Effects of planting density on lodging resistance and                         grain yield of spring maize stalks in Guizhou province

To better understand the accumulation and transport of substances under different planting densities, the adaptation of maize root and leaf in response to increasing planting densities was investigated. In this two-year filed study, three maize varieties, Fumin108 (FM), Xianyu335 (XY) and Dika159 (DK), were sown under three different planting densities: 15,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2) and 90,000 plants ha-1 (D3) during 2018 and 2019. Increase in planting density gradually increased leaf area index along with reduced leaf area and net photosynthetic rate of individual leaves. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, the average root dry matter decreased by 55.88 and 80.92%, and the average root number decreased by 31.18 and 38.71% under D2 and D3, respectively, compared with D1. With increase in planting density, yield and dry matter per plant of maize gradually decreased while yield and dry matter per ha was increased with increase in D1-D2 density and then flattened in D2-D3 density. Compared with D1, two-year average yield per plant was decreased by 34.10 and 51.87% under D2 and D3, respectively. The difference in the number of roots of XY, FM and DK were not significant, so change in variety did not alleviate the decrease in the number of roots. At higher planting densities (above D2), the increase in density did not increase per ha grain yield. In conclusion, the suitable plant density was about 60,000 plants ha-1 to harvest more yield of spring maize while density higher than that reduced leaf area and photosynthesis per plant. Moreover, leaf area, root number and net photosynthesis per plant was higher in lower planting density coupled with overall less yield on ha basis and thus seemed wastage of soil nutrients and light resources. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Effect of N management approaches and planting densities on nitrogen accumulation by transplanted rice

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.53.2005.4.6 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 405-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. Janaki ◽

T. M. Thiyagarajan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Uptake Rate ◽

Aboveground Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Planting Density ◽

Transplanted Rice ◽

The Mean ◽

N Uptake Rate ◽

Management Approaches ◽

N Management

Field experiments were conducted during 1998 and 1999 in June-September with rice variety ASD18 at the wetland farm, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India to find out theeffect of N management approaches and planting densities on N accumulation by transplanted rice in a split plot design.The main plot consisted of three plant populations (33, 66 and 100 hills m-2) and the sub-plot treatments of five N management approaches. The results revealed thatthe average N uptake in roots and aboveground biomass progressively increased with growth stages. The mean root and aboveground biomass Nuptake were 26.1 to 130.6 and 6.4 to 17.8 kg ha-1, respectively. The N uptake of grain and straw was higher in theSesbania rostratagreen manuring + 150 kg N treatment, but it was not effective in increasing the grain yield. The mean total N uptake was found to be significantly lower at 33 hills m-2(76.9 kg ha-1) and increased with an increase in planting density (100.9 and 117.2 kg ha-1at 66 and 100 hills m-2density). N application had a significant influence on N uptake and the time course of N uptake in all the SPAD-guided N approaches. A significant regression coefficient was observed between the crop N uptake and grain yield. The relationship between cumulative N uptake at the flowering stage and the grain yield was quadratic at all three densities. The N uptake rate (µN) was maximum during the active tillering to panicle initiation period and declined sharply after that. In general, µNincreased with an increase in planting density and the increase was significant up to the panicle initiation to flowering period.thereafter, the N uptake rate was similar at densities of 66 and 100 hills m-2.

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Changes of Stem Characteristics, Senescence Indexes and Yield and Quality of Wintering Rye under Different Populations

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126876 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6876

Author(s):

Yuetao Zuo ◽

Xueyue Zhang ◽

Shiyu Zuo ◽

Xiaosong Ren ◽

Zhaoyue Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Planting Density ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Sod Activity ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Grain Number Per Spike ◽

Basal Internode ◽

Spike Number

In response to the production crisis caused by a winter feed shortage due to the rapid development of the animal husbandry industry, winter rye 001 was selected to study differences in stalk and senescence characteristics in yield formation in cold regions. Five density treatments were established in a randomized design as 225 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D1), 275 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D2), 325 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D3), 375 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D4), and 425 × 104 plant·hm−2 (D5). Stem characteristics, SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, and differences in yield and feeding quality under different population densities were analyzed. The plant height, center of gravity, and stem basal internode length showed an increasing trend with an increase in planting density. The stem wall thickness, diameter, strength, and lodging resistance indices decreased. At 275 × 104 plants·hm−2, the rye crude protein content was the highest while neutral washing fiber and acid washing fiber were the lowest, and feed quality was the best. With an increase in density, spike number, grain number per spike, and thousand-grain weight first increased and then decreased. We concluded that the yield and feeding quality were best when the basic seedling was at 275 × 104 plants hm−2.

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Optimizing Planting Density and Impact of Panicle Types on Grain Yield and Microclimatic Response Index of Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

International Journal of Plant Production ◽

10.1007/s42106-021-00150-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guotao Yang ◽

Xuechun Wang ◽

Farhan Nabi ◽

Hongni Wang ◽

Changkun Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Plant Density ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Planting Density ◽

Response Index ◽

Lower Position ◽

High Plant Density

AbstractThe architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

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Effects of different mechanical direct seeding methods on grain yield and lodging resistance of early indica rice in South China

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ◽

10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63191-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1204-1215

Author(s):

Wen-xia WANG ◽

Jie DU ◽

Yan-zhi ZHOU ◽

Yong-jun ZENG ◽

Xue-ming TAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

South China ◽

Indica Rice ◽

Direct Seeding ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Early Indica Rice

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Lignin metabolism regulates lodging resistance of maize hybrids under varying planting density

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ◽

10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63346-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 2077-2089

Author(s):

Bin LI ◽

Fei GAO ◽

Bai-zhao REN ◽

Shu-ting DONG ◽

Peng LIU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Planting Density ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Lignin Metabolism

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Effects of Planting Density on Leaf Area and Productivity of Two Maize Cultivars in Nigeria

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700013478 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 93-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. U. Remison ◽

E. O. Lucas

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Population ◽

Planting Density ◽

Dry Matter Yield ◽

Area Index ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Maize Cultivars

SUMMARYTwo maize cvs, FARZ 23 and FARZ 25, were grown at three densities (37,000, 53,000 and 80,000 plants/ha) in 1979 and 1980. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increase in plant population and was at a maximum at mid-silk. Grain yield was highest at 53,000 plants/ha. There was no relation between LAI and grain yield but there was a positive correlation between LAI and total dry matter yield.

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Effects of Aspergillus flavus inoculation on spring Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield

International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) ◽

10.12692/ijb/13.4.24-35 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (04) ◽

pp. 24-35

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Spring Maize

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Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Kernel Abortion and Stem Lodging

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.699085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Adnan Noor Shah ◽

Mohsin Tanveer ◽

Asad Abbas ◽

Mehmet Yildirim ◽

Anis Ali Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Plant Density ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Planting Density ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Maize Productivity ◽

High Plant Density

High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

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