Antifungal and Virulence-Modulating Effects of Thyme Essential Oil against Fusarium spp., Causing Wheat Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mohammad-Hossein Faghih-Imani ◽  
Parissa Taheri ◽  
Saeed Tarighi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Wheat Diseases

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the important cereals and a major source of human food worldwide. Fusarium pseudograminearum and F. culmorum are the causal agents of important diseases on wheat, including head scab, crown and root rot. Control of Fusarium diseases on wheat is very difficult and important because of not only no complete resistance in any wheat cultivar and long-term survival of the soil-borne pathogen, but also production of carcinogenic mycotoxins in wheat tissues, which are harmful for consumers. Nowadays, to avoid the ecological and environmental damage caused by chemical pesticides and fungicides, there is a great interest to use essential oils as plant-protective agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of these destructive wheat diseases. We investigated the antifungal activities of the essential oils obtained from 4 different plant species and the Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TEO) revealed the highest level of antifungal effect against two mentioned phytopathogens. Contact and volatile phase effects of different concentrations of TEO were found to inhibit the growth of both fungi. Spore germination and production were also strongly inhibited by the TEO. Light microscope scanning of vegetative growth of the fungi revealed destructive changes in the hyphae. The TEO, also showed a high seed protection capability against fungal infection with no negative effect on seed germination. In the in-vivo assay, which was performed under greenhouse conditions using susceptible wheat plans treated with the TEO, significant plant protection was observed against the pathogens. Investigating effect of the main components of the TEO revealed that cymene had the highest effect in decreasing both disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI) on wheat plants inoculated by Fusarium species. Therefore, the TEO and its ingredients could be used as environmentally friendly biofungicides in the protection of wheat plants against these Fusarium species. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of the TEO and cymene, as its main ingredient, against destructive Fusarium spp. pathogenic on wheat.

scholarly journals Balık Hastalıkları ile Mücadelede Bitki Esansiyel Yağlarının Major Komponentlerinin Önemi Üzerine bir Araştırma

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1501
Author(s):  
Azime Küçükgül
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Phytochemical Components ◽  
In Vivo Effects

The presence of different phytochemical components of essential oil such as tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is to investigate importance of the major components of three herb essential oils (Thymus vulgaris L., Centauriumerythraea Rafn. And Foeniculumvulgare Mill) on challenging with fish diseases. The components of essential oils provided from a commercial firm were made GC/MS analyzes. The major component of T. vulgarewas carvacrol called as phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) with 40%.The others were Linalool L (15.11%) and benzene, methyl(1-methylethyl)- (12.12%).The richest oil in C. erythraea was bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (34.90%) called as alpha-pinene, followed by heptacosane (19.15%) and dotriacontane (17.72%), respectively.The evaluation of the essential oil of F. vulgarispresented benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)- with 67.99%, followed by dl-Limonene (16.03%) and benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (6.97%). The therapeutic effects of thyme are due to its high content of phenolic compounds, particularly carvacrol. The most important compounds of F. vulgare essential oil is anethole, fenchone, limonene that has antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer effects. The previous studies show that alpha pinene significantly inhibits many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In aquaculture studies, in vitro and in vivo effects of the dominant compounds of essential oils in our study are consistent with the previous findings.

Efficacy of Plant Essential Oils on Postharvest Control of Rots Caused by Fungi on Different Stone Fruits In Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE GIOVANNY LOPEZ-REYES ◽  
DAVIDE SPADARO ◽  
AMBRA PRELLE ◽  
ANGELO GARIBALDI ◽  
MARIA LODOVICA GULLINO
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Plant Essential Oils

