scholarly journals The Ups and Downs of the Agreed Course: Russia, Britain and the Persian Crisis of 1911

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
А. Б. Ларин ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Face ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Relationship

This article covers the interaction between Russia and Great Britain on the Persian Question in 1911, when a number of internal and external factors caused a serious political crisis in Qajar Iran, which directly affected international relations in the Middle East. In late 1910 – early 1911, the Persian government initiated an invitation of foreign experts to reorganize the finances of Qajar Iran. As a result of a rather complex discussion between St. Petersburg, London and Tehran, it was decided to invite a group of American specialists headed by William Morgan Shuster, an American financial adviser who had previously been involved in similar activities in the Philippines. This choice was later proven unfortunate: in many ways, it was Shuster’s approach that provoked the emergence and contributed to the deepening of the 1911 crisis. In addition, the paper considers the main factors and stages of development of the crisis, Shuster’s role in the events, St. Petersburg’s and London’s policies on the issue, as well as the differences in the approaches of Russian and British diplomacy to its resolution. It is demonstrated that in the face of a significant threat to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907, the Foreign Office (represented by Sir Edward Grey) displayed a willingness to make compromises on the Persian Question in order to prevent a break in diplomatic relations with Russia. At the same time, the crisis clearly demonstrated how fragile the balance of positions of the two Powers in the region was and how easily even a regional conflict can jeopardize the relationship between the two Powers in a wider context.

scholarly journals Nigeria–China Relations: The Contemporary Challenges

2019 ◽  
pp. 1258-1265
Author(s):  
Dr. Adigbuo Ebere Richard
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Research Method ◽  
International System ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The Relationship

2018 marks the 47th anniversary of Nigeria-China diplomatic relations. Nigeria’s relation with china is decisively important for the future of both countries and to an ever evolving international system. It is appropriate to understand the contemporary challenges facing this relationship. Thus, this article examines Sino-Nigeria relation with a view to providing a balance sheet of cost and benefits. To do this, the study rests on qualitative research method that examines and synthesizes extant literature on international relations and in particular relevant literature on Sino-Nigeria relations. It is thus discovered that in the bilateral relations between the two countries, China has gained more than Nigeria in terms of balance of trade and the unwillingness of China to transfer technology to Nigeria. Since the relationship is asymmetrical, the article concludes that China cannot solve Nigeria’s problem and that the latter must learn from China bitter and hard way to greatness.

ÒÍÅ HISTORY OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN UZBEK KHANATES AND INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Oybek Yarmatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
History Of Diplomacy

International relations between Central Asia and India were important in the history of diplomacy and began to develop in the 15-16 centuries. The relationship between the two parties reached its peak during the reign of Abdullah II and Akbarshah. This article focuses on international relations between Central Asia and India

scholarly journals Mongolia of the Twentieth Century and Russian-Mongolian Relations: Based on the Materials of the Conference Dated May 28, 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Yuri Kuzmin ◽  
Alexey Manzhigeev ◽  
Liudmila Sanina
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
State University ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Practical ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Practical Conference

Currently, the leadership of Russia considers the expansion of economic, scientific and educational cooperation with Mongolia impor­tant, therefore, the study of modern Mongolian and world Mongolian studies, which formulate and determine further development of international relations, seems to be an urgent and contemporary task. The article describes the development trends of modern world and Russian Mongolian studies, poses topical issues that need to be resolved in the face of increasing geopolitical competition in Mongolia. It is an overview of the reports presented at the international scientific-practical conference «Mongolia of the 20th century and Russian-Mongolian relations: history and economy» dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations, which took place on May 28, 2021 in Irkutsk on the basis of the Baikal State University. The conference participants supported the idea of creating a «Biobibliographic Dictionary of Russian Researchers in Mongolia». It was proposed to include in the dictionary corpus not only the representatives of Russian Mongolologist, but also Turkologists, Sinologists, researchers of the history of Russia, as well as practitioners: diplomats, translators, military men, merchants, journalists who wrote studies on history, geography, economics, culture and art of Mongolia. Thus, scientific Russian-Mongolian cooperation continues successfully, new joint publications, round tables, and scientific conferences are being planned.

YOSEF GOVRIN, Israeli–Soviet Relations 1953–1967: From Confrontation to Disruption (London: Frank Cass, 1998). Pp. 347.

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Middle East ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Soviet Jewry ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
The Relationship

This book is a most welcome addition to the literature on Russian–Israeli relations. Although Yaacov Ro⊃i, in his study Soviet Decision Making in Practice: The USSR and Israel 1947–1954 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980), covered the 1947–53 period thoroughly, and although there is an extensive body of literature on Russian policy toward Israel (and the rest of the Middle East) after the 1967 war, a gap has existed for many years in the scholarly coverage of Russian–Israeli relations from the death of Stalin in March 1953 until the June 1967 Six Day War. Yosef Govrin, a retired Israeli Foreign Office official who specialized in relations with the USSR, has gone a long way toward filling this gap. Having the advantage of access to the Israeli archives and internal political debates, Govrin presents a balanced picture of the Soviet–Israeli relationship, pointing out where, in his opinion, both Israel and the USSR made mistakes in developing their ties. He also goes into great detail on the question of Soviet Jewry (more than half of the book), noting how Israel's efforts to get the Soviet government to allow Jews to emigrate to Israel was a serious complicating factor in the relationship, although the primary cause for the USSR's breaking of diplomatic relations with Israel in June 1967 (Govrin was first secretary of the Israeli embassy in Moscow at the time) stemmed from Moscow's backing of the radical Ba⊃athist regime in Syria, which helped precipitate the 1967 war.

