scholarly journals THEORETICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE DEFINITION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY AS MONEY

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
Ihor Honak
Keyword(s):  
Payment Systems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Monetary Aggregate ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
New Type ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Low Prevalence

Purpose. The aim of the article is elaboration of theoretical and practical aspects of definition and functioning of cryptocurrencies as money. Methodology of research. The following methods were used in the study: statistical analysis and comparison – in the study of problematic aspects of the definition of cryptocurrency as a kind of money; logical assessment – in substantiating the principles of determining cryptocurrency as a kind of money; generalization – in the process of formulating conclusions based on the results of the analysis. Findings. It is established that money is a financial asset with high liquidity, which can be quickly converted into paper money or coins, serve as an intermediary in money circulation (i.e. play the role of equivalent in exchange) and can be used for savings and therefore anything that can function as money, are money (including cryptocurrency coins). It is substantiated that cryptocurrency coins, as a type of money, perform the following functions: there is a potential to perform the function of a measure of value after reducing the significant volatility of the value of cryptocurrencies; partly as a medium of exchange due to high volatility, regulatory resistance and low prevalence, but prevalence will increase as traditional payment systems begin to integrate cryptocurrencies, cryptocurrencies have high convenience and inclusiveness, have the potential to reduce transaction costs, increase settlement speeds, develop cryptocurrency markets and increasing their prevalence; due to opposition from ESG investors and regulators, low confidence from a significant number of citizens (especially over the age of forty) and a significant speculative component of cryptocurrency coins, only partially serve as a means of accumulation, however, the demand for cryptocurrencies from investors is constantly growing. Originality. The definition of cryptocurrency (cryptocurrency coin, cryptocoin) as a new digital type of money, which can measure the value of goods, services and other currencies, used for circulation, savings and investment, protected by cryptographic code with the inability to counterfeit or copy, and issue which everyone has the opportunity with the Internet and the necessary equipment with complete anonymity of the issuer (miner). Practical value. The main results of the conducted study will create favourable conditions for a better understanding of cryptocurrency as a new type of money, which will allow them to be more widely used in the economic activities of businesses and countries. Key words: money, cryptocurrency, cryptocoin, cryptocurrency coin, mining, cryptocurrency functions, Ethereum, Monero, monetary aggregate.

scholarly journals Language in social reproduction: Sociolinguistics and sociosemiotics

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 43-81
Author(s):  
Patrizia Calefato
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
New Type ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper focuses on the semiotic foundations of sociolinguistics. Starting from the definition of “sociolinguistics” given by the philosopher Adam Schaff, the paper examines in particular the notion of “critical sociolinguistics” as theorized by the Italian semiotician Ferruccio Rossi-Landi. The basis of the social dimension of language are to be found in what Rossi-Landi calls “social reproduction” which regards both verbal and non-verbal signs. Saussure’s notion of langue can be considered in this way, with reference not only to his Course of General Linguistics, but also to his Harvard Manuscripts.The paper goes on trying also to understand Roland Barthes’s provocative definition of semiology as a part of linguistics (and not vice-versa) as well as developing the notion of communication-production in this perspective. Some articles of Roman Jakobson of the sixties allow us to reflect in a manner which we now call “socio-semiotic” on the processes of transformation of the “organic” signs into signs of a new type, which articulate the relationship between organic and instrumental. In this sense, socio-linguistics is intended as being sociosemiotics, without prejudice to the fact that the reference area must be human, since semiotics also has the prerogative of referring to the world of non-human vital signs.Socio-linguistics as socio-semiotics assumes the role of a “frontier” science, in the dual sense that it is not only on the border between science of language and the anthropological and social sciences, but also that it can be constructed in a movement of continual “crossing frontiers” and of “contamination” between languages and disciplinary environments.

scholarly journals ROLE OF MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Bondarenko ◽  
Viktoriia Vasiuta ◽  
Kateryna Pisarenko
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Marketing Communications ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Integrated Marketing ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Communications System