The antifungal activity of plant essential oils was evaluated as postharvest treatment on stone fruit against brown rot and grey mold rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. The essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum), fennel (Foeniculum sativum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), marjoram (Origanum majorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), savory (Satureja montana), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and wild mint (Mentha arvensis) were tested at two different concentrations on apricots (cv. Kyoto and cv. Tonda di Costigliole), nectarines (cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross) and plums (cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun). The volatile composition of the essential oils tested was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The treatments containing essential oils from oregano, savory, and thyme at 1% (vol/vol) controlled both B. cinerea and M. laxa growing on apricots cv. Tonda di Costigliole and plums cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun; however, the same treatments were phytotoxic for the carposphere of nectarines cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross. Treatments with 10% (vol/vol) essential oils were highly phytotoxic, notwithstanding their efficacy against the pathogens tested. The essential oils containing as major components α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymol showed similar results on stone fruit, so their antimicrobial activity and the phytotoxicity produced could be based on the concentration of their principal compounds and their synergistic activity. The efficacy of the essential oil treatments on control of fungal pathogens in postharvest depended on the fruit cultivar, the composition and concentration of the essential oil applied, and the length of storage.

scholarly journals Assessing the Control of Postharvest Gray Mold Disease on Tomato Fruit Using Mixtures of Essential Oils and Their Respective Hydrolates

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1719
Author(s):  
Conny Brito ◽  
Henrik Hansen ◽  
Luis Espinoza ◽  
Martín Faúndez ◽  
Andrés F. Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Tomato Crop

Gray mold disease, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr., results in serious economic losses to Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) crop productivity. In this study, we explored the possibility that mixtures of essential oils (EOs) and their respective hydrolates (HYSs) could be used to control this disease. Thus, EOs and HYSs were obtained from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limon, and Citrus sinensis by hydrodistillation. In vitro antifungal activities were evaluated, and EC50 values of 15.9 and 19.8 µg/mL were obtained for EOs of thyme and oregano, respectively. These activities are due mainly to volatile compounds, thymol and carvacrol. Results from in vivo assays show that although most tomatoes were infested five days after inoculation, the damage was considerably reduced by the application of an EO/HYS mixture of thyme. The disease incidence indexes of B. cinerea tomato rot, percentage and severity, measured four days after inoculation, were reduced by 70% and 76%, respectively, as compared with the inoculum control. These results suggest that a combination of HYSs and EOs enhances antifungal activity, and that optimization of relative concentrations, volumes, and the nature of the compounds, could design a formulation able to control B. cinerea inoculum on tomato fruits.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2354
Author(s):  
Marwa Moumni ◽  
Mohamed Bechir Allagui ◽  
Kaies Mezrioui ◽  
Hajer Ben Amara ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽  
Seedborne Pathogens ◽  
Origanum Majorana ◽  
Potential Use

Essential oils are gaining interest as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for management of seedborne pathogens. Here, seven essential oils were initially tested in vivo for disinfection of squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) naturally contaminated by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium fujikuro, Fusarium solani, Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, Curvularia spicifera, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The seeds were treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum majorana (#1 and #2). Incidence of S. cucurbitacearum was reduced, representing a range between 67.0% in L. nobilis to 84.4% in O. majorana #2. Treatments at 0.5 mg/mL essential oils did not affect seed germination, although radicles were shorter than controls, except with C. citratus and O. majorana #1 essential oils. Four days after seeding, seedling emergence was 20%, 30%, and 10% for control seeds and seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil (0.5 mg/mL) and fungicides (25 g/L difenoconazole plus 25 g/L fludioxonil). S. cucurbitacearum incidence was reduced by ~40% for plantlets from seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil. These data show the effectiveness of this essential oil to control the transmission of S. cucurbitacearum from seeds to plantlets, and thus define their potential use for seed decontamination in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.

scholarly journals Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ibáñez ◽  
María Blázquez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

The chemical composition of winter savory, peppermint, and anise essential oils, and in vitro and in vivo phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and food crops (maize, rice, and tomato), have been studied. Sixty-four compounds accounting for between 97.67–99.66% of the total essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Winter savory with carvacrol (43.34%) and thymol (23.20%) as the main compounds produced a total inhibitory effect against the seed germination of tested weed. Menthol (48.23%), menthone (23.33%), and iso-menthone (16.33%) from peppermint only showed total seed germination inhibition on L. multiflorum, whereas no significant effects were observed with trans-anethole (99.46%) from anise at all concentrations (0.125–1 µL/mL). Low doses of peppermint essential oil could be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals to control L. multiflorum. The results corroborate that in vivo assays with a commercial emulsifiable concentrate need higher doses of the essential oils to reproduce previous in vitro trials. The higher in vivo phytotoxicity of winter savory essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly and less pernicious alternative to weed control. It is possible to achieve a greater in vivo phytotoxicity if less active essential oil like peppermint is included with other active excipients.

