scholarly journals THE PERCEPTION OF LEGAL RISK AND ITS IMPACT ON THE BUSINESS OF SMES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Zuzana Virglerova ◽  
Francesca Conte ◽  
John Amoah ◽  
Maria Rita Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Legal Risk ◽  
Statistical Hypotheses ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Impact

One of the prerequisites for a favourable business environment is a stable legislative context and law enforcement. In particular, for SMEs, that do not have the financial resources for stable legal assistance, legal risk is becoming one of the most important business risks. The aim of this paper is to enrich the current scientific knowledge with a comparison of the impact of legal risk on SMEs in selected countries. The empirical research was conducted by Tomas Bata University in Zlín during 2019-2020. In total, 1935 SMEs completed the questionnaire and their responses were examined to fulfil the purpose of the paper. The four statistical hypotheses were analysed through statistical methods such as Z-score and Chi-square tests, with IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 used for data evaluation. Findings highlight that more than 50% of SMEs consider the management of legal risk as appropriate. Only 39% of SMEs consider the business environment as over-regulated. Almost 50% of entrepreneurs agree that their business is affected by frequent legislative changes but with no negative impact. There are statistically significant differences in consideration of legal risk between SMEs from the Czech Republic and the rest of the selected countries (Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Ukraine).

scholarly journals Perceiving of legal risk and the role of public sector in SMEs of V4 countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Zuzana VIRGLEROVÁ ◽  
Jaroslav BELÁS ◽  
Katarzyna KURZĘPA-DEDO ◽  
Tomáš KRULICKÝ
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Legal Risk ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
High Level

The public sector plays an important role in the process of creating a quality of business environment. The objective of the paper was to present new scientific knowledge in the field of legal risk in the SMEs sector of the V4 countries. For this purpose, weights of selected factors of legal risk were quantified and there were compared the trends of the Czech Republic with other V4 countries. Empirical research was conducted via questionnaire survey on a sample of 1.585 respondents. On the basis of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the level of legal risk in the V4 countries was relatively high; this risk negatively affects business activities in the SMEs of the V4 countries. A major part of enterprises in the V4 countries evaluate the legal risk as unacceptable. Entrepreneurs in the V4 countries negatively evaluated the fact that the dynamics of legislative changes is too intensive and has a negative impact on their business activities. SMEs in the V4 countries considered the business environment to be too strictly regulated. On the other hand, entrepreneurs showed a high level of self-confidence in the knowledge of basic legal norms in business. Legal risk is perceived differently in individual countries. The lowest intensity of legal risk is perceived by SMEs in Hungary; the highest level of perceiving legal risk was shown in Poland. Empirical research showed that the size of enterprise and education of entrepreneurs do not have a significant impact on the formation of entrepreneurs´ attitudes in terms of legal risk.

scholarly journals In the Same Boat, but not Equals: The Heterogeneous Effects of Indirect Taxation on Child Health in Punjab-Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiz Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe 2011 National Nutrition Survey of Pakistan revealed that 51% of the country’s population was consuming less than 2,100 calories a day. In the backdrop of rising food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition in Pakistan, this study aims to measure the effects of indirect taxation on health outcomes of children (<5 years). More specifically, the impact of the incidence of General Sales Tax (GST) in the province of Punjab has been estimated on a child’s height and weight. The proponents of the uniform GST argue that the tax would not affect children because most food items consumed by children are exempted from the GST. However, the opponents believe that households, especially those belonging to the lower-income group, would reallocate resources away from children in the face of higher GST. To study these effects, we utilized three different waves (2007–08, 2011 & 2014) of Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS). The results show that the tax incidence, and not the GST rate, has a significantly negative impact on children’s height-for-age Z-score (HAZ). No effect was found on the weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ). These results are robust to different specifications and exhibit considerable heterogeneity across different income groups. These findings suggest that the exemption of certain food items for children from the GST may not eliminate the negative effects of this tax on a child’s health. Thus, our study raises concerns about the long term welfare consequences of GST.