The article deals with the question of the influence of marketing communications on consumer behavior. Today, in order to increase sales, it is no longer enough for companies to just improve their product or service, improve its quality. Among all marketing tools, marketing communications play a special role. The relevance of the topic is due to the need for a theoretical substantiation of the influence of the marketing communication environment on consumer behavior. The purpose of the article is to study the role of marketing communications and their impact on consumer behavior. As a result of this study, the role of marketing communications in the formation of consumer behavior has been substantiated from the standpoint of the main theories and concepts that form the subject areas of marketing communications research. The effectiveness of marketing policy depends on the correct choice of communication tools. The tools of the communication complex are highlighted and characterized. It has been proved that marketing communications influence the formation of consumer behavior in three aspects: informational, emotional, and behavioral. The scientific approaches of scientists to the definition of the process of making a consumer’s decision to purchase are analyzed. The stages of the consumer’s decision-making process to purchase a product are highlighted. Today, integrated marketing communications are considered more effective. They represent the most complete marketing communications system that includes all elements from advertising to packaging. Special attention is paid to the issue of the effectiveness of the impact of marketing communications on consumer behavior. The sequence of determining the effectiveness of the impact of marketing communications on consumer behavior is indicated. It is noted that for effective promotion of goods, only the informational component of communications is not enough. When developing a marketing communications system, it is necessary to take into account personal values. This will increase the degree of influence on consumer behavior. The main goal of marketing communications is to motivate consumer behavior. The use of modern marketing communications through a variety of means can increase the effectiveness of influencing consumer behavior.

scholarly journals From cash to central bank digital currencies and cryptocurrencies: a balancing act between modernity and monetary stability

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Belke ◽  
Edoardo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Payment Instruments ◽  
Tier System

PurposeThe paper explores the precarious balance between modernizing monetary systems by means of digital currencies (either issued by the central bank itself or independently) and safeguarding financial stability as also ensured by tangible payment (and saving) instruments like paper money.Design/methodology/approachWhich aspects of modern payment systems could contribute to improve the way of functioning of today's globalized economy? And, which might even threaten the above-mentioned instable equilibrium? This survey paper aims, precisely, at giving some preliminary answers to a complex – therefore, ongoing – debate at scientific as well as banking and political levels.FindingsThe coexistence of State's money (i.e. “legal tender”) and cryptocurrencies can have a disciplining effect on central banks. Nevertheless, there are still high risks connected to the introduction of central bank digital currency, which should be by far not considered to be a perfect substitute of current cash. At the same time, cryptocurrencies issued by central banks might be exposed to the drawbacks of cryptocurrencies without benefiting from correspondingly strong advantages. A well-governed two-tier system to be achieved through innovation in payment infrastructures might be, in turn, more preferable. Regulated competition by new players combined with “traditional” deposits and central bank elements remains essential, although central banks should embrace the technologies underlying cryptocurrencies, because risk payment service providers could move to other currency areas considered to be more appealing for buyers and sellers.Research limitations/implicationsWe do not see specific limitations besides the fact that the following is for sure a broad field of scientific research to be covered, which is at the same time at the origin of ongoing developments and findings. Originality and implications of the paper are, instead, not only represented by its conclusions (which highlight the role of traditional payment instruments and stress why the concept of “money” still has to have specific features) but also by its approach of recent literature's review combined with equally strong logical-analytical insights.Practical implicationsIn the light of these considerations, even the role of traditional payment systems like paper money is by far not outdated or cannot be – at this point, at least – replaced by central bank digital currencies (whose features based on dematerialization despite being issued and guaranteed by a public authority are very different).Social implicationsNo matter which form it might assume is what differentiates economic from barter transactions. This conclusion is by far not tautological or self-evident since the notion of money has historically been a great object of scientific discussion. In the light of increasingly modern payment instruments, there is no question that money and the effectiveness of related monetary policies have to be also explored from a social perspective according to different monetary scenarios, ranging from central bank digital currencies to private currencies and cash restrictions/abolition.Originality/valueThe originality/value of the following article is represented by the fact that it (1) refers to some of the most relevant and recent contributions to this research field, (2) moves from payment systems in general to their newest trends like cryptocurrencies, cash restrictions (or, even, abolition proposals) and monetary policy while (3) combining all elements to reach a common picture. The paper aims at being a comprehensive contribution dealing with "money" in its broadest but also newest sense.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC INTEREST OF AN ENTERPRISE IN ECONOMIC SECURITY CONCEPT

