scholarly journals WAYS TO INCREASE YIELD OF CHICKPEAS

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Yurii Shcatula ◽  
Volodymyr Votyk

The analysis of literary sources showed that interest in chickpeas is increasing, sown areas under this crop are expanding, and technological features for chickpea cultivation are changing. The yield of chickpea seeds to a large extent depends on the biological characteristics of the variety, fertilizers, compliance with the timing and methods of sowing, inoculation of seeds and the like. Much attention should be paid to the system of protection of chickpea agrocenoses from harmful organisms. Weak competition of chickpea plants with weeds is primarily due to the peculiarity of the development of this culture in the early stages, when there is an intensive development of the root system and slow - the aboveground part. In these early stages of their development, chickpea plants are not yet able to fully compete with weeds. The latter, on the contrary, are serious competitors, as they actively use nutrients, moisture and shade plants. High selectivity and herbicidal activity in chickpea crops were shown by soil preparations: Stomp, 33% k.e. (4.0 l / ha); Harness, 90% (1.5–3.0 l / ha); Optima frontier (0.8– 1.0 l / ha). Weed reduction was 85–90% and yield increase was 0.71–0.82 t / ha. Of the post-emergence herbicides in chickpea crops in conditions of mixed weed type, it was advisable to use Pulsar (0.5-0.9 l / ha) and Pivot (0.5-0.8 l / ha). Weed loss was 81.0–82.0% and yield increase was 0.72–0.76 t / ha. When using different herbicides, the yield of chickpea grain was in the range from 1.26 to 1.44 t / ha. The presence of chickpeas in crops leads to severe inhibition, especially in the initial stages of vegetation. The most effective and economically feasible at present is the use of a tank mixture of herbicides Harnes + Gezagard 500 FM (2.0 l/ha + 3.0-4.0 l/ha) which makes it possible to control a wide range of weeds and extend the duration of the protective shield preparations. Chickpea seeds ripen fairly evenly throughout the plant, the beans do not crack or crumble, the plants do not lie down, so when harvested by direct combining there are no problems. The growing season in chickpeas lasts 80-120 days, depending on the variety and growing conditions, so it is harvested in late July or early August after harvesting cereals. The yield of chickpea seeds varies in the range 1.4–2.7 t/ha, and with proper technology and climatic conditions it can be 2.5–3.5 t/ha. Key words: chickpeas, agrocenosis, technology, mineral fertilizers, weeds, herbicides, biological products, productivity.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00071
Author(s):  
Marat Amirov ◽  
Farit Shaikhutdinov ◽  
Igor Serzhanov ◽  
Albina Serzhanova

The article presents the results of research conducted in different soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region on the influence of regulated factors, as well as environmental factors on the production process of plants of various types of spring wheat. The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is enough to obtain yields within 12–13 tons of dry biomass or 6–7 tons of grain. Natural precipitation is able to provide 3.82–4.36 t of spring wheat grain from 1 ha, and 4.5–6.3 t/ha by the total influence of solar energy, heat and moisture supply. Natural level of soil fertility without application of organic and mineral fertilizers allows to receive about 2 tons of spring wheat grain from 1 ha. Application of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac water (N-20.5 %) increased the yield in comparison with the use of nitrogen in the form of ammoniac saltpeter: the increase was 0.14 t per 1 ha. In the conditions of grey forest soil in the Predkamye region of the Republic of Tatarstan the optimal norm of sowing of spring wheat Triticum dicoccum Schuebl (spelt) depending on the feeding background was established. Growth of yield at sowing of 6 million seeds per hectare at all levels of nutrition in comparison with sowing rate of 4 million tons per hectare was 0.18 tons per hectare against the natural background, against the estimated background of NRC on 2.0 tons of grain – 0.19 tons and 2.5 tons of grain – 0.24 tons per hectare. The maximum yield increase was received at a combination of a mineral foodstuff with an optimum norm of sowing and has made on a settlement background 2 tons of grain from hectare – 0.20 tons, on 2.5 tons of grain – 0.34 tons from hectare. Thus, the aim of our research was to develop methods of growing high yielding quality grain of different types of wheat adapted to the conditions of forest-steppe in the Volga region.



Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2109
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Davis ◽  
John T. Abatzoglou ◽  
David S. LeBauer

Rising crop risk for farmers and greater subsidy costs for governments are both associated with changing climatic conditions, including increased water scarcity. The resilience of Agave spp. in both hot and dry conditions, combined with their wide range of uses, position these plants as novel high-yielding crops suitable for both (i) a warming climate and (ii) agricultural regions with finite water resources. A simple model of the physiological response of Agave americana to variations in solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation was used to predict A. americana yields globally at a 4 km spatial resolution for both contemporary climate and high-end warming scenarios. The potential growing region for A. americana expanded by 3–5% (up to 3 million ha) and potential biomass production increased by 4–5% (up to 4 Gt of additional biomass) with climate warming scenarios. There were some declines in biomass with the climate warming projected in smaller dispersed locations of tropical South America, Africa, and Australia. The amount of water required for optimal A. americana yield is less than half of the current water required for other crops grown in semi-arid agricultural regions of the southwestern US, and a similar low water demand can be expected in other semi-arid regions of the world. Rock mulching can further reduce the need for irrigation and increase suitable cropland area for A. americana by 26–30%. We show that >10 Mg ha−1 y−1 of A. americana biomass could be produced on 27 million ha of cropland without requiring irrigation. Our results suggest that cultivation of A. americana can support resilient agriculture in a future with rising temperatures and water scarcity.



Author(s):  
Н.Н. Зезин ◽  
П.А. Постников ◽  
М.А. Тормозин ◽  
А.Б. Пономарёв

Исследования по влиянию климатических условий на урожайность зелёной массы клевера лугового проведены в ФГБНУ «УрФАНИЦ УрО РАН» в 2007–2019 годах на тёмно-серой лесной тяжелосуглинистой почве. Целью данного исследования было выявление зависимости урожайности клевера лугового от климатических условий и последействия разных фонов удобрений в полевом севообороте. Анализ потенциальной продуктивности клевера и его ресурсной средообразующей роли осуществлён на основании полученных данных в трёх последних ротациях с 2007 по 2019 год в зернотравяном севообороте: 1. однолетние травы, поукосно рапс; 2. ячмень с подсевом клевера; 3. клевер 1-го года пользования; 4. пшеница; 5. овёс. В исследованиях применены три фона питания: 1. без удобрений (контроль); 2. минеральный фон (с применением умеренных доз минеральных удобрений из расчёта N30Р30К36 на каждый гектар севооборотной площади. Из 13 лет исследований большинство лет (77%) были умеренно влажными и влажнымми, а 23% — жаркими и засушливыми. При одногодичном использовании клевера основным лимитирующим фактором являлась влажность. Урожайность клевера зависела больше от степени увлажнения: максимальный сбор зелёной массы (25–30 т/га) получен при гидротермическом коэффициенте за вегетационный период более 1,1. В меньшей степени урожайность клевера зависела от последействия удобрений. При переходе от минерального к органоминеральному фону питания наблюдалась небольшая тенденция увеличения урожайности клевера лугового. Прибавка от внесения удобрений под покровную культуру во влажные годы не превышала 25%, что говорит о возможности возделывания клевера на окультуренных почвах без применения минеральных удобрений. Основную массу клевер формировал в первом укосе. Из 13 лет исследований вследствие засушливых условий дважды — в 2010 и 2012 годах — второй укос не сформировался, а после перезимовки 2016–2017 годов клевер полностью выпал. Урожайность первого укоса находилась в прямой корреляционной зависимости от степени увлажнения и в обратной — от суммы положительных температур. Investigations were conducted at the Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural branch RAS in 2007–2019. They focused on the effect of environment on green mass yield of red clover. Soil — dark grey with high clay content. The aim was to test the correlation between red clover productivity and weather conditions under different nutrient status in crop rotation. The data was collected from three crop rotations: 1. Annual grasses, postcut rapeseed; 2. clover overseeded into barley; 3. fist-year clover; 4. wheat; 5. oats. Most years (77%) were moderately humid and humid, 23% — hot and arid. Humidity influenced clover yield the most. The highest yield of green mass (25–30 t ha-1) occurred when hydrothermic coefficient exceeded 1.1. Fertilizers had less effect on crop performance. Combination of organic and mineral fertilizers slightly improved clover productivity. Yield increase reached 25% after cover crop fertilization in humid years indicating the irrelevance of clover cultivation on a mineral background. Clover yielded the best in the first cut. In 2010 and 2012 clover regrew poorly due to dry weather. In 2016–2017 clover did not germinate after winter. The first cut yield positively correlated with humidity and negatively — with mean daily temperature.