The Impact of the Business Environment on the Formalization of Informal Firms. The Case of Kosovo

Südosteuropa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-529
Author(s):  
Kujtim Zylfijaj ◽  
Dimitar Nikoloski ◽  
Nadine Tournois
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe research presented here investigates the impact of the business environment on the formalization of informal firms, using firm-level data for 243 informal firms in Kosovo. The findings indicate that business-environment variables such as limited access to financing, the cost of financing, the unavailability of subsidies, tax rates, and corruption have a significant negative impact on the formalization of informal firms. In addition, firm-level characteristics analysis suggests that the age of the firm also exercises a significant negative impact, whereas sales volume exerts a significant positive impact on the formalization of informal firms. These findings have important policy implications and suggest that the abolition of barriers preventing access to financing, as well as tax reforms and a consistent struggle against corruption may have a positive influence on the formalization of informal firms. On the other hand, firm owners should consider formalization to be a means to help them have greater opportunities for survival and growth.

scholarly journals DISPARITIES IN THE PERCEPTION OF BUSINESS RISKS IN CONNECTION WITH THE ACHIEVED EDUCATION OF THE OWNER/MANAGER AND DOING BUSINESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Ján Dvorský ◽  
Jaroslav Belás, Jr. ◽  
Gentjan Çera ◽  
Svitlana Bilan
Keyword(s):  
Employee Turnover ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Legal Risk ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Risk Sources ◽  
Statistical Hypotheses ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visegrád Countries

The article aims to identify disparities in the perception of business risks connected with the achieved education of the owner/manager and doing business in the SME segment. The study's empirical part was realised on 1585 fulfil questionnaires of SMEs in the Visegrad countries (V4). The Chi-square test and Z-test verified the formulated statistical hypotheses. The research results brought a common and different perception of business risks between the examined groups of entrepreneurs. The results showed that the relationship between education and the entrepreneur's business area is not a statistically significant factor in the perception of market, financial and legal risk sources. On the contrary, disparities are significant in the perception of selected sources of management, strategic and personnel risk, between groups of entrepreneurs regarding the relationship between education and the business of the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs whose education is related to the area of business perceive the sources of personnel risk (employee turnover and the effort of employees to increase their performance) more positively than entrepreneurs whose education is not related to business.

The Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Law Enforcement in States Surrounding Colorado

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle C. Ward ◽  
Paul A. Lucas ◽  
Alexandra Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Personal Perceptions ◽  
Recreational Marijuana ◽  
The Impact

Since the legalization of recreational marijuana occurred in Colorado, politicians, academics, and the public have been paying close attention to what impact, if any, the legalization of recreational marijuana has on crime, substance use and abuse, and state revenue gains. However, research has not identified the potential impact that marijuana legalization has had on law enforcement officers in neighboring states. This study used survey methodology to explore how the legalization of recreational marijuana in Colorado has affected law enforcement officers and their duties in states that border Colorado. Using multistage cluster sampling, municipal police departments and sheriff’s offices in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming were selected for inclusion in this study based off their proximity to Colorado and because none had legalized either medical or recreational marijuana at the time of this study. Results indicate that law enforcement officers view Colorado’s legalization of recreational marijuana as having a negative impact on their enforcement duties. Respondents note an increase in potency, perceived juvenile use, and strain on their resources as major issues they are now having to deal with. Analysis indicates that departments further away from Colorado perceive less of an impact than counties closer to Colorado’s border. Compared with Nebraska and Kansas, respondents from Wyoming perceived a larger impact on enforcement, but these differences were diminished when controlling for personal perceptions of marijuana.

Australian female athlete perceptions of the challenges associated with training and competing when menstrual symptoms are present

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-323
Author(s):  
Mike Armour ◽  
Kelly A Parry ◽  
Kylie Steel ◽  
Caroline A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Contraceptive Usage ◽  
Menstrual Symptoms ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

Coaches consider various competencies (e.g. conditioning, nutrition, skills and tactics), when planning sessions, though rarely the impact of menstruation on the efficacy of training and competition performance for athletes. Given the impact menstrual symptoms can have on athletes, the management strategies that athletes may use to minimise any potential impact, and the mechanisms that provide barriers to greater coach athlete interaction require investigation and consideration. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the strategies used by athletes to manage menstrual symptoms and the role coaches played in this process. An anonymous, 36-item questionnaire was developed and hosted on Qualtrics. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square statistics were used to analyse the data. One hundred and twenty-four valid responses from Australian athletes 16–45, with a mean age of 29 years, were received. Period pain (82%) and pre-menstrual symptoms (83%) were commonly reported and contributed to fatigue and to perceived reductions in performance during or just prior to the period (50.0% in training, 58.7% on ‘game day’). Contraceptive use was reported by 42% of athletes. Those reporting heavy menstrual bleeding (29.7%) were more likely to report increased fatigue (relative risk 1.6, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.32). Over three-quarters of athletes reported neither they nor their coaches altered training due to the menstrual cycle. Most athletes (76%) did not discuss menstruation with their coaches. Given the perceived negative impact on performance and potential risks with contraceptive usage during adolescence, coaches, trainers and athletes need to have a more open dialogue around the menstrual cycle.

