The Effect of Stem Cell Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent S. Gallicchio
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Neuro Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules ◽  
The Brain

Autism Spectrum Disorder [ASD] is a neuro developmental disorder that is characterized by abnormal social interaction/communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Although there is a lack of knowledge surrounding the ASD’s etiology, one common hypothesis posits that the causative pathology is immune system deregulation [ISD]. Patients with ASD experience ISD in the form of overactive microglia and astroglia in the brain, overactive cytokines in the brain and blood plasma, and underactive T lymphocytes in the blood plasma. Mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] and mononuclear cells, which contain a mixture of MSCs and hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs], are promising candidates for treatment of ASD. MSCs secrete several molecules that may restore injured tissue and anti-inflammatory molecules that may mediate neuro inflammation. MSCs also exhibit immuno modulatory effects which may regulate the immune response observed in ASD.HSCs secrete various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that may further regulate the abnormal immune response observed in ASD. In addition, HSC CD34+ down regulates pro-inflammatory molecules and up regulates anti-inflammatory molecules which may mediate neuro inflammation in ASD. Based on the results of several clinical trials, MSC and mononuclear cell therapies are safe and effective. To date, they have not been shown to cause adverse side effects. In addition, there have been several instances of reduced ASD symptoms due to the therapies. Nevertheless, much research is still needed into further investigating the etiology of ASD and the mechanism of stem cell therapies to truly understand the benefits of stem cell therapy for ASD.

scholarly journals Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Alessio ◽  
Anna Lisa Brigida ◽  
Gianfranco Peluso ◽  
Nicola Antonucci ◽  
Umberto Galderisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Molecular Action ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inflammatory Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Activities

Neurodevelopmental lifelong pathologies defined by problems with social interaction, communication capacity and presence of repetitive/stereotyped clusters of behavior and interests are grouped under the definition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD prevalence is still increasing, indicating the need to identify specific biomarkers and novel pharmacotherapies. Neuroinflammation and neuro-immune cross-talk dysregulation are specific hallmarks of ASD, offering the possibility of treating these disorders by stem cell therapy. Indeed, cellular strategies have been postulated, proposed and applied to ASD. However, less is known about the molecular action mechanisms of stem cells. As a possibility, the positive and restorative effects mediated by stem cells could be due to their paracrine activity, by which stem cells produce and release several ameliorative and anti-inflammatory molecules. Among the secreted complex tools, exosomes are sub-organelles, enriched by RNA and proteins, that provide cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes could be the mediators of many stem cell-associated therapeutic activities. This review article describes the potential role of exosomes in alleviating ASD symptoms.

scholarly journals Stem Cell Therapies for Cerebral Palsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1606
Author(s):  
Justyna Paprocka ◽  
Konrad Kaminiów ◽  
Sylwia Kozak ◽  
Karolina Sztuba ◽  
Ewa Emich-Widera
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Motor Disability

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) are some of the most common neurodevelopmental diseases. They have multifactorial origin, which means that each case may manifest differently from the others. In patients with ASD, symptoms associated with deficits in social communication and characteristic, repetitive types of behaviors or interests are predominant, while in patients with CP, motor disability is diagnosed with accompanying cognitive impairment of various degrees. In order to minimize their adverse effects, it is necessary to promptly diagnose and incorporate appropriate management, which can significantly improve patient quality of life. One of the therapeutic possibilities is stem cell therapy, already known from other branches of medicine, with high hopes for safe and effective treatment of these diseases. Undoubtedly, in the future we will have to face the challenges that will arise due to the still existing gaps in knowledge and the heterogeneity of this group of patients. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize briefly the latest achievements and advances in stem cell therapy for ASD and CP.

scholarly journals Toward Personalized Cell Therapies by Using Stem Cells: Seven Relevant Topics for Safety and Success in Stem Cell Therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando de Sá Silva ◽  
Paula Nascimento Almeida ◽  
João Vitor Paes Rettore ◽  
Claudinéia Pereira Maranduba ◽  
Camila Maurmann de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Stem Cell Biology ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Immunosuppressive Activity ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Tumorigenic Potential ◽  
Wide Range