2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Nikolai Vasetsky ◽  
Alexander Paramonov ◽  
Oksana Tseluyko ◽  
Andrey Fedyushkin ◽  
Sergey Pasko

The article shows that the productivity of spring wheat is determined by the total effect of a set of conditions, each of which affects the amount of products obtained. As a result of the research, it was found that the yield of spring wheat directly depends on the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season. The key factor affecting the increase in the productivity of crops when using mineral fertilizers is the amount of precipitation during the growing season. The use of mineral fertilizers can significantly increase the yield of spring wheat, reducing the negative effect of the hydrothermal conditions of the growing season. So, when N60P30K60 was introduced, the yield increase in different climatic conditions of the research years was 9, 3 … 92, 8%. It was also found that the reproductive function of durum spring wheat is characterized by the fact that the total number of caryopses of a shoot spike and their total weight are in close proportional dependence on the value of its vegetative mass. In this case, the value of the grain-straw ratio is a consequence of the proportional dependence of the reproductive elements of the shoot (acceptors) of wheat on the size of its vegetative (donors) organs.



2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
N. I. Aniskov ◽  
I. V. Safonova

Background. In Russia, winter rye is a crop that provides food for people and feed for animals. Despite the obvious advantages of rye (high winter hardiness and drought resistance, plus the ability to grow in areas with poor soils and adverse climatic conditions), its area of cultivation has been reduced from 29 million hectares in 1913 to 872,000 ha in 2019. This situation can be improved by introducing rye cultivars with a stable yield of large grain under diverse growing conditions into commercial production.Materials and methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2012–2017, in the experimental fields of Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR. The target material was the accessions of low-pentosan winter rye cultivars developed at VIR. Data processing was performed using the analysis of variance according to B. A. Dospekhov. Adaptability and stability levels were calculated using the methods by S. A. Eberhart, W. A. Russell and L. A. Zhivotkov, those of plasticity and stability using the technique by G. C. Tai, the multiplicativity coefficient according to V. A. Dragavtsev, and the coefficient of homeostasis according to V. V. Hangildin, on the basis of ‘1000 grain weight’.Results and conclusion. The 1000 grain weight in the studied accessions varied from 30.0 to 48.2 g, with the average value of 40.8 g. The effect of the ‘test year’ factor on grain size was estimated at 65.5%, and of the ‘cultivar’ factor at 20.1%. The best conditions for large grain development were observed in 2013, 2015 and 2017 (45.7, 42.5 and 41.3 g, respectively). The most plastic, stable and homeostatic winter rye accessions were: Rushnik 2 (k-11820), ‘Krasnoyarskaya universalnaya’ (k-11818), ‘Bereginya’ (k-11822), Nika 3 (k-11823), and ‘Novaya Era’ (k-11814). The cultivars Rushnik 2, Nika 3, ‘Krasnoyarskaya universalnaya’, ‘Bereginya’ and ‘Novaya Era’ demonstrated high adaptability and can produce large grain under a wide range of varying environmental conditions. 



2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.



