MIC versus MBEC to Determine the Antibiotic Sensitivity ofStaphylococcus aureusin Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is a common and morbid complication of PD. Bacteria are able to create a biofilm on the PD catheter, which can be a source of recurrent infection. Biofilms undergo a phenotypic change resulting in increased antibiotic resistance.Methods21 clinical isolates of different patients with PD peritonitis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus were collected. They were analyzed for their antibiotic susceptibility in the planktonic form using the standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and in a biofilm using minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). Chi-square was used to compare the sensitivity results.ResultsThe isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested using MIC. Every antibiotic except gentamicin lost its efficacy when the bacteria were grown in a biofilm ( p > 0.05). The change in susceptibility was statistically significant to a level of p < 0.001 for all antibiotics tested.DiscussionIn PD peritonitis that is long standing, recurrent, or not responsive to therapy, MBEC testing should be considered as a biofilm may be present. Gentamicin should be strongly considered over other agents for empiric gram-negative coverage as it may be providing synergy in the setting of Staphylococcus aureus. Also, the newer anti-staphylococcal drugs should be tested for their performance in a biofilm using the MBEC method.

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Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) versus Minimum Biofilm Eliminating Concentration (MBEC) in Evaluation of Antibiotic Sensitivity of Gram-negative Bacilli Causing Peritonitis

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686080402400107 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 65-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Farshad Sepandj ◽

Howard Ceri ◽

Allan Gibb ◽

Ronald Read ◽

Merle Olson

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Planktonic State

Objective Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eliminating concentration (MBEC) results were compared to determine changes in the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli from the planktonic to the biofilm phase of growth. Methodology The MIC and MBEC assays were conducted on stored isolates obtained from patients presenting with peritoneal dialysis-related gram-negative peritonitis with Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas. Results The antibiotic sensitivities of planktonic organisms tested by the MIC assays were significantly higher than the antibiotic sensitivities of the same organisms in their biofilm state, as tested by the MBEC assays. Conclusions In their biofilm state, gram-negative bacteria are much less susceptible to antibiotics compared to their antibiotic susceptibility in the planktonic state.

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Antibiotic Sensitivity Test on Staphylococcus Aureus Detected in Sputum of Patients with Pneumonia Treated in Hospitals

Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences ◽

10.19184/ams.v5i1.9267 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Dini Agustina ◽

Diana Chusna Mufida ◽

Hanifa Rizki A.S. ◽

Dion Krismashogi Dharmawan

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Mortality Incidence ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽

Pulmonary Parenchyma ◽

Identification Of Bacteria ◽

Positive Coccus

Pneumonia is a respiratory tract infection that attacks the pulmonary parenchyma. This disease can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics have an important role to play in reducing the morbidity and mortality incidence of pneumonia, but currently, the incidence of resistance antibiotics is increased. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus in pneumatic sputum patients. The design of this study was observational descriptive, using sputum samples from pneumonia patients in Subandi and Paru Jember hospitals in November to December 2018. The identification of bacteria in sputum was continued by testing the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. The antibiotics used in this study were chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin — data obtained in the frequency distribution table. Of the ten sputum that was successfully cultured, four Gram-negative bacilli bacteria and six Gram-positive coccus bacteria were obtained. The results approved the six Gram-positive coccus bacteria, detected as Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin-sulbactam was high. Keywords: antibiotic sensitivity, bacteria, pneumonia

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Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from gummosis infected citrus reticulata

Chittagong University Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13378 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 125-133

Author(s):

Rubal C Das ◽

Rajib Banik ◽

Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽

Md Golam Kabir

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Chloroform Extract ◽

Citrus Reticulata ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative

Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the pathogenic organisms of gummosis disease of orange tree (Citrus reticulata). The pathogen was identified from the observation of their colony size, shape, colour, mycelium, conidiophore, conidia, hyaline, spore, and appressoria in the PDA culture. The crude chloroform extracts from the organism showed antibacterial activity against a number of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The crude chloroform extract also showed promising antifungal activity against three species of the genus Aspergillus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnie were 128 ?gm, 256 ?gm, 128 ?gm and 64 ?gm/ml respectively. The LD50 (lethal dose) values of the cytotoxicity assay over brine shrimp of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina was found to be 51.79 ?gm/ml. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13378 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):125-133, 2010

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Clinico-microbial profile in chronic suppurative otitis media and its management in tertiary care centre

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20185301 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

Rashmi Ramashesh ◽

Samira Abdul Wajid ◽

Smitha Chandra

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽

Health Concern ◽

Research Centre ◽

Suppurative Otitis Media ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Pseudomonas Species

