scholarly journals The Analysis of Turkey-Russia External Trade at the Sectoral Level

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizem Akbulut ◽  
Candan Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Local Level ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Competitive Power ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
Statistical Institute ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Industrialization Policy ◽  
Important Trade Partner

Generally the growth of country and the development of countries’regional level depend upon the competitive power of other countries and their regions as well. In this context with globalization, the concept of competition in terms of individuals or firms have been not only limited to the local level, but also moved into the international order. Turkey has started to implement export-oriented industrialization policy taken decision on 24 April 1980 and thereby the capacity of its foreign trade has gradually increased in the current process. Starting from this direction, the aim of the study is to determine the sectoral analysis of the 2001-2014 periods in terms of the foreign trade relationship between Turkey and Russia. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the Turkey-Russia’s foreign trade on the basis of commodity groups. In this study, commodity group data located in Standard International Trade Classification obtained from the Turkey Statistical Institute database was used. In the analysis of study the Revealed Comparative Advantage index was calculated to measure the strength of competition between Turkey and Russia. Since the 2000s, considering Russia’s trade profile as one of the Turkey's most important trade partner, energy and natural resources in exports and consumer goods in import have a siginificant share in trade between these contries. In conclusion, despite the increasing trade between the two countries, in terms of assestment of the competitive power and the commodity group, it has been found that leading countries has not been changed.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL COMPONENTS OF UKRAINE’S EXPORT GROWTH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (8) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Kateryna ANUFRIIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
International Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Schematic Model ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Credit Agency

Today, the state policy on export development is being improved and the export support tools are being implemented at the legislative level. Exporting economic entities form the demand for financial services, which would meet current conditions in the international market, as well as allow for unrestricted settlements with foreign counterparties, available financing of working capital and insurance provision of export operations in order to increase the competitiveness of such entities. The author substantiates importance of the centralized focus of export support efforts, determines the concept of “trade financing and insurance” as a source of resource and institutional support for export operations and highlights the positive aspects and problems arising from financing of export transactions and settlements with counterparties. The state of international cooperation on export issues and trends of the world trade are briefly mentioned. As is known, the Export and Credit agency (ECA), an institution for insurance and export support, has recently been established; however, its place, management, tasks and resource base are still being determined. Therefore, the article proposes a basic schematic model of the activities of this institution. The author emphasizes that increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian exporters and strengthening their confidence in them in the international market are especially important given the world trend of “de-risking”. De-risking is the limitation of cooperation with certain categories of clients or states (which Ukraine is sometimes included in) to avoid the risk of financing illicit activities, a person under sanctions, terrorism, and the like. The focus of further research the author suggests addressing such issues: (i) interaction of the state and private sectors with support of exports; (ii) determination of the product range of financial institutions servicing the subjects of foreign trade, as well as the ECA; (iii) impact of sanctions and restrictions on Ukraine’s foreign trade relations. Accelerating the development of exports and overcoming obstacles when concluding the external trade agreements and settlements will ultimately help Ukraine to take a niche among the world’s exporters and strengthen its own financial security.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL TRADE PRICES OF THE WORLD MARKET ON FOREIGN TRADE PRICES OF UZBEKISTAN.

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (09) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Farkhod Goipovich Sharipov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Market ◽  
External Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Prices ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals MOLDOVAN EXTERNAL TRADE WITH EU, CIS AND OTHER COUNTRIES: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-70
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Physical Volume ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Laspeyres Index

The foreign trade of a state represents a determinant in assessing its economic statute among the neighbours and in the whole world. Actuality of the studied topic is determined by the changing trade relations that the Republic of Moldova is passing through in the last years. Republic of Moldova holds the necessary criteria for becoming a competitive country in the region in terms of the manufactured and marketed goods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the foreign trade of the Republic of Moldova, by emphasizing the main traded groups of products, trade partners as well as to analyze the average price index and physical volume index of imports and exports. The paper also comes with an analysis of re-export and re-import, which represent a peculiarity for our country’s trade pattern. Research methods that have been used within the paper are the following: analogy, systemic approach, statistical and scientific analysis, Laspeyres index method. The obtained results focus on the recovery of the foreign trade between 2015 and 2017 with higher revival rates of exports, and a growing reorientation of exports towards the European Union and other countries markets.