scholarly journals The Effect of Essential Oil Intake on Changes of Plasma Antioxidant Status in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Š. Faix ◽  
Š. Juhas ◽  
Z. Faixová
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Total Antioxidant

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four essential oils intake by feed, namely Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, and Syzygium aromaticum on antioxidant status in mice in vivo. Essential oils were in the aether oleum form. They were diluted with ethanol absolute mixed with ground pelett (0.1, 0.25, 0.57 and 1% concentration) and thereafter ethanol was evaporated. SOD, GPx activities and TAS were measured in erythrocytes and plasma spectrophotometrically with Ransod, Ransel and TAS kits from RANDOX, respectively. GPX activity showed a significant increase in 0.25% and 0.1% concentration of Origani aetheroleum. The GPx activities were decreased in 1% concentration of Thymi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Cinnamomi aetheroleum and 0.57% concentration of Caryophylli aetheroleum. The total antioxidant status showed a significant decrease in 1 % concentration of Origani aetheroleum and significantly increased in 0.1% concentration. The same results were found in Thymi aetheroleum. Cinnamomi aetheroleum and Caryophylli aetheroleum had not effect on total antioxidant status. SOD activities were not significantly changed after intake of essential oils. In conclusion, our results showed, that concentration of essential oil is very important for antioxidant status and also for metabolism of mice, because a high dose of essential oil has adverse effect on metabolism of mice, representated by a lower growth of the body weight. On the other hand, essential oils at lower concentrations have positive effect on antioxidant status of mice.

scholarly journals Comparative investigation of sesquiterpene components of essential oils originating from intact plants and hairy root chamomile cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 028-049
Author(s):  
Éva Szőke ◽  
Éva Lemberkovics
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Root Culture ◽  
Hairy Root Culture ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Biologically Active

The importance of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) inflorescence is widely known in classical and folk medicine, with the largest group of its effective constituents forming the essential oil (chamazulene, a-bisabolol, α-farnesene, trans-β-farnesene, spathulenol, cis/trans-en-in-dicycloethers). Among cultivated species, the Hungarian BK-2 contains more chamazulene in its essential oil than the German Degumil type, which is mainly cultivated for its a-bisabolol. Both components have important antiinflammatory activities. Wild populations can be easily distinguished from cultivated ones by their high amount of bisaboloides, particularly the flower of Hungarian Szabadkígyós wild type, which contained on average 48 % of the biologically active (-)-a-bisabolol. The population of Szabadkígyós has good salt tolerance which is important owing to global warming, because the proportion of saline areas is increasing worldwide. To keep the genome of Szabadkígyós having high (-)-a-bisabolol content, Szőke and research team used biotechnological methods. Sterile plantlets, were infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains #A-4, #15834, #R-1601. The hairy root clones possessing the best growing and biosynthetical potential were multiplied for phytochemical investigations. Pharmacologically important compounds of their essential oils were followed in great detail. The amount of in vitro cultured terpenoids and polyin compounds was compared with that of in vivo plants. GC-MS studies showed that sterile chamomile cultures generated the most important terpenoid and polyin compounds characteristics of the mother plant. Berkheyaradulene, geranyl-isovalerat and cedrol as new components were identified in these sterile cultures. The main component of hairy root cultures (D/400, D/1, D/100 and Sz/400) was tr-b-farnesene and in addition one new compound: a-selinene was identified. Hairy root culture originated from chamomile collected in Szabadkígyós was intensive increased the essential oil content and pharmacological active compounds: (-) -α-bisabolol and β-eudesmol was also synthetized in large quantity. Furthermore, in vitro organized cultures were made from this population to obtain propagation material containing numerous active substances.

