The Effect of Nutrients Mixture on The Biomass and Lipid Production from Microalgae Botryococcus braunii Mutated by UV-C Rays

Nutrient is one of the most important factors in the growth of microalgae. This research was conducted to study the effect of nutrient mixture on the biomass and lipid production of Botryococcus braunii. Microalgae B. braunii was cultivated in the commercial nutrient medium of agricultural fertilizer combinations of ammonium sulphate (ZA), urea, and triple superphosphate (TSP). Before the cultivation process, B. braunii was exposed to UV-C rays (254 nm) for 3 minutes. The concentration and type of fertilizer as a nitrogen source divided into four types of mixtures, namely FM-1, FM-2, FM-3, and FM-4 were compared with Walne nutrients to study their effects on microalgae growth and lipids. FM-1 consisting of 150 mg/L of ZA, 7.5 mg/L of urea, and 25 mg/L of TSP led to the best growth for native and mutated microalgae strains compared to Walne nutrients and other nutrient mixtures. The mutated microalgae showed less growth than the native microalgae strains. However, the mutation process significantly increased the lipid content in the microalgae. In native microalgae strains, FM-4 consisting of 136.3 mg/L of urea and 50 mg/L of TSP produced the lowest lipid at 8.96%. After being exposed to UV-C rays, the lipids in FM-4 medium increased to 55.11%. The results show that the use of commercial fertilizers and exposure to UV-C rays on microalgae have high potential in preparing lipids as raw material for biodiesel which can be effectively applied in large-scale microalgae cultivation.

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PENGARUH CO2 TERHADAP LAJU PERTUMBUHAN DAN KANDUNGAN LIPID BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII PADA MEDIA AIR LAUT

JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN ◽

10.32693/jgk.13.1.2015.257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Verina J. Wargadalam ◽

Edi Saadudin ◽

Silvy R. Fitri

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Specific Growth Rate ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Specific Growth ◽

Sea Water ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Botryococcus Braunii ◽

Cultivation Process ◽

Co2 Addition

Mikroalga sebagai salah satu opsi penyedia sumber bahan bakar nabati telah banyak diteliti. Salah satu yang perlu diperhatikan untuk keberlajutannya adalah sangat besarnya kebutuhan air yang harus disediakan dalam proses budidaya. Untuk menghindari kompetisi kebutuhan air tersebut, budidaya mikroalga dalam media air laut/salin dapat dipertimbangkan. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh penambahan CO2 terhadap laju pertumbuhan dan kandungan lipid mikroalga Botryococcus braunii KÃ¼tzing strain NIES-836 yang dibudidaya dalam media salin dengan sistem terbuka. Penambahan CO2 sebesar 2% hingga 20% meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik, dengan nilai tertinggi dicapai pada penambahan 2% CO2, yaitu 0,53/hari, dan laju pertumbuhan mulai menurun signifikan pada penambahan 20% CO2. Produksi lipid tertinggi yang dapat dipulihkan juga dicapai pada penambahan 2% CO2, yaitu sebesar 0,34 g/L. Kandungan asam lemak dalam total lipid diketahui hanya mencapai 25% dengan komposisi utamanya Metil Palmitat, Metil Palmitoleat dan Metil Oleat.Kata kunci: Botryococcus braunii, CO2, laju pertumbuhan, lipid, air laut Microalgae as an alternative resource for biofuel have attracted many research works, and one of the concerns is its sustainability due to the need of a huge amount of water in the cultivation process. To avoid such water competition, cultivation of microalgae in media of saline/sea water can be considered. In this works, the effects of CO2 on the growth and lipid accumulation of Botryococcus braunii KÃ¼tzing strain NIES-836 in sea water/saline media and open system have been studied. The CO2 additions of 2% to 20% were found to increase the specific growth rate. The highest value was reached at 2% CO2 addition, i.e.: 0.53/day, whereas, the specific growth rate started to decrease significantly at 20% CO2 addition. The highest lipid production that could be recovered was 0.34 g/L, and that was observed at 2% CO2 addition. The fatty acid content in the total lipid was 25%, mainly consists of Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Palmitoleate, and Methyl Oleate. Keywords: Botryococcus braunii, CO2, growth rate, lipid, sea water

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A Comparative Review on Different Trophic Modes and Usable Carbon Sources for Microalgae Cultivation, Approaching to Optimize Lipid Production in Trade Scale

Systematic Bioscience and Engineering ◽

10.37256/sbe.112021293 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 16-26

Author(s):

Zahra Lari ◽

Fatemeh Khosravitabar

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Point Of View ◽

Microalgae Cultivation ◽

Lipid Yield ◽

Comparative Review

Microalgae are considered as an outstanding feedstock to produce high value lipid products like biodiesel and biomedicine. Reaching commercial maturity in this field is possible in the case of maximizing lipid yield and minimizing prime costs. In order to clarify the best features of carbon source (for microalgae cultivation) to reach optimum efficiency of biomass and lipid production, this paper reviews the merits and demerits of different trophic modes as well as type and concentration of carbon source. Furthermore carbon supplementation for large scale microalgae cultivation and lipid production is discussed as an economical point of view.