scholarly journals Implementation of International Standards in Russia's Foreign Trade Statistics

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
N. E. Grigoruk ◽  
S. A. Galkin
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
External Trade ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Methodological Problems

The article analyzes the basic documents of international organizations in recent years, which have become the global standard for the development and improvement of statistics of foreign economic relations of most countries, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the key features of the theory and practice of modern foreign trade statistics in Russia and abroad, with an emphasis on the methodological problems of its main parts - the external trade statistics. It shows their interpretation in the most recent recommendations by UN statistical apparatus and other international organizations; considers a range of problems associated with the implementation of the national statistical practices of countries, including Russia and the countries of the Customs Union, the main international standard of foreign trade statistics - UN document "International Merchandise Trade Statistics". The main attention is paid to methodological issues such as: the criteria for selecting the objects of statistical accounting in accordance with international standards, quantitative and cost parameters of foreign trade statistics, statistical methods and estimates of commodity exports and imports, the problems of comparability of data; to a comparison of international standards in 2010 with documents on key precursor methodology of foreign trade statistics, characterized by the practice of introducing these standards in the foreign trade statistics of Russia and the countries of the Customs Union. The article analyzes the content given in the official statistical manuals of Russia foreign trade and foreign countries, covers the main methodological problems of World Trade in conjunction with the major current international statistical standards - System of National Accounts, Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services and other documents; provides specific data describing the current structure of Russian foreign trade and especially its position in international trade in goods and services.

The Oppression Argument on Foreign Investment in China, 1895–1937

1961 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Ming Hou
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
The West ◽  
Competitive Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Investment In China ◽  
Foreign Enterprises ◽  
Trade And Investment

Few would deny that one of the most important factors shaping the Chinese economy in the past hundred years or so was the economic contact between China and the West. This external economic confrontation has been widely held by the Chinese as a factor detrimental to the development of the Chinese economy. First, it is argued that foreign trade and foreign investment in China upset the Chinese economy by ruining handicraft industries and disrupting agriculture. Secondly, foreign trade and investment in China are alleged to have drained the Chinese economy of its wealth because of the secular unfavorable balance of trade of China and the large amount of income made or remitted to their home countries by Western enterprises in China. Thirdly, it is maintained that foreign enterprises in China were so effective in their competitive power or enjoyed so many advantages secured on their behalf by their respective governments that the Chinese-owned modern enterprises were hopelessly oppressed and had little chance, if any, to grow.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF MUTUAL TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT’S IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY: A CONCENTRATION-BASED APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Olga Oleshko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Partner Country ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
National Economic Security