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an ever growing concern of preventable hearing loss and is a major health concern especially in tropical countries. Lack of cleanliness, overcrowding, poverty, malnutrition and medical ignorance are few of the contributing factors. The microbiological flora is constantly changing due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics with rapid change in the antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the epidemiological profile, bacteriological profile and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern which would help in establishing a protocol in management of CSOM patients in the hospital.Methods: A total of 100 patients of CSOM attending the ENT Outpatient Department of The Oxford medical College, Hospital and Research Centre were included in the study. The samples were immediately sent to the Microbiology laboratory for further processing according to standard procedure. Results: Out of 100 cases, 74 were active mucosal type and 26 were active squamous, with Pseudomonas species (33.6%) being the predominant organism. Staphylococcus aureus was the next common organism with MSSA (16.3%) and MRSA (12.5%), CONS were 6.7%. Among the 28 gram-negative bacilli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.7%), was followed by Escherichia coli (5.7%), and Proteus mirabilis (4.8%).Conclusions: Pseudomonas species and Staphylococcus aureus are the commonest organisms of CSOM. Ciprofloxacin can be used as a topical agent for treating gram-negative bacilli. Among systemic antibiotics- Linezolid, Amikacin and Imepenam remains the drug of choice.

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Staphylococcus Aureus Prophylaxis and Trends in Gram-Negative Infections in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686080302300509 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 456-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Beth Piraino ◽

Judith Bernardini ◽

Tracey Florio ◽

Linda Fried

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Site Infection ◽

Exit Site ◽

Exit Site Infection ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Time Period ◽

Before And After ◽

Year 2000

Objective To examine gram-negative exit-site infection and peritonitis rates before and after the implementation of Staphylococcus aureus prophylaxis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Design Prospective data collection with periodic implementation of protocols to decrease infection rates in two PD programs. Patients 663 incident patients on PD. Interventions Implementation of S. aureus prophylaxis, beginning in 1990. Main Outcome Measures Rates of S. aureus, gram-negative, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit-site infections and peritonitis. Results Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infection and peritonitis rates fluctuated without significant trends during the first decade (without prophylaxis), then began to decline during the 1990s subsequent to implementation of prophylaxis, reaching levels of 0.02/year at risk and zero in the year 2000. Gram-negative infections fell toward the end of the 1980s, due probably to the implementation of better connectology. However, there have been no significant changes for the past 6 years. There was little change in P. aeruginosa infections over the entire time period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now the most common cause of catheter infection and catheter-related peritonitis. Conclusions Prophylaxis against S. aureus is highly effective in reducing the rate of S. aureus infections but has no effect on gram-negative infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now the most serious cause of catheter-related peritonitis.

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Peritoneal Dialysis Zoonotic Bacterial Peritonitis with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis ◽

10.1159/000508126 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Layth Dahbour ◽

Jeffrey Gibbs ◽

Christian Coletta ◽

Jeannine Hummell ◽

Mohammad Al-Sarie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Close Contact ◽

Recurrent Infection ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Soft Tissue Infections ◽

Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽

Bacterial Peritonitis ◽

The Past ◽

Intravenous Antibiotics ◽

Human Infections

We present the first reported case of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an organism that had been misclassified as S. aureus in the past. S. pseudintermedius is well recognized in the veterinary literature and noted as flora in the mouth, nares, and anus of domesticated animals. It has been associated with soft tissue infections in pets and is now being reported in increased frequency as the causative agent in various human infections. It also has a different antibiotic sensitivity profile. The patient had close contact with her pet dog and was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics in the hospital followed by oral doxycycline for 10 days after discharge. The patient has not had any recurrent infection after obtaining and applying appropriate hygienic education and precautions.

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Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance of Maltose-Negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African Dairy Herds

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090616 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 616

Author(s):

Joanne Karzis ◽

Inge-Marié Petzer ◽

Edward F. Donkin ◽

Vinny Naidoo ◽

Eric M.C. Etter

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

South African ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Aureus Strain ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Data Set ◽

Milk Samples

Antibiotic resistance has been reported since the 1940s in both human and veterinary medicine. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa led to identification of a novel maltose-negative Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain, which appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study, the susceptibility of this strain to antibiotics was evaluated over time, during diverse seasons in various provinces and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories. A data set of 271 maltose-negative S. aureus isolates, from milk samples of 117 dairy herds, was examined using the disk diffusion method, between 2010 and 2017. This study also compared the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose-negative and 57 maltose-positive S. aureus isolated from 38 farms, from three provinces using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC results for the maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed highest resistance to ampicillin (100%) and penicillin (47.4) and lowest resistance (1.8%) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. The maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed overall significantly increased antibiotic resistance compared to the maltose-positive strains, as well as multidrug resistance. Producers and veterinarians should consider probability of cure of such organisms (seemingly non-chronic) when adapting management and treatment, preventing unnecessary culling.

