scholarly journals Factor Assocoated with Stigma Towards People Living With HIV/AID Among Nursing Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Anselmus Aristo Parut ◽  
I Gusti Ayu Puja Astuti Dewi ◽  
Pw Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Learning Program ◽  
Prior Learning ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recognition Of Prior Learning ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS is a problem in control, prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Stigma by health care worker in hospital is one of the  main challenges in preventing and manage HIV/AIDS especially in developing country. Methods : this is a cross-sectional study, respondents were bachelor of nursing students program regular, program transfer and recognition of prior learning program. We used KQ-18 questionnaire to assess HIV/AIDS related knowledge,  belief and values questionnaire to asses religiosity, modified Nurse AIDS Attitude Scale to assess stigma and stigma perception in workplace. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Descriptive statistics were conducted to summarize the sample characteristics. Results: A total 132 nursing students participated, recognition of prior learning nursing students have higher knowledge about HIV/AIDS (mean=13,84), bachelor of nursing students regular program have higher stigma (mean=96,30), person correlation analysis showed that there is a significant correlations between knowledge and stigma towards people living with HIV ( p= 0,001), regression analysis showed that p value = 0,000 which mean that educational background, work experiences and knowledge simultaneously affect stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Conclusions : the finding of this research showed high magnitude of stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS among nursing students, training and continuing education are needed to improve knowledge and reduce stigma towards people living with HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals Respons Orang Hidup Dengan HIV AIDS (OHIDHA) Dalam Upaya Penanggulangan HIV AIDS di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Grobogan

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Arrum Firda Ayu Maqfiroch ◽  
Zahroh Shaluhiyah
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Status ◽  
Keywords Aids ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRAKPenanggulangan HIV AIDS membutuhkan keterlibatan dari berbagai pihak. Salah satu pihak yang terlibat adalah OHIDHA. OHIDHA merupakan anggota keluarga yang hidup bersama ODHA dan memberikan dukungan kepada ODHA. Stigma di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Grobogan masih tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apakah yang menentukan respons OHIDHA dalam upaya penanggulangan HIV AIDS di Kabupaten Sukoharjo dan Grobogan.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan data kuantitatif melalui wawancara dengan kuesioner. Penelitian ini didukung dengan penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan data FGD. Jumlah responden adalah 92 OHIDHA, proporsi 50% dan selang kepercayaan 95%. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi, bivariat menggunakan Chi-Square dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan respons OHIDHA adalah hubungan dengan ODHA (p-value=0,001), lama hidup dengan ODHA (p-value=0,030), lama mengetahui status ODHA (p-value=0,001) dan sikap (p-value=0,005). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa sikap (p-value=0,006) merupakan variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh paling signifikan dibanding variabel lainnya.Kata Kunci : OHIDHA, respons, Grobogan, Sukoharjo Respons of People Living With HIV AIDS to Control HIV and AIDS in Sukoharjo and Grobogan District; Controlling HIV and AIDS requird the involvement of various sector. One of the sector involved is People Living With HIV AIDS (PLWHA).  PLWHA is a family member who lives with people living with HIV and provide support to people living with HIV. Stigma in Sukoharjo and Grobogan still high. This study aims to determine the factors that determine whether the PLWHA response in control to HIV and AIDS in Sukoharjo Grobogan. This research was a quantitative study with cross sectional approach. Quantitative data collection techniques through interviews with questionnaires . This research was supported by qualitative research with FGD. The number of respondents was 92 PLWHA, the proportion of 50% and 95% confidence interval . Analysis of the data using univariate analysis with frequency distribution, bivariate using Chi-Square and multivariate using logistic regression. The results showed that the variables related to the PLWHA response is a relationship with people living with HIV ( p = 0,001 ) , long life with people living with HIV ( p = 0.030 ) , longer know the status of PLWHA ( 0.001 ) and attitude ( p = 0.005 ). Multivariate analysis showed that the attitude (p value = 0,006) was a variable that has the most significant effect compared to other variables .Keywords : AIDS , response , Grobogan , Sukoharjo

scholarly journals Relationship between Information Skills and Antiretroviral Adherence in People Living With HIV/AIDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Novianti Lailiah ◽  
Nursalam Nursalam ◽  
Ninuk Dian Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antiretroviral Adherence ◽  
Information Skills ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction: Adherence in ARV therapy is an important mechanism in preventing drug resistance. The level of adherence is influenced by several factors, one of which is the information skills factor. This study aims to analyze the relationship between information skills and ARV adherence in People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).Method: This was a cross-sectional approach with a sample size of 100 respondents who were selected through simple random sampling technique. The inclusion criteria for respondents were PLWHA who were undergoing ARV therapy, cooperative, aged 20-60 years. The instrument used was information skills questionnaire and Medical Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and logistic regression test with p value ≤ 0.05.Results: Information skills were  associated with ARV adherence (p = 0.01). Information skills consisting of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and ARV therapy can increase ARV adherence in PLWHA with indicators taking drugs regularly and have medical control on schedule.Conclusions: The information skills factor has an effect on ARV adherence. Increasing information skills can be done through educational activities or peer-group support aimed at gaining insight into disease and treatment, especially for newly diagnosed PLWHA.

