Experimental Research into the Mechanical Behaviour of Dammar and Sandarac - Based Bio Resins

In this paper, we examine two types of Dammar-based bio resins. In the first type, Dammar alone is used as natural resin, while in the second type a mixture of 70% Dammar and 30% Sandarac is used. Three sample sets were made of each of these resins with a bio resin volume proportion of 55, 65 and 75% respectively, the rest being epoxy resin (used, together with the associated reinforcing material, to generate a quick polymerization process). A SEM analysis is carried out and the surface roughness of each of the studied materials. A series of mechanical properties, determined by tensile testing, are presented. We have determined the characteristic curves, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity and the influence of the epoxy resin volume proportion on the mechanical behaviour of bio resins.

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A Study Regarding the Mechanical Properties of a Hybrid Matrix with Various Volume Proportions of Dammar

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.20.1.5320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 133-140

Author(s):

Dumitru Bolcu ◽

Marius Marinel Stanescu ◽

Ion Ciuca ◽

Cosmin Mihai Miritoiu ◽

Alin Dinita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Vibration Mode ◽

Vibration Damping ◽

The Other ◽

Damping Properties ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Natural Resin ◽

Volume Proportion

This paper studies the influence of the volume proportion between components on the mechanical behaviour of a hybrid resin obtained by combining the natural resin Dammar and epoxy resin. We analyse three sets of hybrid resin samples, in which we used a Dammar volume proportion of 60%, 70%, and 80% respectively and epoxy resin (employed together with its associated reinforcement in order to generate a quick process of polymerization). Following the tensile test we found the characteristic curves, the tensile strength and the elongation at break for each of the three types of resins. We also looked into the vibration damping properties of bars made of this resin. We experimentally determined the frequency and the damping coefficient of the first particular vibration mode for one bar taken out of each set of resins, with one end fixed and the other free. On the basis of the results, we calculated the loss coefficient for each type of resin.

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A Study of Some Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials with a Dammar-Based Hybrid Matrix and Reinforced by Waste Paper

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12081688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1688

Author(s):

Marius Marinel Stănescu ◽

Dumitru Bolcu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Waste Paper ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Natural Resin ◽

Tensile Response

When obtaining environment-friendly hybrid resins made of a blend of Dammar natural resin, in a prevailing volume ratio, with epoxy resin, it is challenging to find alternatives for synthetic resins. Composite materials reinforced with waste paper and matrix made of epoxy resin or hybrid resin with a volume ratio of 60%, 70% and 80% Dammar were studied. All samples obtained have been submitted to tensile tests and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The tensile response, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation at break and the analysis of the fracture surface were determined. The damping properties of vibrations of bars in hybrid resins and in the composite materials under study were also examined. The mechanical properties of the four types of resins and of the composite materials were compared. The chemical composition for a hybrid resin specimen were obtained using the Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy, Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) analyzes.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESIN BASED GRAPHENE NANO PARTICLES COMPOSITE

Journal of Manufacturing Engineering ◽

10.37255/jme.v15i4pp84-92 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Durgaprasad Kollipara ◽

Prabhakar Gope VNB ◽

Raja Loya

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Epoxy Composite ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Reinforcing Material

Composites have tremendous applicability due to their excellent capabilities. The performance of composites mainly depends on the reinforcing material applied. A Graphene nanoparticle (GNP) is successful as an efficient reinforcing material due to its versatile as well as superior properties. Even at very low content, graphene can dramatically improve the properties of polymer and metal matrix composites. In this paper the effects of GNP on composites based on epoxy resin were analyzed. Different contents of GNP (0 – 4.5 vol. %) were added to the epoxy resin. The GNP/epoxy composite was fabricated under room temperature. Mechanical tests result such as tensile, flexural and hardness test show enhancements of the mechanical properties of the GNP/epoxy composite. The experimental results clearly show an improvement in Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and hardness as compared to pure epoxy. The results of this research are strong evidence for GNP/epoxy composites being a potential candidate for use in a variety of industrial applications, especially for automobile parts, aircraft components, and electronic parts such as super capacitors, transistors, etc.