The purpose of the is to summarize and present the results of the study of economic prerequisites for the situation when trade between the aggressor (the Russian Federation) and the victim (Ukraine) was not stopped despite the conflict as well as to assess the dynamics of this trade in the context of indicators of national economic security of Ukraine. Methodology. The study is based on the analysis of International Trade Center data on exports and imports of Ukraine and the Russian Federation and mutual commodity flows for 2002-2019. In addition, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index and the Linda index were calculated to determine the level of concentration of commodity and geographical structure of foreign trade. To assess the impact of the external sector on the level of economic security of Ukraine, indicators regulated by national legislation were evaluated such as economy openness, export coverage ratio of imports, times; share of the leading partner country in total exports of goods, share of the leading partner country in total imports of goods, share of the leading commodity (commodity group) in the total volume of goods exports, share of leading goods (commodity group) excluding energy imports in total imports of goods, share of raw materials and low degree of industrial export processing in total exports of goods, share of imports in domestic consumption, terms of trade index (price). Results of the survey showed that The Russian Federation was the largest trading partner, and remains a significant participant in Ukraine’s foreign trade operations today. At the same time the objective process of reducing the importance of the Russian Federation in the export-import trade of Ukraine had begun long before 2014. Despite the fact that the level of danger in the foreign sphere has decreased to a certain extent, such an improvement occurs against the backdrop of the impossibility of completely terminating trade and other economic relations with the Russian Federation. Practical implications. Based on the analysis, the areas of overcoming risks in the external sphere should be recognized: strengthening the capacity of the domestic market, including the implementation of infrastructure renewal programs for transport facilities and military-industrial complex, stimulating foreign investment in mechanical engineering; stimulating foreign investment in high-technology activities; implementation of energy efficiency programs; simplifying administrative and tax conditions for the provision of service as a substitute to commodity trade. Value/originality. Data on concentration level of foreign trade of Ukraine and the Russian Federation and on level of foreign economic component of national economic security of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Trade العلاقات التجارية للدولة الصفوية مع الدول الخارجية

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
دارا تؤفيق كاكةامين
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Import And Export

Trade relations of the Safavid state with foreign countries Trade is one of the most important economic activities, where the consumer gets to life through a point of communication between the producer and the consumer. Trade is divided into internal and external trade, where the internal trader's responsibility is to deliver and provide products and services within the geographical boundaries of the state. Foreign trade is the process of exchanging national economic products outside the country's geographical borders, as well as the transfer of ownership of products and resources to one another through the import and export process. Therefore, trade is the important areas of life, which have become important factors that affected the economy (Iran) in a record period in the Safavid era, which led to the expansion and development of trade relations with neighboring countries abroad, and in order to recognize the importance of this aspect, this research Shows the importance of trade and its impact on political treaties of that era. This research is divided into an introduction with three main sections, the first deals with domestic and foreign trade, while the second section highlights the attention on trade routes, either the third and last section was for the purpose of studying the commercial relations of Safavid with other Nations, which include the (Ottoman, The Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, and Russians).

scholarly journals Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) and Foreign Trade Policy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlkay Noyan Yalman ◽  
Mutlu Türkoğlu ◽  
Yalçın Yalman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Foreign Earnings ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
High Level

A high level of a country’s foreign trade is related to the growth of foreign earnings, to the acceleration of investments, to increase employment and contributes significantly to the growth of the country's economy. In this context, SMEs as one of the mile stones of the economy, foreign trade and economic growth are located in the leading roles. Especially SMEs sufficiently developed oppressed against strong opponents abroad, government policies or practices in trade restrictive policies are some of the reasons for this downside. SMEs that exports goods, or the infrastructure needed to produce goods for SMEs who import raw materials as well as the country's foreign trade policies and developments in the world economy is important. SMEs to follow the development, recognizing competitors, new markets, new products is very important in terms of growth both business and the countries. In this study, SMEs engaged in foreign trade in Sivas Province performing an application on in terms of both the business and government policy at the local level status will be examined. Data will be obtained on issues such as ultimately foreign trade potential of existing SMEs while doing foreign trade problems they face, strengths and weaknesses, market policies at national and international levels, the opinions about the state's foreign trade policy. The results obtained from the data on SMEs engaged in foreign trade by making general inferences about the data obtained on a micro scale, will allow making inferences on the macro scale.

scholarly journals INDISPENSABILITY OF THE RE-INDUSTRIALIZATION POLICY IN FUNCTION OF THE FOREIGN TRADE DEFICIT REDUCTION

2015 ◽  
Vol XXIV (XIV), 2015/3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jugoslav ANIČIĆ ◽  
Miloje JELIĆ ◽  
Jasminka M. ĐUROVIĆ ◽  
Milosav STOJANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Deficit Reduction ◽  
Industrialization Policy
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