scholarly journals A Comparative Review on Different Trophic Modes and Usable Carbon Sources for Microalgae Cultivation, Approaching to Optimize Lipid Production in Trade Scale

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Zahra Lari ◽  
Fatemeh Khosravitabar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Comparative Review

Microalgae are considered as an outstanding feedstock to produce high value lipid products like biodiesel and biomedicine. Reaching commercial maturity in this field is possible in the case of maximizing lipid yield and minimizing prime costs. In order to clarify the best features of carbon source (for microalgae cultivation) to reach optimum efficiency of biomass and lipid production, this paper reviews the merits and demerits of different trophic modes as well as type and concentration of carbon source. Furthermore carbon supplementation for large scale microalgae cultivation and lipid production is discussed as an economical point of view.

scholarly journals Natural Carbon Nanodots: Toxicity Assessment and Theranostic Biological Application

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1874
Author(s):  
Ming-Hsien Chan ◽  
Bo-Gu Chen ◽  
Loan Thi Ngo ◽  
Wen-Tse Huang ◽  
Chien-Hsiu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Carbon Nanodots ◽  
Biological Application ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
Natural Carbon

This review outlines the methods for preparing carbon dots (CDs) from various natural resources to select the process to produce CDs with the best biological application efficacy. The oxidative activity of CDs mainly involves photo-induced cell damage and the destruction of biofilm matrices through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby causing cell auto-apoptosis. Recent research has found that CDs derived from organic carbon sources can treat cancer cells as effectively as conventional drugs without causing damage to normal cells. CDs obtained by heating a natural carbon source inherit properties similar to the carbon source from which they are derived. Importantly, these characteristics can be exploited to perform non-invasive targeted therapy on human cancers, avoiding the harm caused to the human body by conventional treatments. CDs are attractive for large-scale clinical applications. Water, herbs, plants, and probiotics are ideal carbon-containing sources that can be used to synthesize therapeutic and diagnostic CDs that have become the focus of attention due to their excellent light stability, fluorescence, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. They can be applied as biosensors, bioimaging, diagnosis, and treatment applications. These advantages make CDs attractive for large-scale clinical application, providing new technologies and methods for disease occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment research.

INVESTIGATION OF HOMOLOGOUS SERIES AS PRECURSORY HYDROCARBONS FOR ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBE FORMATION BY THE SPRAY PYROLYSIS METHOD

NANO ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZHI YANG ◽  
HUAGUI NIE ◽  
XUEMEI ZHOU ◽  
ZHEN YAO ◽  
SHAOMING HUANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Formation Enthalpy ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Spray Pyrolysis Method ◽  
Growth Environment

The precursory carbon source is one of the key parameters which govern the formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this work, by selecting four homologous series, namely n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane and n-octane, as investigated targets, we comparatively study the relationship between thermodynamic properties of the precursory carbon source and formation of aligned CNTs. We find that all of these alkanes are favored for the growth of aligned CNTs in a suitable growth environment. But only n-heptane can yield the aligned CNTs with relatively high quality, high yield and narrow diameter distribution. Furthermore, after considering the link between thermodynamic properties of the precursory carbon source and the morphology characteristic of the nanotube samples, we find that the Gibbs free energy and formation enthalpy of precursory carbon sources play critical roles in the nanotube formation. In additions some possible explanations are proposed to better understand these phenomena. These rules will be very helpful in making clearer the formation mechanism from the precursory carbon sources to the CNTs, and preparing large-scale aligned CNTs with diameter control at low cost.

scholarly journals Raw Glycerol as an Alternative Carbon Source for Cultivation of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Renata Aguirre Trindade ◽  
Adriel Penha Munhoz ◽  
Carlos André Veiga Burkert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pseudomonas Oleovorans ◽  
Raw Glycerol ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alternative Carbon Source

<p>The large-scale use of biodiesel has shown significant environmental benefits as regards the reduction of global warming impacts. The increased generation of glycerol, the main byproduct of the reaction, makes necessary to propose alternatives to its use. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate raw glycerol (RG), a byproduct from biodiesel synthesis, as a carbon source for the cultivation of bacteria recognized as exopolysaccharides (EPSs) producers, compared with sucrose (S) and with a mixture of both components in a ratio of 1:1 w:w (SRG). The bacteria used were: <em>Xanthomonas campestris </em>pv. <em>mangiferaeindicae</em> IBSBF 1230, <em>Pseudomonas oleovorans</em> NRRL B-14683, <em>Sphingomonas capsulata</em> NRRL B-4261 and <em>Zymomonas mobilis</em> NRRL B-4286. All bacteria were capable of growing and producing EPSs using RG as the sole carbon source. For <em>X</em>. <em>campestris</em>, EPSs concentration of around 4.00 g L<sup>-1</sup> was found for the different carbon sources tested. For <em>P. oleovorans</em>, only the medium composed by S (0.85 g L<sup>-1</sup>) differed from the other media, with better results being found using RG and SRG. <em>S. capsulata</em> showed higher concentration in the medium containing S and SRG, around 3.40 g L<sup>-1</sup>, and in the medium containing RG this value decreased to 1.70 g L<sup>-1</sup>. <em>Z. mobilis</em>, on the other hand, showed a better result using SRG (1.41 g L<sup>-1</sup>), and in the medium containing S and RG, these values were lower, reaching 0.27 and 0.77 g L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively.</p>