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Effects of Combined Nitrogen Deficient and Mixotrophic (+Glucose) Culture on the Lipid Accumulation of Parachlorella Kessleri TY

Water ◽

10.3390/w13213066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 3066

Author(s):

Yifan Gao ◽

Li Ji ◽

Jia Feng ◽

Junping Lv ◽

Shulian Xie

Keyword(s):

Lipid Accumulation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Neutral Lipids ◽

Lipid Production ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Shanxi Province ◽

Scale Production ◽

Parachlorella Kessleri ◽

Accumulation Ability

The combustion explosion of ordinary diesel is a global environmental problem. Green microalgae, which do not cause eutrophication, are a raw material that can be used to clean biodiesel. To increase lipid productivity, this study used a nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic (+Glucose) culture of lipid-producing microalgae Parachlorella kessleri TY from Shanxi Province, China. To examine the growth of P. kessleri TY, we measured dry weight, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence intensity under different culture conditions, in addition to the contents of neutral lipids, total lipids, and fatty acids, to examine its lipid accumulation ability. Cells were cultured in autotrophic, nitrogen deficient, mixotrophic (+Glucose), and nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions for 7 days. We found the growth of P. kessleri TY under nitrogen deficient & mixotrophic conditions was higher than that under the autotrophic and nitrogen deficient conditions, but lower than that under the mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions. However, its lipid accumulation ability was significantly higher than that of control cultures. In conclusion, P. kessleri TY cultured under nitrogen-deficient and mixotrophic (+Glucose) conditions has significant lipid production capacity. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the use of microalgae as a raw material in the production of biodiesel, and promote the application of P. kessleri TY in large-scale production.

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Microalgae Growth under Mixotrophic Condition Using Agro-Industrial Waste: A Review

10.5772/intechopen.93964 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Izabel Pereira ◽

Adriano Rangel ◽

Bruna Chagas ◽

Bruno de Moura ◽

Stela Urbano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Microalgae Cultivation ◽

Mixotrophic Condition ◽

Cultivation Mode ◽

The Cost ◽

By Products ◽

Microalgae Growth

Microalgae has a great potential to produce biofuels and bioproduct but the cost is still too high mainly due to the biomass production. Mixotrophic cultivation has been pointed as microalgae cultivation mode for biomass/bioenergy production with lower cost and able to make remediation of organic waste. The proposals of this work was to make a review of microalgae growth under mixotrophic condition using agro-industrial waste. Agro-industrial by-products and wastes are of great interest as cultivation medium for microorganisms because of their low cost, renewable nature, and abundance. However biotechnological technologies are necessary to develop the production of microalgae on a large scale.

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Alien Wood Species as a Resource for Wood-Plastic Composites

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11010044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Sergej Medved ◽

Daša Krapež Tomec ◽

Angela Balzano ◽

Maks Merela

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Dimensional Stability ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Alien Plant ◽

Wood Plastic Composites ◽

Plastic Composites

Since invasive alien species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss in the region and thus of changes in ecosystem services, it is important to find the best possible solution for their removal from nature and the best practice for their usability. The aim of the study was to investigate their properties as components of wood-plastic composites and to investigate the properties of the wood-plastic composites produced. The overall objective was to test the potential of available alien plant species as raw material for the manufacture of products. This would contribute to sustainability and give them a better chance of ending their life cycle. One of the possible solutions on a large scale is to use alien wood species for the production of wood plastic composites (WPC). Five invasive alien hardwood species have been used in combination with polyethylene powder (PE) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) to produce various flat pressed WPC boards. Microstructural analyses (confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and mechanical tests (flexural strength, tensile strength) were performed. Furthermore, measurements of density, thickness swelling, water absorption and dimensional stability during heating and cooling were carried out. Comparisons were made between the properties of six WPC boards (five alien wood species and mixed boards). The results showed that the differences between different invasive alien wood species were less obvious in mechanical properties, while the differences in sorption properties and dimensional stability were more significant. The analyses of the WPC structure showed a good penetration of the polymer into the lumens of the wood cells and a fine internal structure without voids. These are crucial conditions to obtain a good, mechanically strong and water-resistant material.

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Large-scale screening of natural genetic resource in the hydrocarbon-producing microalga Botrycoccus braunii identified novel fast-growing strains

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86760-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Koji Kawamura ◽

Suzune Nishikawa ◽

Kotaro Hirano ◽

Ardianor Ardianor ◽

Rudy Agung Nugroho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Botryococcus Braunii ◽

Algal Biofuel ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Wild Strains ◽

Glass Tubes ◽

The Tropics ◽

Large Scale Screening ◽

Hydrocarbon Productivity

AbstractAlgal biofuel research aims to make a renewable, carbon–neutral biofuel by using oil-producing microalgae. The freshwater microalga Botryococcus braunii has received much attention due to its ability to accumulate large amounts of petroleum-like hydrocarbons but suffers from slow growth. We performed a large-scale screening of fast-growing strains with 180 strains isolated from 22 ponds located in a wide geographic range from the tropics to cool-temperate. A fast-growing strain, Showa, which recorded the highest productivities of algal hydrocarbons to date, was used as a benchmark. The initial screening was performed by monitoring optical densities in glass tubes and identified 9 wild strains with faster or equivalent growth rates to Showa. The biomass-based assessments showed that biomass and hydrocarbon productivities of these strains were 12–37% and 11–88% higher than that of Showa, respectively. One strain, OIT-678 established a new record of the fastest growth rate in the race B strains with a doubling time of 1.2 days. The OIT-678 had 36% higher biomass productivity, 34% higher hydrocarbon productivity, and 20% higher biomass density than Showa at the same cultivation conditions, suggesting the potential of the new strain to break the record for the highest productivities of hydrocarbons.

