epigenetics and Neurological Disorders in ART

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4169
Author(s):  
Marina La Rovere ◽  
Marica Franzago ◽  
Liborio Stuppia
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Increased Risk

About 1–4% of children are currently generated by Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) in developed countries. These babies show only a slightly increased risk of neonatal malformations. However, follow-up studies have suggested a higher susceptibility to multifactorial, adult onset disorders like obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in ART offspring. It has been suggested that these conditions could be the consequence of epigenetic, alterations, due to artificial manipulations of gametes and embryos potentially able to alter epigenetic stability during zygote reprogramming. In the last years, epigenetic alterations have been invoked as a possible cause of increased risk of neurological disorders, but at present the link between epigenetic modifications and long-term effects in terms of neurological diseases in ART children remains unclear, due to the short follow up limiting retrospective studies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about neurological disorders promoted by epigenetics alterations in ART. Based on data currently available, it is possible to conclude that little, if any, evidence of an increased risk of neurological disorders in ART conceived children is provided. Most important, the large majority of reports appears to be limited to epidemiological studies, not providing any experimental evidence about epigenetic modifications responsible for an increased risk.

scholarly journals Inositol and folates in the restoration of reproductive function in women and prevention of congenital malformations

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
H.I. Reznichenko ◽  
Y.H. Reznichenko
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Trophoblast Invasion ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth

In recent years, Ukraine has seen a significant deterioration in the reproductive health of women in the face of declining birth rates. One of the main causes of comorbidity of infertility and background pathologies is the insufficient supply of a woman's body in the pre-pregnancy period with micronutrients – folate, vitamins, myo-inositol and others. This increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and congenital malformations.Literature analysis showed that myo-inositol in combination with folate are an extremely important way to prevent fertility disorders, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, congenital malformations and support the reproductive health of the next generation. Myo-inositol in combination with folic acid promotes the effects of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, normalization of ovarian function, oocyte quality, trophoblast invasion during blastocyst attachment, prevention of congenital malformations by neutralizing the action of homocysteine with metafolin in the pregravid period and during pregnancy and assisted reproductive technologies, reducing the incidence of miscarriage, preeclampsia and other complications. The neuroprotective effect of myo-inositol indicates the importance of its use for fetal neuroprotection in late gestation, especially in hypoxia.Fertifolin, which contains an improved combination of natural nutrients as myo-inositol 1000 mg and folic acid 100 µg in the form of metafolin (calcium L-methylfolate), successfully copes with this goal. Metafolin has greater bioavailability and more actively helps to increase the level of folate in blood plasma, in contrast to folic acid. Metafolin is characterized by fewer drug interactions and less often masks the symptoms of B12-deficient anemia, reduces the risk of anemia, placental dysfunction, malformations of the neural tube. Fertifolin is also effectively used as an adjunct in polycystic ovary syndrome and in assisted reproductive technology protocols.

198 EXOGENOUS CONTROL OF FOLLICULAR WAVE EMERGENCE IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE)

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McCorkell ◽  
W. Paziuk ◽  
L. Smart ◽  
M. R. Woodbury ◽  
G. P. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Control Group ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
End Point ◽  
Wood Bison

Two methods for synchronizing ovarian follicular development in both wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) and plains bison (Bison bison bison) were tested as part of a project to conserve wood bison through the application of advanced reproductive technologies. A secondary objective was to test the effect of a long-acting neurolept tranquilizer, pipothiazine palmitate, on ovarian function in bison. Female wood bison (4 years old; n = 14) and plains bison (2-8 years old, n = 10), previously conditioned to daily examination in a chute, were divided randomly into 3 groups in which 1) ovarian follicles ≥5 mm were ablated by ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration, 2) 5 mg of estradiol-17β in canola oil was given i.m. or 3) no treatment was given (control). The experiment was conducted in 3 replicates so that each animal rotated through each of the groups. Half of the bison, blocked by subspecies and treatment group, were given a single dose (150 mg) of pipothiazine palmitate i.m. The ovaries were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography beginning 4 days before treatment and continuing until the dominant follicle of a new wave reached a diameter of 10 mm. No effect of treatment with pipothiazine palmitate was detected for any end point. In addition, no differences were detected between wood and plains bison for any end point. Consequently the pipothiazine palmitate and subspecies treatment groups were collapsed for further analyses. The interval and variation in the interval to new follicular wave emergence were compared by ANOVA. Wave emergence was detected on Day 1.0 ± 0.2 (mean ± SEM; Day 0 = day of treatment) in the follicle ablation group, and was earlier (P < 0.05) than in both the estradiol (Day 3.3 ± 0.3) and control (Day 4.0 ± 0.4) groups. The interval to follicle wave emergence was least variable in the follicle ablation group (P < 0.05) and tended to be less variable in the estradiol group (P = 0.09) than in the control group (residuals, 0.1 ± 0.04, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 1.6 ± 0.3 days, respectively). Ovulations occurred subsequent to estradiol administration in 10 of 23 (43%) bison. In conclusion, ovarian follicular wave emergence can be synchronized in bison during the anovulatory season. Follicular ablation consistently shortened and decreased the variability in the interval to new wave emergence. The synchronizing effect of estradiol was confounded by the induction of ovulation. Progesterone will be added in future studies to control the ovulatory effect of estradiol. Pipothiazine palmitate had no discernable effect on ovarian function and maybe useful in reducing the effects of handling stress on untrained animals. Supported by a grants from the Advancing Canadian Agriculture and Agri-Food Fund, the Agri-Food Innovation Fund, Parks Canada, the World Wildlife Fund, and the Northwest Territories.