scholarly journals Quality of Life People Living with HIV/AIDS and Its Characteristic from a VCT Centre in Indonesia

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Handayani ◽  
Nita Yunianti Ratnasari ◽  
Putri Halimu Husna ◽  
Marni . ◽  
Tantut Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND: The quality of life (QoL) construct has also contributed to understanding the comprehension of factors involved in the existence of people infected by the HIV/AIDS. The objective of this study is to assess the quality of life (QoL) of people with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Wonogiri District, Indonesia.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2017. Convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 39 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) of Wonogiri, Indonesia. Research data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire of WHOQOL-HIV BREF. The data were further analysed using a ttest and a Chi-square test, while linear regression was used to evaluate factors that correlate with the PLWHAs’ quality of life.RESULTS: The results showed that the gross mean score of social relationships domain is 13.59; psychological domain is 13.31;environment domain is 13.28; spiritual/personal beliefs domainis 13.15; physical domain is 13.10; and level of independence domain is 13.77. The symptom of HIV is associated with quality of life (B =7.611, β = 0.362, t = 2,046, p value = 0.049).CONCLUSION: Healthcare provider should increase providerinitiated testing and counselling (PITC) to contracting group, high risk group, susceptible group, and the community. The PLWHA are recommended to actively participate in peer support groups (PSGs) so that they can improve their quality of life.

scholarly journals ASSESSING HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN MAKASSAR CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Framita Rahman ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Since it was first discovered HIV / AIDS has became a very serious global challenge. Indonesia is one of the countries that have a high percentage of people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA). A quarter of the total cases of HIV / AIDS in Indonesia are in the adolescences, range of 15-24 years, where most of the undergraduate students (S1) are in this vulnerable age group. Adolescence is a developmental stage that being marked by a great curiosity about the problem of sexuality. This great curiosity is usually not accompanied by adequate knowledge about the issue of sexuality. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge about HIV / AIDS and sexual behavior of undergraduate students in Makassar City. The research method that has been used was cross-sectional, using stratified random sampling method to determine the research sample. There are 536 respondents from 3 universities in Makassar City. The results of this study found that the level of knowledge of students about HIV / AIDS was good at 75.4% (404 respondents) and 24.6% (132 respondents) were poorly informed. Students with no-risk sexual behavior were 346 respondents (64.6%) and 190 respondents were at risk (35.4). Bivariate test results found there was no relationship between knowledge about HIV / AIDS with sexual behavior of undergraduate students with p value 0.155. From this study it can be concluded that knowledge about HIV / AIDS does not affect the sexual behavior of undergraduate students in Makassar City. It is important to look at other factors that might influence undergraduate student sexual behavior.

scholarly journals Quality of sleep and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS on follow up at Ethiopian Zewditu Memorial Hospital,2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebiyu Mengistu ◽  
Telake Azale ◽  
Solomon Yimer ◽  
Mahilet Fikreyesus ◽  
Elsa Melaku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
P Value ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background Sleep disturbance is a common complaint in people living with HIV/AIDS. Those individuals with it are less likely to adhere to their antiretroviral therapy regimens, have decreased quality of life, have decreased work productivity as well as it may increase the risk for psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular morbidity and disease progression. However, it is not well studied in Ethiopia. Methods An institution based cross-sectional study was utilized among 408 participants selected by systematic sampling technique. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was used to measure sleep quality. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted. Odds ratios (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI)) was computed to assess the strength of association. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The magnitude of poor sleep quality was 55.6%. Being female [AOR = 3.40, 95% CI: (1.80, 6.41)], depression [AOR = 3.52, 95% CI: (1.95, 6.32)], CD4count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 [AOR = 3.18,95%CI: (1.65,6.13)], duration of HIV/AIDS diagnosis [AOR = 3.43,95% CI: (1.61,7.29)], current use of tobacco [AOR = 5.69, 95% CI: (2.04,15.9)] and chat or caffeinated drinks [AOR = 2.65, 95% CI: (1.06,6.64)] and poor sleep hygiene [AOR = 3.55, 95% CI: (1.85, 6.78)] were significantly associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusions More than half of the study participants were found to have poor sleep quality. Routine screening of sleep condition among people living with HIV/AIDS and early intervention based on the findings is suggested.