scholarly journals Increasing lipid yield in Yarrowia lipolytica through phosphoketolase and phosphotransacetylase expression in a phosphofructokinase deletion strain

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annapurna Kamineni ◽  
Andrew L. Consiglio ◽  
Kyle MacEwen ◽  
Shuyan Chen ◽  
Gamuchirai Chifamba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Deletion Strain ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Lipid Yield

Abstract Background Lipids are important precursors in the biofuel and oleochemical industries. Yarrowia lipolytica is among the most extensively studied oleaginous microorganisms and has been a focus of metabolic engineering to improve lipid production. Yield improvement, through rewiring of the central carbon metabolism of Y. lipolytica from glucose to the lipid precursor acetyl-CoA, is a key strategy for achieving commercial success in this organism. Results Building on YB-392, a Y. lipolytica isolate known for stable non-hyphal growth and low citrate production with demonstrated potential for high lipid accumulation, we assembled a heterologous pathway that redirects carbon flux from glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to acetyl-CoA. We used phosphofructokinase (Pfk) deletion to block glycolysis and expressed two non-native enzymes, phosphoketolase (Xpk) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta), to convert PPP-produced xylulose-5-P to acetyl-CoA. Introduction of the pathway in a pfk deletion strain that is unable to grow and accumulate lipid from glucose in defined media ensured maximal redirection of carbon flux through Xpk/Pta. Expression of Xpk and Pta restored growth and lipid production from glucose. In 1-L bioreactors, the engineered strains recorded improved lipid yield and cell-specific productivity by up to 19 and 78%, respectively. Conclusions Yields and cell-specific productivities are important bioprocess parameters for large-scale lipid fermentations. Improving these parameters by engineering the Xpk/Pta pathway is an important step towards developing Y. lipolytica as an industrially preferred microbial biocatalyst for lipid production.

scholarly journals Cultivation of the Oil-Producing Yeast Microorganism Rhodotorula mucilaginosa for Sustainable Production of Bio-Oil Energy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Yao Tsai ◽  
Hsuan-Ti Yu ◽  
Chun-Ping Lin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Heat Method ◽  
Oil Source ◽  
Accumulation Of Lipids ◽  
Source Concentration

This study was focused on the development of oil-producing microorganisms to generate lipids. The yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (R. mucilaginosa) was selected for liquid-state cultivation, and the conditions for growth of the yeast cells were assessed. Additionally, the relationships between different nutrient elements and the growth of R. mucilaginosa were explored. The lipid accumulation of R. mucilaginosa is increased under nitrogen-restricted conditions. As the concentration of the carbon source increases, the accumulation of lipids is increased. However, if the carbon source concentration is further increased, the growth of yeast is inhibited. From a large-scale liquid fermentation culture with a fixed inoculation amount of 5%, and from a batch of culture experiments, it was determined that a suitable oil-producing culture was obtained on the 6th day, and the optimum conditions involved a carbon source concentration of 60 g/L, a nitrogen source concentration of 0.5 g/L, and a KH2PO4 concentration of 7.0 g/L. After utilizing different carbon sources in this study, it was found that glucose was the carbon source most conducive to the accumulation of R. mucilaginosa lipids. In addition, the extraction method and solvent for the extraction of R. mucilaginosa lipids were chosen. The acid-heat method using the green organic solvent ethyl acetate exhibited the best performance for extraction of yeast lipids under environmentally friendly and safe conditions. The analysis of lipids showed that the fatty acids obtained primarily contained C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2, and especially C18:1 (41%) lipids, indicating that R. mucilaginosa lipids are a good bio-oil source for the production of biodiesel.

scholarly journals Rhodotorula toruloides Single Cell Oil Production Using Eucalyptus urograndis Hemicellulose Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helberth Júnnior Santos Lopes ◽  
Nemailla Bonturi ◽  
Everson Alves Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Microbial Oil ◽  
Hemicellulose Hydrolysate ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Active Research