2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Maltsev

Отражены результаты исследования основных факторов (сорт, почвенно-климатические условия выращивания, фон минерального питания, температура хранения сырья и готового продукта, срок переработки), определяющих пригодность картофеля к вакуумной упаковке и быстрой заморозке без применения консервантов.The article reveals main factors (such as potato variety, soil and climatic conditions, doses of mineral fertilizers, store temperatures, different timelines of processing) determining the suitability of potatoes for vacuum packaging and fast freezing without usage of chemicals.



Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Luiza Tymińska-Czabańska ◽  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Marek Maj ◽  
Dominika Cywicka ◽  
Xo Viet Hoang Duong

Site productivity provides critical information for forest management practices and is a fundamental measure in forestry. It is determined using site index (SI) models, which are developed using two primary groups of methods, namely, phytocentric (plant-based) or geocentric (earth-based). Geocentric methods allow for direct site growth modelling, in which the SI is predicted using multiple environmental indicators. However, changes in non-static site factors—particularly nitrogen deposition and rising CO2 concentration—lead to an increase in site productivity, which may be visible as an age trend in the SI. In this study, we developed a geocentric SI model for oak. For the development of the SI model, we used data from 150 sample plots, representing a wide range of local topographic and site conditions. A generalized additive model was used to model site productivity. We found that the oak SI depended predominantly on physicochemical soil properties—mainly nitrogen, carbon, sand, and clay content. Additionally, the oak SI value was found to be slightly shaped by the topography, especially by altitude above sea level, and topographic position. We also detected a significant relationship between the SI and the age of oak stands, indicating the long-term increasing site productivity for oak, most likely caused by nitrogen deposition and changes in climatic conditions. The developed geocentric site productivity model for oak explained 77.2% of the SI variation.



Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Mona Giraud ◽  
Jannis Groh ◽  
Horst H. Gerke ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
...  

Grasslands are one of the most common biomes in the world with a wide range of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, quantitative data on the change in nitrogen dynamics in extensively managed temperate grasslands caused by a shift from energy- to water-limited climatic conditions have not yet been reported. In this study, we experimentally studied this shift by translocating undisturbed soil monoliths from an energy-limited site (Rollesbroich) to a water-limited site (Selhausen). The soil monoliths were contained in weighable lysimeters and monitored for their water and nitrogen balance in the period between 2012 and 2018. At the water-limited site (Selhausen), annual plant nitrogen uptake decreased due to water stress compared to the energy-limited site (Rollesbroich), while nitrogen uptake was higher at the beginning of the growing period. Possibly because of this lower plant uptake, the lysimeters at the water-limited site showed an increased inorganic nitrogen concentration in the soil solution, indicating a higher net mineralization rate. The N2O gas emissions and nitrogen leaching remained low at both sites. Our findings suggest that in the short term, fertilizer should consequently be applied early in the growing period to increase nitrogen uptake and decrease nitrogen losses. Moreover, a shift from energy-limited to water-limited conditions will have a limited effect on gaseous nitrogen emissions and nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in the grassland type of this study because higher nitrogen concentrations are (over-) compensated by lower leaching rates.



2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. eabd8352
Author(s):  
Dirk Seidensticker ◽  
Wannes Hubau ◽  
Dirk Verschuren ◽  
Cesar Fortes-Lima ◽  
Pierre de Maret ◽  
...  

The present-day distribution of Bantu languages is commonly thought to reflect the early stages of the Bantu Expansion, the greatest migration event in African prehistory. Using 1149 radiocarbon dates linked to 115 pottery styles recovered from 726 sites throughout the Congo rainforest and adjacent areas, we show that this is not the case. Two periods of more intense human activity, each consisting of an expansion phase with widespread pottery styles and a regionalization phase with many more local pottery styles, are separated by a widespread population collapse between 400 and 600 CE followed by major resettlement centuries later. Coinciding with wetter climatic conditions, the collapse was possibly promoted by a prolonged epidemic. Comparison of our data with genetic and linguistic evidence further supports a spread-over-spread model for the dispersal of Bantu speakers and their languages.



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