The Application of Uncitral Model Law Principles in the Middle East Region

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abu Sadah ◽  
Simon Norton
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Enforcement Effort ◽  
East Region ◽  
Model Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Middle East Region

AbstractThis article presents an empirical analysis of the impact of the enforcement of substantive UNCITRAL Model Law principles in the Middle East region. Despite the main differences in the schools of thought and jurisdictions in the Middle East, the major conclusion is that UNCITRAL principles are applicable. As compared with data taken from legislations and case law after adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law, in an extension of the analysis, findings show a marginally significant change and deviations from the basic principles of the Model Law in these countries. Analysis of the implications of these changes from the perspective of the role played by the Model Law, shows that there was significant theoretical and practical negative impact upon the overall objectives of the law enforcement effort.

Malocclusion: Social, Functional and Emotional Influence on Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Martins-Júnior ◽  
LS Marques ◽  
ML Ramos-Jorge ML
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Open Bite ◽  
Anterior Open Bite ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: To determine the association between types of malocclusion and quality of life in children between 8-10 years of age and establish correlations between the severity of the malocclusion and particular bio-psychosocial variables. Study design: The sample was made up of 102 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years. Clinical exams were performed using the criteria of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to determine the presence and severity of malocclusions. The impact on quality of life was assessed using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: Malocclusions affected 61% of the children examined. There was a positive correlation between total CPQ8-10 and DAI scores (P = 0.034). The following types of malocclusion had a significant effect on the quality of life of the children: upper anterior irregularity ≥ 2 mm, anterior open bite ≥ 2mm and diastema ≥ 2mm. Children with malocclusion experienced a greater negative impact on quality of life in comparison to those without malocclusion. Conclusions: Malocclusions had a negative influence over the quality of life of children between 8-10 years of age. More severe malocclusions had a greater impact with regard to social, emotional and functional aspects.

scholarly journals Pandemic in the Context of on Environmental Consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
M.O. Mdivani ◽  
E.S. Alexandrova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Environmental Consciousness ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
The Impact

The article is directly related to the subject of common interest — COVID-19 pandemic, which significantly impacts the entire world community. In the paper, we consider the spread of coronavirus infection as one of the consequences of active use of the natural environment and its resources by humans. Psychologically, the current ecological crisis stems from the regularities of the human consciousness formation. The present study empirically examines the impact of the COVID-19 hazard estimation on the nature-human interaction assessment. The study involved 372 participants (42% men and 58% women), the mean age of the subjects was 33.9 years (SD = 11.4 years). The data obtained shows that the perception of COVID-19 as a serious disease is associated with the apprehension of nature as adverse for humans, fear of natural forces (F = 12.307; p &lt; 0.001), — perceptions characterizing the archaic type of environmental consciousness. At the same time, younger people assess the negative impact of nature on humans significantly lower than the older respondents (chi-square = 14.041; p &lt; 0.001), and at the same time, recognizing the danger of the coronavirus, they are concerned about the natural environment preservation, demonstrating an ecocentric type of environmental consciousness.

scholarly journals Differences in the Concept of Risk Management in V4 Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Virglerova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Contingency Table ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Absolute Frequency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Entrepreneurial Knowledge ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Visegrád Countries

Abstract Risk management is one of the entrepreneurial knowledge to reduce business risks. The aim of the article is to compare the access to risk management in SMEs in the Visegrad countries (V4). The attention is focused on the differences in a perception of the importance of various risks, the choice of the person responsible for risk management and the frequency of discussion on the current risks in the company. The article deals with the partial results of the empirical questionnaire survey which was completed in 2018 at the Tomas Bata University in Zlín in the Czech Republic. The survey was made among SMEs in the Czech Republic (408 respondents), Slovakia (487), Poland (489) and Hungary (388). The questionnaire included questions about the importance of risks and the concept of risk management in the company. Three research questions were set. To test the formulated research questions, the following statistical tools, such as pivot table, relative and absolute frequency, the Chi-Square calculator for 5 x 5 Contingency Table and Z-score, were used. Finally, the result indicates a different perception of the key risks in Hungary (in comparison with other V4 countries). There are also statistically significant differences in the frequency of discussion on the current risks in relation to the size of the company among V4 countries. The differences among the companies from V4 countries in the choice of the person responsible for risk management were proved as well. The article concludes with a discussion on the comparison of the previous international researches.

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