Stem cells, both embryonic and adult, due to the potential for application in tissue regeneration have been the target of interest to the world scientific community. In fact, stem cells can be considered revolutionary in the field of medicine, especially in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. However, caution is needed in the clinical application of such cells and this is an issue that demands more studies. This paper will discuss some controversial issues of importance for achieving cell therapy safety and success. Particularly, the following aspects of stem cell biology will be presented: methods for stem cells culture, teratogenic or tumorigenic potential, cellular dose, proliferation, senescence, karyotyping, and immunosuppressive activity.

scholarly journals Human stem cell-based models for studying autism spectrum disorder-related neuronal dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arquimedes Cheffer ◽  
Lea Jessica Flitsch ◽  
Tamara Krutenko ◽  
Pascal Röderer ◽  
Liubov Sokhranyaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Specific Level

AbstractThe controlled differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into neurons and glia offers a unique opportunity to study early stages of human central nervous system development under controlled conditions in vitro. With the advent of cell reprogramming and the possibility to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from any individual in a scalable manner, these studies can be extended to a disease- and patient-specific level. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, with substantial evidence pointing to early alterations in neurogenesis and network formation as key pathogenic drivers. For that reason, ASD represents an ideal candidate for stem cell-based disease modeling. Here, we provide a concise review on recent advances in the field of human iPSC-based modeling of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of ASD, with a particular focus on studies addressing neuronal dysfunction and altered connectivity. We further discuss recent efforts to translate stem cell-based disease modeling to 3D via brain organoid and cell transplantation approaches, which enable the investigation of disease mechanisms in a tissue-like context. Finally, we describe advanced tools facilitating the assessment of altered neuronal function, comment on the relevance of iPSC-based models for the assessment of pharmaceutical therapies and outline potential future routes in stem cell-based ASD research.

scholarly journals Diabetic Retinopathy and Stem Cell Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevil Kestane
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Long Time

This overview was evaluated by the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the stem cell therapy approach. DR is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the retinal blood vessels leading to progressive loss of vision. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms are complicated and not completely understood yet. The current treatment strategies have included medical, laser, intravitreal, and surgical approaches. It is known that the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which has a great potential, is promising for the treatment of many degenerative disorders, including the eye. In retinal degenerative diseases, MSCs were ameliorated retinal neurons and retinal pigmented epithelial cells in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Stem cell therapies show promise in neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is very important to know which type of stem cell will be used in which situations, the amount of stem cells to be applied, the method of application, and its physiological/neurophysiological effects. Therefore, it is of great importance to evaluate this subject physiologically. After stem cell application, its safety and efficacy should be followed for a long time. In the near future, widespread application of regenerative stem cell therapy may be a standard treatment in DR.

scholarly journals A REPORT ON STEM CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Shantha A R
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
The Cost

Stem cells are the building blocks of life. They have remarkable potential to regenerate and develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They are also a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to be differentiated into specialized cells types. Stem cells are characterized by certain features such as totipotency, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotent and unipotency. The history of stem cell research had an embryonic beginning in the mid 1800s with the discovery that few cells could generate other cells. In the 1900s the first stem cells were discovered when it was found that cells generate blood cells. Nowadays, stem cell therapy is under research and till now, a very few stem cell therapies have been regarded as safe and successful. It is also found that stem cell therapy cast a number of side effects too. The cost of the procedure too is expensive and is not easily affordable.

scholarly journals Targeting Programmed Cell Death to Improve Stem Cell Therapy: Implications for Treating Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Xin-xing Wan ◽  
Xi-min Hu ◽  
Wen-juan Zhao ◽  
Xiao-xia Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Stem Cell Therapies ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Wide Range

