scholarly journals Albania and the Iranian Terror Threat

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Shaul Shay
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
International System ◽  
The West ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Sponsor

The national security of countries and the security of the international system are the cornerstones for the stability and prosperity of the international system. Terrorism in general and state-supported terrorism in particular pose a major threat to the security and stability of the international system. In the course of almost 40 years Iran is the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism and has a long and bloody history of terror attacks. Since 2017 the Iranian regime’s terrorist activities appear to be on the rise on European soil. The Iranian regime appears committed to a strategy of targeting Iranian decedents and Western and Israeli interests, even in Europe. Albania, a close US ally has found itself on the frontline of the clash between the West and Iran and Albania has been at the center of terrorist activities organized by Iran, due to hosting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MEK).

Dependency in Africa: Stages of African Political Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amechi Okolo
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The West ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper traces the history of the relationship between Africa and the West since their first contact brought about by the outward thrust of the West, under the impetus of rising capitalism, in search of cheap labour and cheap raw material for its industries and expanding markets for its industrial products, both of which could be better ensured through domination and exploitation. The paper identifies five successive stages that African political economy has passed through under the impact of this relationship, each phase qualitatively different from the other but all having the common characteristic of domination-dependence syndrome, and each phase having been dictated by the dynamics of capitalism in different eras and by the dominant forces in the changing international system. Its finding is that the way to the latest stage, the dependency phase, was paved by the progressive proletarianization of the African peoples and the maintenance of an international peonage system. It ends by indicating the direction in which Africa can make a beginning to break out of dependency and achieve liberation.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ya-Wen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
National Security ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The West ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

This introductory chapter reveals that a nationwide contentious public sphere has emerged in China. It is an unruly sphere capable of generating issues and agendas not set by the Chinese state, as opposed to a sphere mostly orchestrated and constrained by said state. Over time, China's contentious public sphere has been increasingly recognized by the Chinese state as a force to be reckoned and negotiated with. Starting around 2010, official media of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), such as the People's Daily, began to warn of a threatening public sphere mediated by cell phones, the Internet, and even some unruly voices within state-controlled media. The state's awareness of these developments, however, means that one must not overstate the stability or permanence of the newly emerged contentious public sphere. Indeed, this provocative public arena has encountered serious opposition and setbacks, particularly since 2013. Seeing the rise of such a sphere as a threat to national security and an indication of ideological struggle between the West and China, the Chinese state has taken comprehensive and combative measures to contain it.

scholarly journals Kashmir after August 5th Decision and its Implications for South Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Hatice Çelik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International System ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Stability

After World War II, Great Britain's loss of power in the international system had a great impact on the start of the decolonization process (the beginning of the independence movements in colonial geographies and the acquisition of peoples' independence) and expansion of it. India, one of the most important colonies of the British Empire which is known as the empire on which the sun never sets, was also the most important representative and perhaps even the trigger of this process. The Republic of India (hereafter referred to as India) which gained independence from Britain in 1947, also witnessed the birth of another state from its territory. The newly established state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (hereinafter referred to as Pakistan) has maintained a high-tension relationship with India since the foundation. The main cause of this tension has been the dispute over the Jammu and Kashmir region. The controversial region has again become a conflictual geography with the decision of the Indian Parliament on the 5th of August 2019. By this, the autonomous status of the J&K was abolished and Pakistan and India came to the edge of confrontation. The measures and precautions of the Indian government regarding the region has increased the tension not only in J&K but also in India and in Pakistan. This study tries to analyze the Kashmir dispute in line with the recent developments and how the issue effects the regional political dynamics. In the first part of the paper; there will be a short history of the dispute, the claims of the parties, and the place of this dispute in the international system. In the second part, the current situation will be tried to investigate from the foreign policy and regional policies aspect. The general conclusion of the author is that the recent decision on autonomy of Kashmir will have cumulative negative impacts on the stability of the region in coming years.

scholarly journals The strategy of “mılıtary non-alıgnment” and NATO

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Khayal Iskandarov ◽  
Piotr Gawliczek
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Evolution Process ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
The West ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Globalized World

The war in Ukraine in 2014 brought a concept of “military non-alignment” to the fore in the countries, which are namely influenced by both the West and Russia. The war proved that national security strategy was lacking. The paper examines the ways how neutral states cope with their security in a globalized world. It covers the brief history of neutrality, its evolution process through the centuries. The terms of “neutrality” or “non-alignment” have been delineated in order to distinguish between different strategies adopted by particular countries. The focus of the paper is on the countries located in Europe. The authors attempted to discuss the strategic consequences of the policy of “military non-alignment” in the context of cooperation with NATO. At the same time, they endeavored to justify the close cooperation of neutral countries with NATO, the strongest military-political Alliance of the world.