Hubungan Jumlah Viral Load dengan Kejadian TBC pada Pasien HIV/AIDS yang Mendapatkan Terapi ARV

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Andri Baedowi ◽  
Zulfian ◽  
Hetti Rusmini ◽  
Toni Prasetia
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Tuberculosis Case ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Viral Load (VL) is a direct indicator of the total amount of cells produced by the virus in a person infected with HIV. TB becomes a challenge for controlling Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) because it is the most opportunistic infection in people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA). TB can increase HIV progression and the risk of death for people living with HIV. Immunosuppression can increase the likelihood that dormant TB germs reactivate. The pathogenesis of TB infection in HIV patients is directly related to the decline in the immune system, specifically CD4 T lymphocytes. HIV infection will cause a decrease in CD4 T lymphocytes thereby reducing the immunological response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This will result in reactivation from the latent period of TB to an active infection. This study conducted to discover the relationship between the amount of viral load and the tuberculosis case in HIV / AIDS patients that undertake ARV therapy at RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2019. Observational analytic approach with cross sectional design was used in this present study.  The data taken is secondary data from the medical record of HIV / AIDS patients in Dr. H. Abdul Moeloek Lampung Province in 2019. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling method and it was obtained a total sample of 196 people. The data was analyzed through Chi Square test. There was a significant relationship between the amount of viral load in HIV / AIDS patients and the tuberculosis case (p-value = 0.004). From the analysis above, it was obtained OR value = 2.52 which represents that patients who have a viral load ≥ 10,000 have a risk of 2.52 times to encounter TB. A high amount of Viral Load can cause immunosuppression in the host and increase the virulence of TB microbes.

scholarly journals Predictors of Discrimination Towards People Living With HIV/ AIDS Among People Aged 15–49 Years in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Yitayish Damtie ◽  
Bereket Kefale ◽  
Melaku Yalew
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Community Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract BackgroundThere is limited national representative evidence on determinants of discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS especially, community level factors are not investigated in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess individual and community level factors associated with discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS among 15 to 49 age people in Ethiopia.MethodA secondary data analysis was done on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey dataset which were collected cross-sectional. A total of 25,927 15 to 49 age people were included in the analysis. Multi-level mixed-effect logistic regression analysis was done by STATA version 14.0 to identify individual and community-level factors. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength and direction of association and statistical significance was declared at P value less than 0.05.Resultfrom individual variables, female [AOR=1.47, 95% CI= (1.18, 1.83)], rural dwellers [AOR=1.65, 95% CI= ( 1.23, 2.21)], not attend education[AOR=5.88,95% CI= (4.50, 7.67)], attending primary education [AOR=3.03, 95% CI= (2.40, 3.81)] and attending secondary education [AOR=1.48, 95% CI= ( 1.19, 1.82)] have discrimination attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS. From community level factors, live in low proportion of educated communities [AOR=1.33, 95% CI= (1.01, 1.65)], live in low proportion of HIV tested communities [AOR=1.61, 95% CI= (1.33, 1.93)] were significantly associated with people living with HIV/AIDS.Conclusionsex of the respondent, religion, educational status, house hold wealth index, marital status, media exposure, internet use, HIV test status, region, residence, community level of education and community level of HIV test status have significant association with HIV related stigma in Ethiopia. Improving educational coverage, improving community level HIV/AIDS test coverage are important interventions to reduce discrimination towards people living with HIV/AIDS in the country.