scholarly journals The Biological Clock: Age, Risk, and the Biopolitics of Reproductive Time

Sex Roles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Yopo Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Clock ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Women’S Views

Abstract The present article explores the social and subjective dimensions of the biological clock and its implications for reproductive time through a qualitative study based on 40 life story interviews of women from Santiago de Chile. Although the narrative of the biological clock has become a prevalent frame for addressing reproductive time in the context of late childbearing, age-related infertility, and the use of assisted reproductive technologies, few studies engage in an in-depth analysis of the biological clock—its boundaries, dynamics, and the particular ways in which it shapes women’s views and experiences of reproductive time. The present article aims to advance current knowledge on the intersection of time, reproduction, and biopolitics by arguing that the biological clock regulates reproductive time by shaping the boundaries and dynamics of female fertility through the clock. By determining reproductive time as quantitative, standardised, linear, and irreversible and by outlining the passing of time through pressure, risk, and burden, the biological clock determines when it is possible and desirable to have children and regulates reproduction, gender, and the female life course. These findings highlight the importance of critically addressing the narrative of the biological clock and its implications for women’s views and experiences of reproductive time.

scholarly journals Improvement Effect of Metformin on Female and Male Reproduction in Endocrine Pathologies and Its Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Alexander O. Shpakov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Endocrine Disorders

Metformin (MF), a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), alone and in combination with other drugs, restores the ovarian function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and improves fetal development, pregnancy outcomes and offspring health in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and T2DM. MF treatment is demonstrated to improve the efficiency of in vitro fertilization and is considered a supplementary drug in assisted reproductive technologies. MF administration shows positive effect on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in men with metabolic disorders, thus MF treatment indicates prospective use for improvement of male reproductive functions and fertility. MF lacks teratogenic effects and has positive health effect in newborns. The review is focused on use of MF therapy for restoration of female and male reproductive functions and improvement of pregnancy outcomes in metabolic and endocrine disorders. The mechanisms of MF action are discussed, including normalization of metabolic and hormonal status in PCOS, GDM, T2DM and metabolic syndrome and restoration of functional activity and hormonal regulation of the gonadal axis.

scholarly journals In vivo measurement of pH and CO2 levels in the uterus of sows through the estrous cycle and after insemination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio López-Albors ◽  
Pedro José Llamas-López ◽  
Joaquín Ángel Ortuño ◽  
Rafael Latorre ◽  
Francisco Alberto García-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Physiological Values

AbstractThe pH–CO2–HCO3− system is a ubiquitous biological regulator with important functional implications for reproduction. Knowledge of the physiological values of its components is relevant for reproductive biology and the optimization of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs). However, in situ measurements of these parameters in the uterus are scarce or null. This study describes a non-invasive method for in situ time-lapse recording of pH and CO2 within the uterus of non-anesthetized sows. Animals were at three different reproductive conditions, estrous with no insemination and two hours after insemination, and diestrous. From pH and CO2 data, HCO3− concentration was estimated. The non-invasive approach to the porcine uterus with novel optical probes allowed the obtaining of in situ physiological values of pH, CO2, and HCO3−. Variable oscillatory patterns of pH, CO2 and HCO3− were found independently of the estrous condition. Insemination did not immediately change the levels of uterine pH, CO2 (%) and HCO3− concentration, but all the values were affected by the estrous cycle decreasing significantly at diestrous condition. This study contributes to a better understanding of the in vivo regulation of the pH-CO2-HCO3− system in the uterus and may help to optimize the protocols of sperm treatment for in vitro fertilization.

scholarly journals Impact of myo-inositol treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome in assisted reproductive technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Merviel ◽  
Pandora James ◽  
Sarah Bouée ◽  
Mathilde Le Guillou ◽  
Camille Rince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is marked in 30 to 40% by insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. Myo-inositol (MI) increases insulin sensitivity, decreases hyperandrogenism and improves the menstrual cycle. Its effect during assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been studied by many authors. We conducted a review of the literature on the impact of MI administration in PCOS women in assisted reproductive technologies. Myo-inositol is effective in normalizing ovarian function, improving oocyte and embryo quality in PCOS, however further evaluations by large multicentre randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the clinical pregnancy and live birth rates in ART.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in the Oviduct: Progress, Challenges and Implications for the Reproductive Success

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almiñana ◽  
Bauersachs
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Reproductive Events

The oviduct is the anatomical part of the female reproductive tract where the early reproductive events take place, from gamete transport, fertilization and early embryo development to the delivery of a competent embryo to the uterus, which can implant and develop to term. The success of all these events rely upon a two-way dialogue between the oviduct (lining epithelium and secretions) and the gametes/embryo(s). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as major components of oviductal secretions and pointed to as mediators of the gamete/embryo-maternal interactions. EVs, comprising exosomes and microvesicles, have emerged as important agents of cell-to-cell communication by the transfer of biomolecules (i.e., mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins) that can modulate the activities of recipient cells. Here, we provide the current knowledge of EVs in the oviductal environment, from isolation to characterization, and a description of the EVs molecular content and associated functional aspects in different species. The potential role of oviductal EVs (oEVs) as modulators of gamete/embryo-oviduct interactions and their implications in the success of early reproductive events is addressed. Lastly, we discuss current challenges and future directions towards the potential application of oEVs as therapeutic vectors to improve pregnancy disorders, infertility problems and increase the success of assisted reproductive technologies.

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