Microbial oil is a potential substitute for vegetable oils in the biodiesel industry. Efforts to obtain cheap carbon sources for the cultivation of lipid-producing microorganisms comprise an active research area. This work aimed to extract the hemicellulose fraction from Eucalyptus uograndis and to use its hydrolysate as a carbon source for Rhodotorula toruloides (an oleaginous yeast) cultivation for microbial oil production. Hemicellulose hydrothermal extractions were performed at different temperatures, times, and ratios of solid to liquid (S/L). Temperature and time showed a stronger effect on the solubilization of hemicellulose. Hemicellulose extraction at 155 °C, 195 min, and an S/L ratio of 1/2 resulted in a hydrolysate with a xylose content of 37.0 g/l. R. toruloides cultivation in this hydrolysate showed that initial pH had a strong influence on cell growth. At an initial pH of 6.2, cells grew to 6.0 g/l of biomass with a lipid content of 50%. Therefore, we believe that E. urograndis hemicellulose hydrolysate could be a potential substrate for R. toruloides for lipid production based on the biorefinery concept.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nutrients Mixture on The Biomass and Lipid Production from Microalgae Botryococcus braunii Mutated by UV-C Rays

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Thea Prastiwi Soedarmodjo ◽  
Hakun Wirawasista Aparamarta ◽  
Arief Widjaja
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Mutation Process ◽  
Cultivation Process ◽  
Uv C ◽  
Microalgae Growth

Nutrient is one of the most important factors in the growth of microalgae. This research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient mixture on the biomass and lipid production of Botryococcus braunii. Microalgae B. braunii was cultivated in the commercial nutrient medium of agricultural fertilizer combinations of ammonium sulphate (ZA), urea, and triple superphosphate (TSP). Before the cultivation process, B. braunii was exposed to UV-C rays (254 nm) for 3 minutes. The concentration and type of fertilizer as a nitrogen source divided into four types of mixtures, namely FM-1, FM-2, FM-3, and FM-4 were compared with Walne nutrients to study their effects on microalgae growth and lipids. FM-1 consisting of 150 mg/L of ZA, 7.5 mg/L of urea, and 25 mg/L of TSP led to the best growth for native and mutated microalgae strains compared to Walne nutrients and other nutrient mixtures. The mutated microalgae showed less growth than the native microalgae strains. However, the mutation process significantly increased the lipid content in the microalgae. In native microalgae strains, FM-4 consisting of 136.3 mg/L of urea and 50 mg/L of TSP produced the lowest lipid at 8.96%. After being exposed to UV-C rays, the lipids in FM-4 medium increased to 55.11%. The results show that the use of commercial fertilizers and exposure to UV-C rays on microalgae have high potential in preparing lipids as raw material for biodiesel which can be effectively applied in large-scale microalgae cultivation.

scholarly journals Identifying carbohydrate-active enzymes of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus using systems biology

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Fuchs ◽  
Felix Melcher ◽  
Zora Selina Rerop ◽  
Jan Lorenzen ◽  
Pariya Shaigani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Oleaginous Yeast ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus represents one of the most promising microbial platforms for resource-efficient and scalable lipid production, with the capacity to accept a wide range of carbohydrates encapsulated in complex biomass waste or lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Currently, data related to molecular aspects of the metabolic utilisation of oligomeric carbohydrates are sparse. In addition, comprehensive proteomic information for C. oleaginosus focusing on carbohydrate metabolism is not available. Results In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of carbohydrate intake and utilisation by C. oleaginosus and investigated the influence of different di- and trisaccharide as carbon sources. Changes in the cellular growth and morphology could be observed, depending on the selected carbon source. The greatest changes in morphology were observed in media containing trehalose. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of secreted, cell wall-associated, and cytoplasmatic proteins was performed, which highlighted differences in the composition and quantity of secreted proteins, when grown on different disaccharides. Based on the proteomic data, we performed a relative quantitative analysis of the identified proteins (using glucose as the reference carbon source) and observed carbohydrate-specific protein distributions. When using cellobiose or lactose as the carbon source, we detected three- and five-fold higher diversity in terms of the respective hydrolases released. Furthermore, the analysis of the secreted enzymes enabled identification of the motif with the consensus sequence LALL[LA]L[LA][LA]AAAAAAA as a potential signal peptide. Conclusions Relative quantification of spectral intensities from crude proteomic datasets enabled the identification of new enzymes and provided new insights into protein secretion, as well as the molecular mechanisms of carbo-hydrolases involved in the cleavage of the selected carbon oligomers. These insights can help unlock new substrate sources for C. oleaginosus, such as low-cost by-products containing difficult to utilize carbohydrates. In addition, information regarding the carbo-hydrolytic potential of C. oleaginosus facilitates a more precise engineering approach when using targeted genetic approaches. This information could be used to find new and more cost-effective carbon sources for microbial lipid production by the oleaginous yeast C. oleaginosus.