PERAN WARGA PEDULI AIDS CAHAYA CARE TUREN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS HIDUP ODHA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Nurhudi Sasono
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract : Indicator of the health welfare through Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) is to reduce the incidence of HIV-AIDS, decrease the rate of the epidemic and maintain the quality of life of people living with HIV-AIDS (PLWHA). Trend cases of HIV-AIDS is the most recent spread among people, especially housewives. In Malang until 2015 found 278 Housewife of 409 cases of AIDS. The prevalence of HIV-AIDS in Malang Regency is ranked second after Surabaya city in East Java. For the importance of public participation and citizen care AIDS Cahaya Care Turen take responsibility for the condition. Determination Rule Goverment number 2 2015 year on the Participation of the community response to HIV-AIDS in Malang as a legal rule. Concerned Citizens activities AIDS (WPA). WPA Cahaya Care Turen is increases HIV risk and quality of life PLWHA. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Citizens AIDS Cahaya Care Quality of Care Turen against people living with HIV in Puskesmas Turen Malang. The study design using a quasi-experimental, with purposive sampling using a sampling technique. Total number of research subjects 23. Based on test results obtained with the Wilcoxon p value <0.005, which means that there is a significant difference before and after PLWHA joining participated in the WPA Cahaya Care Turen. The conclusion of this study is WPA activities involving people living with HIV and at risk groups can optimize compliance with antiretroviral drugs that have an impact on improving the quality of life of PLHIV. Suggestions in this research is done WPA Program activities are structured and ongoing cross-sector in order to improve the quality of life and empower PLWHA.Keywords : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, Quality of life, PLWHA Abstrak : Salah satu indikator kesejahteraan kesehatan melalui Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menekan angka kejadian HIV-AIDS, menurunkan laju epidemik dan mempertahankan kualitas hidup Orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA). Trend kasus HIV-AIDS terkini terbanyak adalah menjangkit dikalangan masyarakat khususnya pada ibu rumah tangga. Kabupaten Malang sampai dengan tahun 2015 ditemukan 278 Ibu Rumah Tangga dari 409 kasus AIDS. Prevalensi HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang ini merupakan peringkat kedua di Jawa Timur setelah Kota Surabaya. Untuk itu pentingnya peran serta masyarakat dan warga peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap kondisi tersebut. Penetapan Peraturan Bupati Malang no.2 th.2015 tentang Peran serta masyarakat penanggulangan HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang diharapkan dapat mengurangi risiko penularan HIV dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup ODHA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peran Warga Peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen terhadap Kualitas ODHA Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Turen Kabupaten Malang. Desain penelitian menggunakan quasi eksperimen, dengan teknik sampling menggunakan purposive sampling. Jumlah subyek penelitian sejumlah 23. Berdasarkan hasil uji dengan Wilcoxon didapatkan nilai p value < 0.005 yang berarti bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna sebelum dan sesudah ODHA bergabung mengikuti kegiatan WPA Cahaya Care Turen. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah kegiatan WPA dengan melibatkan ODHA dan kelompok beresiko dapat mengoptimalkan kepatuhan obat ART sehingga berdampak terhadap peningkatan kualitas hidup ODHA. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukannya Program kegiatan WPA yang terstruktur dan berkesinambungan lintas sektor guna meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan memberdayakan ODHA.     Kata kunci : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, kualitas hidup, ODHA

scholarly journals Food consumption and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): a case of Thika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Nafula Kuria
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractObjectiveTo establish the food consumption, dietary habits and nutritional status of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and adults whose HIV status is not established.DesignCross-sectional descriptive survey.SettingThika and Bungoma Districts, Kenya.SubjectsA random sample of 439 adults; 174 adults living with HIV/AIDS and 265 adults whose HIV/AIDS status was not established in Thika and Bungoma Districts.ResultsMajority of PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to build up the immune system and help maintain adequate weight, and there is little variety in the foods they consume. More adults who are HIV-positive are undernourished than those whose status is not established. Of the HIV-positive adults, those with a BMI of ≤18·5 kg/m2 were 23·6 % (Thika 20·0 % and Bungoma 25·7 %) while of the adults whose status is not established those with BMI ≤ 18·5 kg/m2 were 13·9 % (Thika 9·3 % and Bungoma 16·7 %).ConclusionsAdults who are HIV-positive are more likely to be undernourished than those whose status is not established, as there is a significant difference (P = 0·000) between the nutritional status (BMI) of PLWHA and those whose HIV/AIDS status is not established. PLWHA consume foods that are low in nutrients to promote their nutritional well-being and health.

scholarly journals Quality of life of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS in outpatient follow-up

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano de Souza Caliari ◽  
Lilian Andreia Fleck Reinato ◽  
Daiana Patrícia Marchetti Pio ◽  
Letícia Pimenta Lopes ◽  
Renata Karina Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze factors related to the quality of life of elderly people living with HIV/AIDS. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with people aged 50 years or more in a specialized outpatient clinic. The data collection was by means of an interview. For the analysis of data and characterization of the sample, descriptive statistics and comparison tests were used. The project met the ethical requirements. Results: Participants were 81 users aged 50 to 75 years, mean age was 57.8 (± 6.1) years, 71.6% of whom were men. There was a statistically significant relationship with the quality of life, the following variables: gender, children, occupation, religion, diagnosis time, HIV exposure, adverse effects, treatment interruption, viral load counts, hospitalization, dependence for daily activities and use of drugs. Conclusion: The results suggest that the quality of life deficit is related not only to physical changes, but to the anguish and stigma related to HIV/AIDS.

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