2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
BOGMA Olena ◽  
SILAKOVA Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Economic Interest ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Background. Ensuring the necessary and sufficient level of economic security is one of the most important issues for any enterprise. The conceptual bases of the theory of eco­nomic safety of the enterprise defines the strategy, tactics and mechanism of its maintenance, so it is very important to understand the essence of "economic interest" concept. The aim of the article is to clarify the content of the "economic interest of the enter­prise" concept and systematize the main essential characteristics of the definition. Materials and мethods. The questions of theoretical substantiation of the research object are based on general and special methods of cognition such as historical, abstract-logical and comparative. Methods of analysis and synthesis, analogies, system approach are used as a concept to determine the essential characteristics of the definition of"eco­nomic interest of the enterprise". Method of theoretical generalization and formulation of deductions have been used to draw conclusions. Results. Studies of the terminological principles of determining the economic inte­rest of the enterprise have established a large number of scientists’ opinions on the content of this concept. They are grouped into five main approaches – the appropriate goal; certain material (non-material) good; the need or system of needs of the entity; expression of rela­tions between the respective subjects; motivation and stimulus of the subject. Therefore, it is proposed to consider the economic interests of the enterprise, based on the awareness of their carriers of their own economic needs. The study clarified the main essential cha­racteristics of "economic interest of the enterprise" the concept, which includes the fact that economic interests are a form of manifestation of economic needs; personalized and sub­jec­tive nature of economic interests; focus on obtaining various benefits; awareness of the impact of media on the economic system and economic processes; dual nature of economic interests. Conclusion. We clarified the definition of economic interests of the enterprise. It is proposed to consider the concept as the perceived needs of their carriers, which can be met through economic activities and encourage them to influence directly or indirectly the com­ponents of the domestic economic system in order to obtain certain benefits.

scholarly journals РОЛЬ ФИНАНСОВЫХ КОНТРОЛЕРОВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ КРЕДИТНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

2017 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Oleg Aleksandrovich Klokar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Definition Of

The development of multi-vector economy, effective implementation of reforms in this sphere as well as improvement of living standards is impossible without a qualitative operation of financial controlling services, especially at agricultural enterprises. However, the lack of effective state support in this area as well as professional financial controllers in the agrarian sector had a negative impact not only on the resource provision, but also the whole profitability of enterprises in the industry. Therefore, at the present stage of development of Ukrainian agrarian sector the topical issue is definition of common principles for the implementation of effective financial and credit policy at the agricultural industry of the economy. Given the topicality of the above issue and lack of its study, the main purpose of this Research is a determination of the role of financial controllers staff in the formation of the credit policy of agricultural enterprises and measures for its enhancement. As a result of the analysis, we have found that financial controlling together with all its components provides for timely reflection and provision of information on financial and economic activities to external and internal users by experts for the purpose of further planning and implementation of their management decisions. In addition, taking into account the above approach, we have identified the main stages in the formation of the credit policy at agricultural enterprises with the participation of controlling services staff. They include both financial controllers’ analysis of an agricultural enterprise activity on the possibility of its crediting and scientific and practical approaches to the implementation of specific credit policies. We also have found that, first of all, it is necessary to involve financial controllers in all micro and macro credit development processes in order to increase the role of controlling services in the formation of the credit policy at agricultural enterprises. The above approach is comprehensive and provides the conditions for a differential study of the problem of the effective financial controllers’ performance at enterprises of the agrarian sector of the economy at both national and regional levels.

Rossby wave energy: a local Eulerian isotropic invariant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Maas ◽  
Rudolf Kloosterziel
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Beta Plane ◽  
Potential Part ◽  
New Type ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pseudo Potential

<p>Conservation laws relate the local<span>  </span>time-rate-of-change of the spatial integral of a density function to the divergence of its<span>  </span>flux through the boundaries of the integration domain. These provide integral constraints on the spatio-temporal development<span>  </span>of a field. Here we show<span>  </span>that<span>  </span>a new type of conserved quantity exists, that does not require integration over a particular domain but which holds locally,<span>  </span>at any point in the field.<span>  </span>This is derived for the pseudo-energy density of<span>  </span>nondivergent Rossby waves where<span>  </span>local invariance is obtained for (1) a single plane wave, and (2) waves produced by an impulsive point-source of vorticity.<span> </span></p><p>The definition of pseudo-energy used here<span>  </span>consists of a conventional kinetic part, as well as an unconventional pseudo-potential part, proposed by<span>  </span>Buchwald (1973).<span>  </span>The anisotropic nature of the nondivergent energy flux that appears in response to the point source further clarifies the role of the beta plane in the<span>  </span>observed western intensification of ocean currents.<span> </span></p>

scholarly journals Ethical problems of restoration and expert activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Revenok
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Definition Of