Birlikte Yaşama Kültürü Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Politikaları: Suriyelilere Yönelik Tutumun Sultanbeyli Örneği Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
Pelin Sönmez ◽  
Abulfaz Süleymanov
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Turkish People

Türkiye, Cumhuriyet tarihinin en yoğun zorunlu göç dalgasını 2011 yılından bu yana süren Suriye Savaşı ile yaşamaktadır. Suriye vatandaşlarının geçici koruma statüsü altında Türkiye toplumuna her açıdan entegrasyonları günümüzün ve geleceğin politika öncelikleri arasında düşünülmelidir. Öte yandan ülkeye kabul edilen sığınmacıların kendi kültürel kimliğini kaybetmeden içinde yaşadığı ev sahibi topluma uyumu, ortak yaşam kültürünün gelişmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu makalede, "misafir" olarak kabul edilen Suriyeli vatandaşların Türk toplumunca kabul edilmeleri ve dışlanma risklerinin azaltılmasına yönelik devlet politikaları ortaya konularak, üye ve aday ülkelere göçmenlerin dışlanmasını önlemek için Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarafından sunulan hukuki yapı ve kamu hizmeti inisiyatifleri incelenmekte, birlikte yaşam kültürü çerçevesinde Suriyeli vatandaşlara yönelik  toplumsal kabul düzeyleri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: göçmen ve sığınmacılara karşı toplumsal dışlanmayı engellemek için benimsenen yasa ve uygulamaların etkisi ve İstanbul-Sultanbeyli bölgesinde Suriyeli sığınmacılarla ilgili toplumsal algı çalışmasının sonuçları. Bölgede ikamet eden Suriyelilere yönelik toplumsal kabul düzeyinin yüksek olduğu görülürken, halkın Suriyelileri kendilerine  kültürel ve dini olarak yakın hissetmesi toplumsal kabul düzeyini olumlu etkilemektedir. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAn evaluation of the European Union and Turkish policies regarding the culture of living togetherThis article aims to determine the level of social acceptance towards Syrians within the context of cohabitation culture by evaluating EU’s legal structure and public service initiatives in order to prevent Syrian refugees from being excluded in member and candidate countries and by revealing government policies on acceptance of Syrians as “guest” by Turkish society and minimizing the exclusion risks of them. This article consists of two main parts, one of which is based on the effects of law and practices preventing refugees and asylum seekers from social exclusion, and the other is on the results of social perception on Syrians in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul. At the end of 5-years taking in Syrian War, it is obvious that most of more than 3 million Syrian with unregistered ones in Turkey are “here to stay”. From this point of view, the primary scope of policies should be specified in order to remove side effects of refugee phenomenon seen as weighty matter by bottoming out the exclusion towards those people. To avoid possible large-scale conflicts or civil wars in the future, the struggle with exclusion phenomenon plays a crucial role regarding Turkey’s sociological situation and developing policies. In the meaning of forming a model for Turkey, a subtitle in this article is about public services for European-wide legal acquis and practices carried out since 1970s in order to prevent any exclusion from the society. On the other hand, other subtitles are about legal infrastructure and practices like Common European Asylum and Immigration Policies presented in 2005, and Law on Foreigners and International Protection introduced in 2013. In the last part of the article, the results of a field survey carried out in a district of Istanbul were used to analyze the exclusion towards refugees in Turkey. A face-to-face survey was randomly conducted with 200 settled refugees in Sultanbeyli district of Istanbul, and their perceptions towards Syrian people under temporary protection were evaluated. According to the results, the level of acceptance for Syrians living in this district seems relatively high. The fact that Turkish people living in the same district feel close to Syrian refugees culturally and religiously affect their perception in a positive way: however, it is strikingly seen and understood that local residents cop an attitude on the refugees’ becoming Turkish citizens.

Methods of Network Planning and Management when Implementing Territory Planning Projects

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Planning And Management ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Complex Process

The success of the Program of housing stock renovation in Moscow depends on the efficiency of resource management. One of the main urban planning documents that determine the nature of the reorganization of residential areas included in the Program of renovation is the territory planning project. The implementation of the planning project is a complex process that has a time point of its beginning and end, and also includes a set of interdependent parallel-sequential activities. From an organizational point of view, it is convenient to use network planning and management methods for project implementation. These methods are based on the construction of network models, including its varieties – a Gantt chart. A special application has been developed to simulate the implementation of planning projects. The article describes the basic principles and elements of modeling. The list of the main implementation parameters of the Program of renovation obtained with the help of the developed software for modeling is presented. The variants of using the results obtained for a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of large-scale urban projects are proposed.

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