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Direct polymer additive tooling – effect of additive manufactured polymer tools on part material properties for injection moulding

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-07-2018-0161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 1575-1584 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Achim Kampker ◽

Johannes Triebs ◽

Sebastian Kawollek ◽

Peter Ayvaz ◽

Tom Beyer

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Mechanical Behaviour ◽

Material Properties ◽

Tensile Elongation ◽

Morphological Structure ◽

Mould Insert ◽

Content Type ◽

3D Print ◽

Standard Specimens

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of additive manufactured polymer injection moulds on the mechanical properties of moulded parts. Therefore, polymer moulds are used to inject standard specimens to compare material properties to specimens produced using a conventional aluminium tool. Design/methodology/approach PolyJet technology is used to three-dimensional (3D)-print a mould insert in Digital ABS and selective laser sintering (SLS) technology is used to 3D-print a mould insert in polyamide (PA) 3200 GF. A conventionally aluminium milled tool serves as reference. Standard specimens are produced to compare resulting mechanical properties, shrinkage behaviour and morphology. Findings The determined material characteristics of the manufactured prototypes from the additive manufactured tools show differences in terms of mechanical behaviour to those from the aluminium reference tool. The most significant differences are an up to 25 per cent lower tensile elongation and an up to 63 per cent lower elongation at break resulting in an embrittlement of the specimens produced. These differences seem to be mainly due to the different morphological structure caused by the lower thermal conductivity and greater surface roughness of the polymer tools. Research limitations/implications The determined differences in mechanical behaviour can partly be assigned to differences in surface roughness and morphological structure of the resulting parts. The exact extend of either cause, however, cannot be clearly determined. Originality/value This study provides a comparison between the part material properties from conventionally milled aluminium tools and polymer inserts manufactured via additive tooling.

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The Effect of Different Fibre Lengths on the Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites

Materiale Plastice ◽

10.37358/mp.21.4.5547 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 216-221

Author(s):

Hendra Suherman ◽

Kamdini Aksa ◽

Yovial Mahyoedin ◽

Edi Septe ◽

Irmayani Irmayani

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Casting Process ◽

Shore Hardness ◽

Low Viscosity ◽

Kenaf Fibre ◽

The Matrix ◽

Reinforcing Material

Kenaf is a nonwoody fibrous plant, and its fibre can be potentially used as a reinforcement in the matrix to produce biocomposite materials. The properties of biocomposite materials are highly dependent on the reinforcing material and the matrix used as a binder. This study used kenaf fibre as a reinforcing material with different compositions (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) and different fibre lengths (1 cm and 3 cm) in the matrix using the casting process. Low viscosity epoxy resin (635 thin epoxy resin) with a viscosity of 6 poise was used as the matrix. The results showed that the highest flexural strength, impact strength and shore hardness were obtained at a 30 wt.% kenaf fibre composition with a 1-cm kenaf fibre length, namely, 85 MPa, 338 KJ/m2 and 98 SHD, respectively. The length of the fibre in the matrix affects the mechanical properties of the resulting biocomposite. This condition is caused by kenaf fibres with a length of 1 cm being more dispersed in the matrix than fibres with a length of 3 cm.

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Evaluation of mechanical properties of e-glass and aloe vera fiber reinforced with polyester and epoxy resin matrices

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-03-2018-0027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 243-248

Author(s):

Jenarthanan M.P. ◽

Karthikeyan Marappan ◽

Giridharan R.

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Glass Fibers ◽

Research Work ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Content Type ◽

Reinforced Composite ◽

Glass Fiber Reinforced

Purpose The need for seeking alternate materials with increased performance in the field of composites revived this research, to prepare and evaluate the mechanical properties of e-glass and aloe vera fiber-reinforced with polyester and epoxy resin matrices. Design/methodology/approach The composites are prepared by hand layup method using E-glass and aloe vera fibers with length 5-6 mm. The resin used in the preparation of composites was epoxy and polyester. Fiber-reinforced composites were synthesized at 18:82 fiber–resin weight percentages. Samples prepared were tested to evaluate its mechanical and physical properties, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Findings SEM analysis revealed the morphological features. E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite exhibited better mechanical properties than other composite samples. The cross-linking density of monomers of the epoxy resin and addition of the short chopped E-glass fibers enhanced the properties of E-glass epoxy fiber-reinforced composite. Originality/value This research work enlists the properties of e-glass and aloe vera fiber-reinforced with polyester and epoxy resin matrices which has not been attempted so far.

