scholarly journals Thermochemical Decomposition of Sewage Sludge � An Eco-Friendly Solution for a Sustainable Energy Future by Using Wastes

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
Anca Zaharioiu ◽  
Felicia Bucura ◽  
Eusebiu Ilarian Ionete ◽  
Roxana Elena Ionete ◽  
Daniela Ebrasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Heat Value ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

The study aims to promote clean energy technologies that ensure the recycling and recovery of waste, namely the sewage sludge (SS), by converting it into products (e.g. oil, gas) with added value, contributing thus to reducing the negative impact on environment and health. An experimental setup was proposed in order to achieve the pyrolysis process, by varying the heating rate, (5�C/min, 10�C/min and 50�C/min). The resulted products, namely i) char - SSPyChar, ii) oil - SSPyOil and iii) gas - SSPyGas, were investigated in terms of elemental content, high heat value (HHV), low heat value (LHV) and emission factor (EF). The pyrolysis oils obtained with lower heating rate, 5�C/min and 10 �C/min, presented higher HHV, in comparison with the oils obtained at 50 �C/min, which were rich in water. These oils can have a negative impact on the environment, through their combustion due to their high content of N (6 wt%) and S (1.2 wt%), responsible for the formation of NOx and SOx. Pyrolysis gas revealed in its composition high contents of hydrocarbons (C1-C6), carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). The highest HHV was obtained by using 5�C/min increment, namely 33.81 MJ/m3. Also, the pyrolysis gases had comparable energy values with natural gas, biogas or gases resulted from the plastic pyrolysis.

Study of the Kinetics of Thermal Destruction of Crossed Polyethylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
K. Chalov ◽  
Yu. Lugovoy ◽  
Yu. Kosivtsov ◽  
E. Sulman
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Kinetics Of

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

scholarly journals Selenium Biofortification of Soybean Seeds Influences Physiological Responses of Seedlings to Osmotic Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1498
Author(s):  
Lucija Galić ◽  
Marija Špoljarević ◽  
Elizabeta Jakovac ◽  
Boris Ravnjak ◽  
Tihana Teklić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Product ◽  
Antioxidant Power

Climate change poses a serious threat to agricultural production. Water deficit in agricultural soils is one of the consequences of climate change that has a negative impact on crop growth and yield. Selenium (Se) is known to be involved in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stress through metabolic, structural, and physiological activity in higher plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological response of Se-biofortified soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seedlings under osmotic stress. For this research, we used biofortified soybean grain obtained after foliar Se biofortification in 2020. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber with two cultivars (Lucija and Sonja) grown on filter paper in three replicates. The experiment was carried out with two watering treatments: distilled water (PEG-0) and 2.5% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-2.5) on Se-biofortified seeds (Se) and nonbiofortified seeds (wSe). Contents of lipid peroxidation product (LP), free proline (PRO), total phenolic content (TP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ascorbic acid (AA) were analyzed in 7-days-old seedlings. Significant differences were detected in the Se content of soybean grains between the two cultivars. A milder reaction to PEG-2.5 was observed in cultivar Lucija in both Se and wSe treatments, which might represent the mitigating effects of Se on osmotic stress in this cultivar. Contrarily, in cultivar Sonja, Se adversely affected all analyzed traits in the PEG-2.5 treatment. Ultimately, Se is a pro-oxidant in Sonja, whereas it represents an anti-oxidant in Lucija. In conclusion, different soybean cultivars show contrasting physiological reactions to both osmotic stress and Se. However, the activation of antioxidant pathways in Sonja can also be interpreted as added value in soybean seedlings as a functional food.

scholarly journals Sewage Sludge as a Tool in Limiting the Content of Trace Elements in Avena sativa L. on the Soil Polluted with Diesel Oil

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4003
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wyszkowski ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Natalia Kordala
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil (0; 5; 10 and 15 cm3 kg−1 of soil) on the content of trace elements in the aboveground parts of oat (Avena sativa L.). Stabilised sewage sludge was used to mitigate the likely negative impact of diesel oil on the plant. Growing soil contamination with diesel oil had a significant impact on the content of trace elements in the aboveground biomass of oat. In the series without sewage sludge, the contents of the analysed elements, except for chromium, zinc, copper and cobalt, were positively correlated with the increasing doses of diesel oil. The largest increase in the content was recorded in the case of manganese. The sewage sludge used to reduce the influence of diesel oil on the chemical composition of oat had a positive effect on the content of the analysed trace elements. Compared to the series without the addition of a stabilised sewage sludge, it contributed to a reduction in the average content of chromium, nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt in the aboveground parts of oat plants. No significant effect of the applied remediation treatment was noted for cadmium, and the results were equivocal for iron.

