Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Édouard Brézin
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Broken Symmetries ◽  
The Universe

Broken symmetries encompass a large number of different phenomena occurring at different scales. Édouard Brézin examines how symmetry has become central to understanding the organization of the universe.

scholarly journals Gauge theory approach to branes and spontaneous symmetry breaking

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Zheltukhin
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Tensor Fields ◽  
Broken Symmetries ◽  
Goldstone Bosons ◽  
Dimensional Minkowski Space ◽  
Poincaré Symmetry

We discuss the gauge theory approach to consideration of the Nambu–Goldstone bosons as gauge and vector fields represented by the Cartan forms of spontaneously broken symmetries. The approach is generalized to describe the fundamental branes in terms of [Formula: see text]-dimensional worldvolume gauge and massless tensor fields consisting of the Nambu–Goldstone bosons associated with the spontaneously broken Poincaré symmetry of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional Minkowski space.

BARYOGENESIS IN AN SO(10) GUT MODEL WITH PATI–SALAM INTERMEDIATE SYMMETRY

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 1539-1546
Author(s):  
F. BUCCELLA ◽  
O. PISANTI ◽  
L. ROSA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Neutrino Oscillations ◽  
Baryon Asymmetry ◽  
Gauge Model ◽  
Electroweak Scale ◽  
Proton Lifetime ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Breaking Scale

The possibility of generating the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe in an SO(10) gauge model with spontaneous symmetry breaking pattern [Formula: see text] is studied. We find it possible to generate a [Formula: see text], converting the leptonic number produced at the B- L breaking scale via the B+L violating processes mediated by sphalerons at the electroweak scale. The resulting picture is tested against the limit coming from experimental data: proton lifetime and neutrino oscillations.

scholarly journals The Λ and the CDM as Integration Constants

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2076
Author(s):  
Priidik Gallagher ◽  
Tomi Koivisto
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Cold Dark Matter ◽  
Dark Sector ◽  
Λcdm Model ◽  
The Universe

Notoriously, the two main problems of the standard ΛCDM model of cosmology are the cosmological constant Λ and the cold dark matter, CDM. This essay shows that both the Λ and the CDM arise as integration constants in a careful derivation of Einstein’s equations from first principles in a Lorentz gauge theory. The dark sector of the universe might only reflect the geometry of a spontaneous symmetry breaking that is necessary for the existence of spacetime and an observer therein.

EQUATION OF STATE AND TEMPERATURE OF MASSIVE NONRELATIVISTIC BOSONS ARISING IN THE UNIVERSE AT THE FIRST STAGE OF REHEATING

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (40) ◽  
pp. 3069-3076 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. DYMNIKOVA ◽  
M. KRAWCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Bose Condensate ◽  
Grand Unification ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Model Independent ◽  
Ideal Quantum ◽  
The Universe

We consider heavy nonrelativistic bosons with masses M~MGUT which arise in the Universe during phase transitions with spontaneous symmetry breaking at the grand unification scale. In the frame of statistical mechanics approach with model-independent description of cosmological background we show that the process of emerging of massive GUT bosons looks like evaporation of a Bose condensate. First massive nonrelativistic bosons behave like ideal quantum degenerate Bose gas which has the Gibbons-Hawking temperature due to the presence of the de Sitter event horizon.

scholarly journals Embedding cosmology and gravity

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Sigma Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Abstract Space ◽  
Einstein's Equation ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Dimensional Surface

AbstractI start with a scenario where the universe is an abstract space $${\mathcal {M}}$$ M having d dimensions. There is a two dimensional surface embedded in it. Embedding is a map from the embedded surface to $${\mathcal {M}}$$ M that has a field theory described by Sigma model. I take d directions of $${\mathcal {M}}$$ M to be the generators of a symmetry group SU(n) of the Lagrangian of the embedding. This means embedding has n flavors. Then I introduce spontaneous symmetry breaking in the theory and define the direction along which the symmetry breaking occurs as time. Next I write down the modified Einstein’s equation including the embedding. Then I discuss embedding’s relation to the expansion of the universe. After that I construct an inflationary scenario with embedding as inflaton and discuss its connection to Starobinsky $$R^{2}$$ R 2 model. Finally, I discuss the effect of inflation on the non-commutativity of the spacetime.