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Scaling Up Delivery of Biofortified Staple Food Crops Globally: Paths to Nourishing Millions

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120982501 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 037957212098250

Author(s):

Jennifer K. Foley ◽

Kristina D. Michaux ◽

Bho Mudyahoto ◽

Laira Kyazike ◽

Binu Cherian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Up ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Raw Material ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Seed Systems ◽

Public And Private ◽

Context Specific ◽

Public And Private Sector

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies affect over one quarter of the world’s population. Biofortification is an evidence-based nutrition strategy that addresses some of the most common and preventable global micronutrient gaps and can help improve the health of millions of people. Since 2013, HarvestPlus and a consortium of collaborators have made impressive progress in the enrichment of staple crops with essential micronutrients through conventional plant breeding. Objective: To review and highlight lessons learned from multiple large-scale delivery strategies used by HarvestPlus to scale up biofortification across different country and crop contexts. Results: India has strong public and private sector pearl millet breeding programs and a robust commercial seed sector. To scale-up pearl millet, HarvestPlus established partnerships with public and private seed companies, which facilitated the rapid commercialization of products and engagement of farmers in delivery activities. In Nigeria, HarvestPlus stimulated the initial acceptance and popularization of vitamin A cassava using a host of creative approaches, including “crowding in” delivery partners, innovative promotional programs, and development of intermediate raw material for industry and novel food products. In Uganda, orange sweet potato (OSP) is a traditional subsistence crop. Due to this, and the lack of formal seed systems and markets, HarvestPlus established a network of partnerships with community-based nongovernmental organizations and vine multipliers to popularize and scale-up delivery of OSP. Conclusions: Impact of biofortification ultimately depends on the development of sustainable markets for biofortified seeds and products. Results illustrate the need for context-specific, innovative solutions to promote widespread adoption.

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Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13031251 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 1251

Author(s):

Yichi Zhang ◽

Zhiliang Dong ◽

Sen Liu ◽

Peixiang Jiang ◽

Cuizhi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Large Scale ◽

Prediction Method ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Lithium Carbonate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Small Scale ◽

Trade Restrictions ◽

Energy Field ◽

Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

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Microalgae Cultivation in Different pH, Temperature and Media for Lipid Production

International Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.3126/ijls.v8i2.10227 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 13-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dakshayini Jayaramareddy ◽

Ravikumar Krishnappa ◽

Girisha Sirangala Thimmappa

Keyword(s):

Lipid Production ◽

Life Sciences ◽

Nutrient Supply ◽

Polar Lipids ◽

Microalgae Cultivation ◽

Microalgal Biomass ◽

Chlorella Sp ◽

Nonpolar Lipids

Lipids produced by microalgal biomass can be grouped into nonpolar lipids and polar lipids, which can be easily converted into biofuels. Microalgal samples were collected from three different ponds of Bangalore and cultured in the laboratory to find the effect of different pH, temperature and media on the production of biomass and lipids. Among these, pH-9, temperature -25°C and Beneck’s media was most suitable for production of biomass (35.80 g/L) and lipids from the isolated microalgae Chlorella sp. compare to Chladospora sp. (13.33 g/L). Chlorella sp. Showed 0.32 (OD) at pH-9, 0.43 (OD) at temperature-25°C and 2.94 (OD) in Beneck’s media. Our result revealed that nutrient supply along with measured variables affects the production of biomass and lipids in different microalgae.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i2.10227 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.8(2): 2014; 13-17

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BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AMARANTH BIOMASS

Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica ◽

10.2478/aree-2013-0013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Vladimír Sitkey ◽

Ján Gaduš ◽

Ľubomír Kliský ◽

Alexander Dudák

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Large Scale ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Matter Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Average Yield ◽

Amaranthus Spp

Abstract Energy variety of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) was grown in large-scale trials in order to verify the capability of its cultivation and use as a renewable energy source in a biogas plant. The possibility of biogas production using anaerobic co-fermentation of manure and amaranth silage was verified in the experimental horizontal fermentor of 5 m3 volume, working at mesophilic conditions of 38-40 °C. The goal of the work was also to identify the optimum conditions for growth, harvesting and preservation of amaranth biomass, to optimize biogas production process, and to test the residual slurry from digestion process as a high quality organic fertilizer. The average yield of green amaranth biomass was 51.66 t.ha-1 with dry matter content of 37%. Based on the reached results it can be concluded that amaranth silage, solely or together with another organic materials of agricultural origin, is a suitable raw material for biogas production.

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