Changes in essential oil profile of Thymus daenensis Celak., Thymus fedtschenkoi Ronniger., and Thymus vulgaris L. under methyl jasmonate treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Shayganfar ◽  
Davod Akhzari
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Four Levels

Background: Thymus plants are well-known medicinal plants and it is believed that the pharmaceutical and therapeutically properties of these plants are related to their essential oils. The quality and quantity of the essential oils, as a secondary metabolite of aromatic plant, is directly related to the physiological state of the plant. The role of jasmonates in the plant as signal molecules in mediation and up-regulation of plant defense and secondary metabolism processes is well recognized. Objective: With the aim of increasing the performance and stimulating secondary metabolites, this study evaluate the influence of foliar application of MJ on essential oil content and composition of three different Thymus species, whether as an elicitor or an activator. Method: The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with MJ treatments in four levels (0, 30, 60, 100 mM) and three replications. Results: Compared to the control, essential oil content of all three species increased in all treatment levels. However, the changes of essential oil composition were different. Under MJ treatments, the amount of sesquiterpenes (especially caryophyllene oxide) increased in T. daenensis and T. fedtschenkoi. In addition, the amount of thymol in T. daenensis, thymol, and γ-terpinene in T. vulgaris increased, whereas carvacrol methyl ether in T. daenensis and p-cymene in T. vulgaris decreased. Conclusion: It seems the type of plant species has a specific role in determining the response. There were no interpretable changes between treatment levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Thymus vulgaris L., Cinnamomum verum J.Presl and Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle Essential Oils in the Endotoxin-induced Acute Airway Inflammation Mouse Model

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (15) ◽  
pp. 3553
Author(s):  
Eszter Csikós ◽  
Kata Csekő ◽  
Amir Reza Ashraf ◽  
Ágnes Kemény ◽  
László Kereskai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters

Thyme (TO), cinnamon (CO), and Ceylon type lemongrass (LO) essential oils (EOs) are commonly used for inhalation. However, their effects and mechanisms on inflammatory processes are not well-documented, and the number of in vivo data that would be important to determine their potential benefits or risks is low. Therefore, we analyzed the chemical composition and investigated the activity of TO, CO, and LO on airway functions and inflammatory parameters in an acute pneumonitis mouse model. The components of commercially available EOs were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Airway inflammation was induced by intratracheal endotoxin administration in mice. EOs were inhaled during the experiments. Airway function and hyperresponsiveness were determined by unrestrained whole-body plethysmography on conscious animals. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured by spectrophotometry from lung tissue homogenates, from which semiquantitative histopathological scores were assessed. The main components of TO, CO, and LO were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and citronellal, respectively. We provide here the first evidence that TO and CO reduce inflammatory airway hyperresponsiveness and certain cellular inflammatory parameters, so they can potentially be considered as adjuvant treatments in respiratory inflammatory conditions. In contrast, Ceylon type LO inhalation might have an irritant effect (e.g., increased airway hyperresponsiveness and MPO activity) on the inflamed airways, and therefore should be avoided.

scholarly journals Morphology, Pathogenicity and Molecular Identification of Fusarium spp. Associated with Anise Seeds in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snežana PAVLOVIC ◽  
Danijela RISTIC ◽  
Ivan VUCUROVIC ◽  
Miloš STEVANOVIC ◽  
Saša STOJANOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
First Report ◽  
Pimpinella Anisum ◽  
Health Inspection ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) is an important medicinal spice plant that belongs to the family Apiaceae. Anise seeds are rich in essential oils and this is a reason why anise production in Serbia has increased over the last decade. During a routine health inspection on anise seeds collected from three localities in the province of Vojvodina (Mošorin, Veliki Radinci and Ostojićevo) during 2012 and 2013, it was found out that Fusarium spp. were a commonly observed fungi. The presence of Fusarium fungion the seed samples ranged from 3.75-13.75%. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the strains of Fusarium species present on anise seed samples as it is necessary that commercially used anise seeds are completely free of Fusarium. Based on morphological, microscopic characteristics and a molecular identification by sequencing of TEF gene, the presence of the following species was confirmed on the anise seeds: F. tricinctum, F. proliferatum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichoides, F. incarnatum and F. verticillioides. According to our knowledge and research, this is the first report of F. tricinctum and F. sporotrichoides as pathogens on anise seeds in the world. All seven isolates of Fusarium species are pathogenic to the anise seedlings, while the most virulent species were F. oxysporum, F. tricinctum and F. incarnatum.

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