The purpose of the article is to highlight the ethical problems and requirements for the restoration of historical and cultural monuments in the practical work of a museum restorer, to identify scientific and methodological issues in the preservation of works of museum value, to determine the need for a theoretical analysis of international codes for the restoration, conservation, and examination of monuments. The methodology is based on the historical-comparative method; the method of art history analysis for the processing of historical, cultural, scientific literature. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the theoretical substantiation of the conclusions regarding the limits of permissible restoration intervention. Conclusions. Scientific restoration is inextricably linked with a comprehensive study of works of art, the conditions of its existence in a cultural and historical context. The discrepancy in the definition of the concept of «restoration» provides a more accurate formulation and pays attention to the tasks and methods of restoration. The development of international codes of ethics, domestic laws in the context of the study of terms such as «restoration», «conservation», «expertise» shows that all regulatory documents emphasize the special role of the restorer, who must constantly improve his professional skills.

scholarly journals CAPITAL OF ENTERPRISE: SHORTCOMINGS OF DEFINITION OF ITS ESSENCE AND REFLECTION OF CIRCULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Alla Meish
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Statistical Indicators ◽  
Is Value

The article focuses on the different understanding of the category of capital and the reflection of its circulation by scholars. These divergences are not only terminological but also semantic. The relevance of the given article proceeds from the necessity of clarification of their essence. The purpose of the article is determined as an attempt to substantiate author's views on the essence of capital that is the research object. Based on contextual approach as a main research methodology, and also using deductive method, structural-logical and economic-statistical analysis, it is proved that capital is value of fixed and circulating assets, and the disjunction of these categories is mistaken. The studies of the statistical indicators of some Ukrainian enterprises confirm that misunderstanding of the essence of capital, and especially its circulation in the process of economic activity may lead to bankruptcy of enterprises rather than to their development. The research results will contribute both to improving the teaching of economic disciplines through greater clarity of the mentioned categories, and promotion of business development, as it will allow enterprise to clearly understand the role of capital in carrying out the economic activities of enterprises and thereby actively influence the implementation of its circulation.

scholarly journals Concepts and types of funding of political parties

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
V.V. Dzhugan
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Private Donations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Party Funding

The article analyzes the doctrinal approaches to the definition of "financing of political parties", its relationship with such related concepts as "financial activities of the party", "financial support of political parties", "financing of political activities". While in the legislation of Ukraine there is no definition of the concept of "financing of political parties", in the scientific literature various interpretations of this concept are offered. Some approaches do not take into account the fact that the provision of funds to parties must take place in accordance with the requirements of current legislation, which establishes the procedure, limits and amounts of funding for political parties. Another disadvantage of these definitions is that they do not reflect the role of public authorities in relation to both the financing itself and in relation to the implementation of state control over the financing of political parties. Other definitions do not reflect the role of political parties themselves in their funding. The synthesis of the obtained results allowed to offer an improved concept of "financing of political parties" as carried out in the manner and within the statutory activities of political parties, public authorities, individuals and legal entities, aimed at providing political parties with financial and other resources subject to financial evaluation. and what political parties need to achieve their goals and objectives. It is necessary to distinguish between the financing of the current (statutory) activities of political parties and the financing of their participation in elections. At the same time, the study and comparison of political party funding through the prism of analysis of sources of such funding is more productive and allows a broader and more comprehensive consideration of the peculiarities of political party funding in individual countries through analysis of their legislation. Therefore, it is necessary to support the validity of the position on the division of funding of political parties into types depending on the source of funds (property): self-financing (entrance and membership fees, income from party property, income from illicit economic activities), private (private donations) and public funding of political parties

THE ROLE OF SELF-MANAGED FIRMS IN THE INTELLECTUAL ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
R. I. KHABIBULLIN ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
New Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
System Intelligence ◽  
A Company

The article examines the intelligence of the company as the main factor and the result of the socio-economic activity of the enterprise. It is noted that the intelligence of a company depends on the quality of the subjects of the nano-level - the employees of the enterprise. In this regard, the role of modern forms of organization of economic activity and promising management practices, on the basis of which a new type of industrial relations is formed, which determines the system intelligence of enterprises, is analyzed. Self-managed (collective) enterprises are one of these perspective forms of management. It is shown that the development of intelligence is characterized by the formation of emancipative values of participants in democratic governance. At the same time, a high level of development of the company's employees participating in self-man-agement enhances the intelligence of the enterprise and reduces the transaction costs of conducting economic activities.

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