scholarly journals National Security & Emerging Threats to The West Coast

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
CASIS
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
National Security ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Royal Canadian Mounted Police ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Canadian Association ◽  
Intelligence Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

On February 21st, 2019, the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies hosted its twelfth roundtable focusing on “National Security & Emerging Threats to the West Coast.” The presentation was hosted by Inspector Benoit Maure, a serving Peace Officer for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police with over 30 years of police experience. Inspector Maure highlighted various emerging and continuing terror threats in British Columbia, highlighting their similarities to other global issues. He discussed the history of terror threats in British Columbia (BC) and the role of symbolic targets in terrorism. The following roundtable discussion centred on a case study describing the Yellow Vest Canada movement and its proclivity toward soft violence. Audience members then brought into question whether or not the media downplays soft violence and if this arguable disposition places Canadians into instances where it may be difficult to detect escalation of groups approaching hard violence.

I. The History of Rome and Italy in the Second Century B.C.

1939 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The People ◽  
Second Punic War ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability

The seventy-five years from the Second Punic War to the legislation of Tiberius Gracchus were critical years in the history of Rome. Within this period Rome imposed her will on the Hellenistic world and brought the West under her sway. The foundations of the Empire were laid in these years. Yet the period closes with violence and blood-shed in Rome herself and the seeds of civil war in Italy. The strain of conquest and the immensity of success disturbed the stability which had made the victory possible. Imperial rule called for changes in administration; deep economic movements began to touch the life of the people; but the strength of tradition, political and social, and the dominance of the Senate limited their range of vision. The result was to provoke, whether or not it was justified, an attempt at revolutionary reform.

scholarly journals Indivisible Security and Collective Security Concepts: Implications for Russia’s Relations with the West

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-29
Author(s):  
Artem Kvartalnov
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
The West ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
History Of

The indivisible security principle was first set out in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act and since then has been included in numerous international treaties and national strategic documents. However, the concept remains ambiguous and has not received due attention. The collective security concept has in turn been studied extensively by researchers who represent different paradigms and who have come up with diverse understandings of the term. This article adds to the ongoing conceptualisation of collective security and indivisible security and considers the implications of both concepts for European and global security arrangements in the context of Russia’s relations with the West. First, I analyse the history of the indivisible security and collective security concepts and briefly review relevant literature. Further, I come up with my conceptualisation of both notions, illustrating the theoretical claims with the case of Russia’s relations with NATO and EU countries. Building on this analysis, I assess the implications of both approaches for European and global security. I conclude that the international system cannot solely rely on either collective security or indivisible security and state the need for a middle-ground approach based on the decoupling/compartmentalisation of different policy areas.

scholarly journals Biden Administration Imposes Sanctions and Seeks to Cement Alliances to Counter China and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-545
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Global Influence ◽  
The U.S

The Biden administration's foreign policy emphasizes repairing U.S. alliances and returning the United States to a “position of trusted leadership” to counter increasing challenges from Russia and especially China. The U.S. Interim National Security Strategic Guidance (INSSG), released in March 2021, notes that the United States must “contend with the reality that the distribution of power across the world is changing.” It highlights that China, which has “rapidly become more assertive,” is the only country “potentially capable of combining its economic, diplomatic, military, and technological power to mount a sustained challenge to a stable and open international system,” while “Russia remains determined to enhance its global influence and play a disruptive role on the world stage.” To reaffirm established international norms, the Biden administration has acted both unilaterally and in coordination with long-standing allies to impose sanctions in response to human rights abuses, malicious cyber activity, and election influence. The administration has also taken steps to cement alliances in the Indo-Pacific and with the West.

scholarly journals The Ottoman Empire and Europe from the late Westphalian order to the Crimean system: the ’Eastern Question’ Revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-131
Author(s):  
Gabriel Leanca
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
International System ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability

The ‘Eastern Question’ is one of the most controversial and persistent subjects in the history of international relations. This article looks at two aspects in the evolution of the relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe. The first one focuses on the importance of the 18th century in the emergence of the ’Eastern Question’. The second one emphasizes on several episodes that may reopen the debate on the origins of the Crimean War. Our research is an attempt to demonstrate that the ’Eastern Question’ was only a piece of a larger puzzle. The more Russia was influential in world politics, the more her contribution became valuable for the stability of the international system. The idea to challenge in the early 1850’s the heritage of the 18th century in world politics (meaning to marginalize Russia in European affairs), did not serve on the long run neither to the security of the Ottoman Empire, neither to the ’new multilateralism’ put forward by Napoleon III. 

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