Calculation of the high heat value of biofuels

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Semenov ◽  
D. U. Semenova ◽  
V. P. Slipushenko
Keyword(s):  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Value

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HEATING RATE PRODUCT AT HIGH HEAT TREATMENT

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
M. M. Akhmedova ◽  
M. E. Akhmedov ◽  
A. F. Demirova ◽  
V. V. Pinyaskin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
High Heat

scholarly journals Thermal Transformation of Carbon and Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds in Sewage Sludge During Pyrolysis Treatment

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2258
Author(s):  
Yanjun Hu ◽  
Yanjun Lu ◽  
Wenchao Ma ◽  
Linjie Wang ◽  
Haryo Wibowo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Evolved Gas ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Insight Into

Organic carbon (C) and oxygen (O) contained in sewage sludge strongly impact its thermal behavior during pyrolysis treatment. This study was aimed at getting an insight into the decomposition mechanism of organic compounds containing C and O during sludge pyrolysis using thermo-gravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and helpfully improving energy conversion of sewage sludge. The temperature domains of transformation were determined and indications of the main compounds produced during each stage were obtained. Results showed that the volatile compounds that evolved after sludge pyrolysis were mainly distributed into six groups: alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, phenols and carboxylic acids. Comparison in thermal behavior and composition of the evolved volatile compounds were observed. In the low temperature stage (<350 °C), compounds containing O–C=O accounted for the highest proportion in the evolved gas (55%). Over 350 °C, the production of C=C, –OH, and –C6H5 compounds gradually increased; but little was found of compounds containing O–C=O. Above 550 °C, as thermal chemical reaction involving oxygen-containing groups enhanced, compounds containing O–C=O and –OH tended to disappear, and an increasing amount of macromolecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon was formed. Finally, the thermal transformation pathways of the oxygen and carbon-containing compounds were proposed.

Special Light Weight Aero Engine

1922 ◽  
Vol 26 (136) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
A. E. L. Chorlton
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Heat Value ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Aviation Engines ◽  
Direct Use

The high performance engine, whether military or commercial, is essentially the light one.The motor which made flying possible was an internal combustion engine, and the basic reason of its success was the direct use of an easily volatile fuel of high heat value, namely, petrol.The first engine developed to use this fuel was that of Daimler, and all motor-car, boat and aviation engines have sprung from this engine.In order to more readily have in mind our problem, we can with advantage briefly run through the main aero engines so far constructed with the progressive results of tests.The engine of Gottlieb Daimler is illustrated by Slide No. I. It had automatic inlet valves and exhaust governing, the latter being a point to be noted.The next slide shows the engine of the Wright Brothers. This engine weighed 8.75 lbs. per B.H.P. inclusive; the most successful engine of to-day weighs under 3 lbs. inclusive.

scholarly journals Ideal target for psoriatic arthritis? Comparison of remission and low disease activity states in a real-life cohort

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonieke J J van Mens ◽  
Marleen G H van de Sande ◽  
Arno W R van Kuijk ◽  
Dominique Baeten ◽  
Laura C Coates
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Tender Joint Count ◽  
Low Disease Activity

BackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) recommendations state that the target of treatment should be remission or low disease activity (LDA). We used a real-life dataset to compare different potential targets.Methods250 patients with PsA considered in an acceptable disease state according to their rheumatologist were included. Targets for remission were the Disease Activity Index for Psoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA) and clinical DAPSA (cDAPSA) remission (≤4), very low disease activity (VLDA) and Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score ≤1.9. LDA targets analysed were the DAPSA ≤14, cDAPSA ≤13, minimal disease activity (MDA) and adjusted MDA targets: MDAjoints with both tender joint count (TJC) and swollen joint count (SJC) mandated, MDAskin (psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) mandated) and MDAjoints&skin with TJC, SJC and PASI mandated.ResultsComparison of the several candidate targets demonstrates that VLDA is achieved by the lowest proportion of patients and includes patients with the lowest residual disease activity compared with the other remission targets. The modified MDA measures are the most stringent targets for LDA in terms of residual disease on joints, psoriasis and enthesitis within patients achieving the target. In both remission and LDA, the inclusion of C reactive protein did not show an added value. The exclusion of a skin domain, as in the DAPSA measures, resulted in negligence of skin disease and a negative impact on the quality of life in some patients.ConclusionsThe different remission and LDA targets show us significant overlap between measures, but these measures targeting the same definition do differ in terms of allowance of residual disease. Inclusion of laboratory markers seems unnecessary, although exclusion of a skin domain may result in psoriasis not being assessed resulting in residual impactful skin disease.

Biomass Oxygen-Enriched Gasification in a Pressurized Fluidized Bed for Production of Middle/High Heat-Value Fuel Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 860-863 ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Bao Sheng Jin
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Hydrocarbon Synthesis ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Heat Value

For biomass gasification, the high tar and carbon monoxide contents and the low heat value of fuel gas are problems to be solved, which leading to the poor operating conditions of the completed projects in China. Therefore, a new technology of biomass oxygen-enriched gasification in pressurized fluidized bed is proposed. Coupling the technologies of pressurized biomass oxygen-enriched gasification at low temperature, high-temperature gasification and melting, steam reforming and hydrocarbon synthesis, the high gasification efficiency, tar cracking and gas reforming shall be realized, and the middle/high heat value gas which meets the national standards will be produced. ASPEN PLUS simulation was carried out for biomass oxygen-enriched gasification. Both the equivalent ratio and gas yield of rice husk are lower than that of the wood sawdust, while the gas calorific values are equivalent. Considering the gas yield, the calorific value and economy, the optimum operating conditions are obtained: the gasification temperature at 1200 °C, the oxygen purity at 0.9, the equivalent ratio at about 0.25, the S/B ratio at 0.1~0.2. The gas yield could reach 1.9 m3/kg, and the gas calorific value was above 11 MJ/m3.

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