Stem cell therapies have shown promising therapeutic effects in restoring damaged tissue and promoting functional repair in a wide range of human diseases. Generations of insulin-producing cells and pancreatic progenitors from stem cells are potential therapeutic methods for treating diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. However, accumulated evidence has demonstrated that multiple types of programmed cell death (PCD) existed in stem cells post-transplantation and compromise their therapeutic efficiency, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms in PCD during stem cell transplantation and targeting cell death signaling pathways are vital to successful stem cell therapies. In this review, we highlight the research advances in PCD mechanisms that guide the development of multiple strategies to prevent the loss of stem cells and discuss promising implications for improving stem cell therapy in diabetes and diabetes-related diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of nicotine on the translation of stem cell therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1679-1688
Author(s):  
Alex HP Chan ◽  
Ngan F Huang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Lifestyle Choices

Although stem cell therapy has tremendous therapeutic potential, clinical translation of stem cell therapy has yet to be fully realized. Recently, patient comorbidities and lifestyle choices have emerged to be important factors in the efficacy of stem cell therapy. Tobacco usage is an important risk factor for numerous diseases, and nicotine exposure specifically has become increasing more prevalent with the rising use of electronic cigarettes. This review describes the effects of nicotine exposure on the function of various stem cells. We place emphasis on the differential effects of nicotine exposure in vitro and as well as in preclinical models. Further research on the effects of nicotine on stem cells will deepen our understanding of how lifestyle choices can impact the outcome of stem cell therapies.

scholarly journals Cardiomyocyte Death and Genome-Edited Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Min Cho ◽  
Je-Yoel Cho
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Ischemic Heart Disease ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Stem Cell Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Therapies ◽  
Cell Therapies

AbstractMassive death of cardiomyocytes is a major feature of cardiovascular diseases. Since the regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes is limited, the regulation of their death has been receiving great attention. The cell death of cardiomyocytes is a complex mechanism that has not yet been clarified, and it is known to appear in various forms such as apoptosis, necrosis, etc. In ischemic heart disease, the apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes appear in two types of programmed forms (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways) and they account for a large portion of cell death. To repair damaged cardiomyocytes, diverse stem cell therapies have been attempted. However, despite the many positive effects, the low engraftment and survival rates have clearly limited the application of stem cells in clinical therapy. To solve these challenges, the introduction of the desired genes in stem cells can be used to enhance their capacity and improve their therapeutic efficiency. Moreover, as genome engineering technologies have advanced significantly, safer and more stable delivery of target genes and more accurate deletion of genes have become possible, which facilitates the genetic modification of stem cells. Accordingly, stem cell therapy for damaged cardiac tissue is expected to further improve. This review describes myocardial cell death, stem cell therapy for cardiac repair, and genome-editing technologies. In addition, we introduce recent stem cell therapies that incorporate genome-editing technologies in the myocardial infarction model.

Moral obligations in conducting stem cell-based therapy trials for autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107106
Author(s):  
Nicole Shu Ling Yeo-Teh ◽  
Bor Luen Tang
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Cell Based Therapy

Unregulated patient treatments and approved clinical trials have been conducted with haematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While the former direct-to-consumer practice is usually considered rogue and should be legally constrained, regulated clinical trials could also be ethically questionable. Here, we outline principal objections against these trials as they are currently conducted. Notably, these often lack a clear rationale for how transplanted cells may confer a therapeutic benefit in ASD, and thus, have ill-defined therapeutic outcomes. We posit that ambiguous and unsubstantiated descriptions of outcome from such clinical trials may nonetheless appeal to the lay public as being based on authentic scientific findings. These may further fuel caregivers of patients with ASD to pursue unregulated direct-to-consumer treatments, thus exposing them to unnecessary risks. There is, therefore, a moral obligation on the part of those regulating and conducting clinical trials of stem cell-based therapeutic for ASD minors to incorporate clear therapeutic targets, scientific rigour and reporting accuracy in their work. Any further stem cell-based trials for ASD unsupported by significant preclinical advances and particularly sound scientific hypothesis and aims would be ethically indefensible.

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