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Studies of chemical and mechanical properties of hybrid composites based on natural resin Dammar formulated by epoxy resin

Polymer Bulletin ◽

10.1007/s00289-020-03221-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M. Heiko Franz ◽

Ion Neda ◽

Catalin V. Maftei ◽

Ion Ciuca ◽

Dumitru Bolcu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Hybrid Composites ◽

Natural Resin

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A Study of Some Mechanical Properties of a Category of Composites with a Hybrid Matrix and Natural Reinforcements

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11030478 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 478 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marius Stănescu ◽

Dumitru Bolcu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Damping Properties ◽

Hybrid Resin ◽

Hybrid Matrix ◽

Natural Resin

The current composite materials must meet a double challenge, one that involves obtaining mechanical properties suitable to the field of activity in which they are used and another one, equally important, that requires that they be renewable. In this paper, we have obtained a category of composite materials that have natural reinforcements (fabrics of flax, cotton, hemp, cattail leaves, and wheat straw). As a matrix, we have used three types of hybrid resin, in the composition of which we used the natural resin dammar, in different majority volume proportions. The differences, up to 100%, were represented by epoxy resin and its associated reinforcement, to generate a quick process of polymerization. We have measured certain mechanical properties and the damping properties of the three types of hybrid resin and of the composite materials under study. Based on these properties, we point out a few fields of activity where these composite materials can be used.

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Investigating The Effect of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin

Engineering and Technology Journal ◽

10.30684/etj.v39i6.2063 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 986-995

Author(s):

Ehab Q. Kaadhm ◽

Khansaa D. Salman ◽

Ahmed H. Reja

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Fe3o4 Nanoparticles ◽

Matrix Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Casting Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Magnetite Fe3o4 ◽

Reinforcing Material ◽

Flexural Tests

In this paper, study the effects of magnetite nanomaterial Fe3O4 on the mechanical properties of epoxy. Dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the epoxy resin was performed by ultrasonication. The samples of the nanocomposites were prepared using the casting method. The nanocomposites contain epoxy resins as a matrix material incorporated by different weight percentages of magnetite Fe3O4 that varies from 0wt.% to 15wt.% as a reinforcing material. The epoxy with the additive reinforcement materials Fe3O4 was slowly mixed in a sonication bath for 15 minutes, then the mixture poured into silicon molds. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy FESEM and X-ray diffraction spectra XRD were used to characterize the morphological and structural properties of preparing samples and the distribution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the epoxy resin. Mechanical testing consists of tensile, hardness shore, and three-point flexural tests were performed on the samples at room temperature according to ASTM standards. The results showed that reinforcement by 15wt.% of Fe3O4 nanoparticles maximizes these mechanical properties of nanocomposites compared with pure epoxy except for the young modulus's preferred weight at 9 wt.%, this is due to aggregation of the additives nanomaterials in epoxy resin above 9 wt.%.

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Effect of Processing Techniques Used for Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Epoxy Nano Composites

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.332.363 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 332 ◽

pp. 363-368

Author(s):

Ali Sarim ◽

Bo Ming Zhang ◽

Chang Chun Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Carbon Nanofibers ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Carbon Fabric ◽

Structural Details ◽

Depth Study ◽

Flexural Tests ◽

Processing Techniques

The incorporation of carbon nanofibers with a high aspect ratio and extremely large surface area into glass/epoxy polymers improve their mechanical properties significantly. Previously large number of efforts have been made to improve mechanical properties by mixing carbon nanofibers into resin, however, it may raise high viscosities which create difficulties during manufacturing of polymer composite samples. Presently, an attempt has been made to improve mechanical properties of nanocomposites by using, a different technique i.e spraying the Carbon nanoFibers (CNF) on glass fabric layers before impregnating it with epoxy resin. This paper presents influence of two different processing techniques used for manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites. Firstly, solution was prepared to obtain well dispersed epoxy resin filled with 1.0 wt % CNF, to impregnate carbon fabric in a vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) setup for sampling. Secondly, the nanocomposite samples were prepared using a spraying methodology i.e dispersing the CNF solution on carbon fabric and followed by VARTM. Tensile, compression and flexural tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of CNF addition on the improvement of mechanical properties by using both techniques. Results indicated, CNF addition offered simultaneous increase in mechanical properties in different percentages by using both the processes respectively. SEM analysis of fractured surfaces has also been carried out to examine the micro structural details of in-depth study.

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