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The Impact of Peritonitis on Peritoneal and Systemic Acid-Base Status of Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritoneal Dialysis International ◽

10.1177/089686089401400112 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 61-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jacques J. Sennesael ◽

Godelieve C. De Smedt ◽

Patricia Van der Niepen ◽

Dierik L. Verbeelen

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Acid Base ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Blood Ph ◽

Acid Base Status ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Objective To assess the possible effects of peritonitis on peritoneal and systemic acid-base status. Design pH, pCO2, lactate, and total leukocyte and differential count were simultaneously determined in the overnight dwell peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) and arterial blood in noninfected patients (controls) and on days 1, 3, and 5 from the onset of peritonitis. Setting University multidisciplinary dialysis program. Patients Prospective analysis of 63 peritonitis episodes occurring in 30 adult CAPD patients in a single center. Results In controls, mean (±SD) acid-base parameters were pH 7.41 ±0.05, pCO2 43.5±2.6 mm Hg, lactate 2.5±1.5 mmol/L in the PDE, and pH 7.43±0.04, PaCO2 36.8±3.8 mm Hg, lactate 1.4±0.7 mmol/L in the blood. In sterile (n=6), gram-positive (n=34), and Staphylococcus aureus (n=9) peritonitis PDE pH's on day 1 were, respectively, 7. 29±0.07, 7. 32±0.07, and 7.30±0.08 (p<0.05 vs control). In gram -negative peritonitis (n=14) PDE pH was 7.21 ±0.08 (p<0.05 vs all other groups). A two-to-threefold increase in PDE lactate was observed in all peritonitis groups, but a rise in pCO2 was only seen in gram -negative peritonitis. Acid-base profile of PDE had returned to control values by day 3 in sterile, gram -positive and Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis and by day 5 in gramnegative peritonitis. Despite a slight increase in plasma lactate on the first day of peritonitis, arterial blood pH was not affected by peritonitis. Conclusion PDE pH is decreased in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis, even in the absence of bacterial growth. In gram-negative peritonitis, PDE acidosis is more pronounced and prolonged, and pCO2 is markedly increased. Arterial blood pH is not affected by peritonitis.

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Increasing incidence of Gram-negative organisms in bacterial agents isolated from diabetic foot ulcers

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.2967 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 707-712 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Vedat Turhan ◽

Mesut Mutluoglu ◽

Ali Acar ◽

Mustafa Hatipoglu ◽

Yalcın Onem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diabetic Foot ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Diabetic Foot Infections ◽

Pseudomonas Species ◽

Gram Negative Organisms

Introduction: In the present study, we sought to identify the bacterial organisms associated with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles. Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed the records of wound cultures collected from diabetic patients with foot infections between May 2005 and July 2010. Results: We identified a total of 298 culture specimens (165 [55%] wound swab, 108 [36%] tissue samples, and 25 [9%] bone samples) from 107 patients (74 [69%] males and 33 [31%] females, mean age 62 ± 13 yr) with a DFI. Among all cultures 83.5% (223/267) were monomicrobial and 16.4% (44/267) were polymicrobial. Gram-negative bacterial isolates (n = 191; 61.3%) significantly outnumbered Gram-positive isolates (n = 121; 38.7%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas species (29.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%), Enterococcus species (11.5%), Escherichia coli (7.1%), and Enterobacter species (7.1%), respectively. While 13.2% of the Gram-negative isolates were inducible beta-lactamase positive, 44.2% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. Conclusions: Our results support the recent view that Gram-negative organisms, depending on the geographical location, may predominate in DFIs.

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Antibiotics usage, how well we know it? KAP survey among the dentist population in Mumbai

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20204500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1713

Author(s):

Amisha N. Parekh ◽

Karthik Balasubramanian ◽

Purvi Bhate ◽

Dheeraj D. Kalra

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Antibiotic Overuse ◽

Total Percentage ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Systemic Antibiotics

Background: There is a rising concern for antibiotic resistance worldwide, the primary cause of which is overuse and misuse. This study primarily aimed at assessing the knowledge of dental practitioners regarding the current guidelines on use of antibiotics and to identify the shortcomings if any.Methods: Present study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted amongst 450 dental practitioners across Mumbai with the help of a self-designed questionnaire. The data was entered into excel sheets and appropriate statistical analysis was done with chi-square test using SPSS version 20.Results: The present study had a response rate of 95%. For the total percentage of patients examined each day that required systemic antibiotics, 36.9% (153) dentists answered 0-5%, followed by 25.3% (105) answered 10-15%. 76.1% (316) dentists came across patients who had self-prescribed antibiotics. 66% (274) dentists had never advised an antibiotic sensitivity/ culture test for their patients. 51.3% (213) dentists came across patients who did not respond to antibiotics. 87.2% (363) dentists were not aware about the ‘AWaRe’ classification of antibiotics given by WHO. 93.3% (383) dentists did not know about antimicrobial stewardship concept.Conclusions: The present study reflected antibiotic overuse and misuse to a certain extent by dental practitioners across Mumbai. Most dentists were unaware about ‘AWaRe’ classification and antimicrobial stewardship. Patient education on ill effects of self-prescription of antibiotics, identification of traits of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic culture tests needs to be prioritized by dentists.

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