Russian -Turkish relations and current international alliances in the Middle East "Study on the effect and Impact"

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Muthanna Faiq Meri ◽  
Abdelalim -Fadel Wadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
External Factors ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Middle East Study

International relations are affected by the interests that may be achieved by States or if those interests are harmed as a result of internal and external factors that are exposed to this or that state. The bilateral international relations are also affected by the alliances to which one or both sides of the relationship is involved. A set of geopolitical, economic, security and ideological interests negatively and positively. Such relations were also affected by the policy of axes and international alliances, which have long been joined by the two countries to contradictory alliances that have strained their relations. Turkey is a member of the four-party alliance and Turkey is a member of the Islamic alliance and then of the international coalition to fight the oppressive organization and the terrorist groups in Iraq and Syria. Each of these alliances has its objectives and members whose views differ from those of other member states, Hence, the impact on relations between Russia and Turkey was clear.

scholarly journals Pakistan and China’s Strategic Ties: Challenges and Opportunities in Trade Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
Zahid Yaseen ◽  
Manzoor Khan Afridi ◽  
Muhammad Muzaffar
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Peaceful Rise ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Trade Perspective ◽  
The Relationship

The 21st century is marked by power shifting from the west to the east. This century started a new debate in the world about the peaceful rise of China as an economic power. Many scholarly articles discuss China as a new superpower. Due to the peaceful rise of China, the major powers like USA and Russia are looking for new areas of cooperation with China. This cooperation proved the statement that “there are not permanent friends or foes in international relations, only interests are permanent” and these national interests help the states to make their foreign policy. This is true in the relationship among states as well in the case of China & Pakistan. Despite, strong defense and diplomatic relations, there are some areas of divergence in Pak-China relations which are seen with the help of primary and secondary sources. This aspect needs to addressed by the leadership of both states.

Contexts of Political (Un)Stability in Asia and the Chinese Instrumentalisation of Tourism

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-193
Author(s):  
Jiawei Xing ◽  
Zélia Breda ◽  
Jorge Tavares da Silva
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Chinese Case ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chinese Tourists ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
The Relationship

Tourism is one of the most vulnerable sectors in the face of economic, political, environmental, and social changes. The study regarding the relationship between political phenomena and the dynamics of international relations and tourism is still at an infancy stage. The authors refer, in particular, to contexts of crisis, catastrophes, and conflicts in their relationship with tourism indicators. This is the purpose of this work, focusing on the Chinese case due to its particularities. In other words, they want to see how some regional political phenomena—the Asian context—are reflected in the development of Chinese tourism. They find that there is an immediate correspondence between the number of Chinese tourists and the contexts of political instability, but in which tourist flows are very dependent on government guidelines. Although subject to market dictates, they often obey geopolitical imperatives.

Potential ESG Risks in Entities of the Healthcare System

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-102
Author(s):  
Beata Zofia Filipiak ◽  
Marcin Kiestrzyn
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Face ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The chapter presents the evolution of potential ESG risks in the healthcare sector related to striving to provide the best care for patients. Based on the literature and selected examples, the analysis of this problem will indicate potential risks of the main factors and tools that can help manage this risk in the healthcare sector. There is a research gap in the literature; there is a lack of detailed discussion and research allowing to establish the relationship between ESG factors and finances. Particular emphasis is placed on social pillar, which in the authors' opinion is critical to the functioning of the healthcare sector, especially from the face of COVID-19. The authors proposed a map to identify potential risk and possible scenarios of action in the long term. The main assumption of the study is that the implementation of ESG potential risk management leads in the long run to sustainable development in the healthcare sector.

EU-Russia Energy Relations: From a Liberal to a Realist Paradigm?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Siddi
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Competition Rules ◽  
Energy Relations ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

Energy trade has been an important and largely cooperative field of the EU-Russia relationship for nearly five decades. After the Cold War, liberal theories of international relations, which highlighted the two sides’ interdependence, became entrenched as an explanatory framework for EU-Russia energy relations. From the late 2000s, Russia’s increasingly assertive foreign policy, culminating in the annexation of Crimea in 2014, changed dramatically the political framework of the energy relationship. As a result, realist understandings of Russia’s energy policy (re)gained popularity. However, despite the political crisis, EU-Russia energy trade has continued without major disruptions; indeed, Russian gas exports to Europe have grown after 2014. This article examines the evolution of the EU-Russia energy relationship and argues that it continues to respond to a commercial logic. Russia’s use of an ‘energy weapon’ appears highly unlikely. Meanwhile, eu market and competition rules have strengthened the case for a liberal understanding of the relationship.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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