scholarly journals Inverse Seesaw, dark matter and the Hubble tension

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fernandez-Martinez ◽  
M. Pierre ◽  
E. Pinsard ◽  
S. Rosauro-Alcaraz
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Lepton Number ◽  
Neutrino Masses ◽  
Sterile Neutrinos ◽  
Seesaw Mechanism ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Matter Component

AbstractWe consider the inverse Seesaw scenario for neutrino masses with the approximate Lepton number symmetry broken dynamically by a scalar with Lepton number two. We show that the Majoron associated to the spontaneous symmetry breaking can alleviate the Hubble tension through its contribution to $$\Delta N_\text {eff}$$ Δ N eff and late decays to neutrinos. Among the additional fermionic states required for realizing the inverse Seesaw mechanism, sterile neutrinos at the keV-MeV scale can account for all the dark matter component of the Universe if produced via freeze-in from the decays of heavier degrees of freedom.

A SCALAR-TENSOR THEORY FOR INDUCED GRAVITY

1987 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. BOUTALEB-J. ◽  
A. L. MARRAKCH
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Gravitational Constant ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Scalar Tensor Theory ◽  
Energy Limit ◽  
Potential Minimum ◽  
Induced Gravity ◽  
Tensor Theory ◽  
The Universe

A scalar-tensor theory for induced gravity is presented. Einstein's gravity appears as the low-energy limit of such a theory. It is shown that the spontaneous symmetry breaking can occur at any epoch of the universe and that this mechanism can also be responsible for breaking the unified gauge group SU(5) into SU (3) × SU (2) × U (1). Also, it is shown that, if the spontaneous symmetry breaking is accomplished by means of the Coleman-Weinberg potential minimum, the induced gravitational constant can, with a suitable choice of the coupling function, increase as one dates back.

scholarly journals The universe from a single particle. Part II

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Freedman ◽  
Modjtaba Shokrian Zini
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Higgs Mechanism ◽  
Ginzburg Landau ◽  
Tensor Decompositions ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
The Universe

Abstract We continue to explore, in the context of a toy model, the hypothesis that the interacting universe we see around us could result from single particle (undergraduate) quantum mechanics via a novel spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) acting at the level of probability distributions on Hamiltonians (rather than on states as is familiar from both Ginzburg-Landau superconductivity and the Higgs mechanism). In an earlier paper [1] we saw qubit structure emerge spontaneously on ℂ4 and ℂ8, and in this work we see ℂ6 spontaneously decomposing as ℂ2 ⊗ ℂ3 and very curiously ℂ5 (and ℂ7) splitting off one (one or three) directions and then factoring. This evidence provides additional support for the broad hypothesis: Nature will seek out tensor decompositions where none are present. We consider how this finding may form a basis for the origins of interaction and ask if it can be related to established foundational discussions such as string theory.

Spontaneously Broken Symmetries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Iliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Goldstone Boson ◽  
Massless Particle ◽  
Heisenberg Ferromagnet ◽  
Symmetric State ◽  
Broken Symmetries ◽  
Physical Particle

In this chapter we present the solution to the problem of mass. It is based on the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). We first give the example of buckling, a typical example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in classical physics. We extract the main features of the phenomenon, namely the instability of the symmetric state and the degeneracy of the ground state. The associated concepts of the critical point and the order parameter are deduced. A more technical exposition is given in a separate section. Then we move to a quantum physics example, that of the Heisenberg ferromagnet. We formulate Goldstone’s theorem which associates a massless particle, the Goldstone boson, to the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the last section we present the mechanism of Brout–Englert–Higgs (BEH). We show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in the presence of gauge interactions makes it possible for particles to become massive. The remnant of the mechanism is the appearance of a physical particle, the BEH boson, which we identify with the particle discovered at CERN.

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