Optische Schmelzüberwachung*/Optical monitoring of the melting process in an Al-melting furnace

Durch die hohen Ofentemperaturen ist der Schmelzvorgang in einem Aluminiumschmelzofen nicht durch berührende Sensoren überwachbar. Daher erforscht das IFUM die Überwachung des Schmelzvorgangs mit einem optischen Messsystem, welches die Schmelzbrücke trotz rotglühender Ofenwände aufnehmen kann. Danach arbeitet eine softwaregestützte Bildanalyse der Aufnahmen die Zustände während des Schmelzvorgangs oder die Höhenänderungen des Aluminiums heraus und detektiert Schmelzreste im Ofen auf der Schmelzbrücke, um das mit großen Energieverlusten behaftete Öffnen der Ofentür zur Ermittlung des Restaluminiums im Ofen weitestgehend zu vermeiden.   The melting process in a furnace cannot be monitored by contact sensors due to the high temperatures. Thus, the IFUM investigates a method for monitoring the melting process by optical sensors. An optical measuring system will monitor the fuse bridge despite the red-hot furnace walls. Next, the material state during the melting process or the change in height of the aluminum block is elaborated by an image analysis of the recordings to detect any melt residues on the fuse bridge. Thus, the opening of the furnace door to determine the amount of residual aluminum, which always causes high energy losses, can largely be avoided.

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Optische Schmelzbadüberwachung*/Optical monitoring of the melting bath in an Al-melting furnace

wt Werkstattstechnik online ◽

10.37544/1436-4980-2018-11-12-20 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (11-12) ◽

pp. 760-766

Author(s):

S. Mohammadifard ◽

J. Langner ◽

M. Stonis ◽

S. Sauke ◽

H. Larki Harchegani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxide Layer ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Melting Furnace ◽

Bath Surface ◽

Optical Monitoring ◽

Measuring Systems ◽

Height Change ◽

First Time ◽

Contact Sensors ◽

Holding Temperature

In einem Aluminium (Al)-Schmelzofen sind der Füllstand des Schmelzbades und die Oxidschichtmenge mit Kontaktsensoren nicht überwachbar, da das Schmelzbad aufgrund der hohen Haltebereich-Temperaturen von über 600 °C nicht zugänglich ist. Deshalb wird ein Online-Überwachungssystem des Aluminium-Schmelzbades mithilfe optischer Sensoren erforscht. Dafür wird das Schmelzbad mit geeigneten optischen Messsystemen identifiziert. Schließlich werden durch Bildanalyse-Algorithmen die Höhenänderung der Schmelze herausgearbeitet. Zudem werden Oxidschichten im Ofen auf der Badoberfläche mithilfe der Algorithmen detektiert.   The melt level and oxide layer quantity in an aluminum melting furnace cannot be monitored by contact sensors, since the melting bath is not accessible due to the high holding temperature (above 600 °C). Therefore, the method of monitoring the melting bath by means of optical sensors is investigated for the first time. For this purpose, suitable optical measuring systems can be applied which will be able to record the melting bath. The height change of the melt is to be elaborated by means of image analysis and any oxide layer on the bath surface is to be detected.

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Preliminary Energy Assessment of Glass Production in Nigeria

International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering ◽

10.4018/ijeoe.2018070104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 61-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olusegun David Samuel ◽

ThankGod Enatimi Boye ◽

Aanuoluwapo Ezekiel Ojelade

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Total Energy ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Average Energy ◽

Melting Furnace ◽

Glass Production ◽

Melting Process ◽

High Energy ◽

Production Plant ◽

Energy Assessment

This article describes how the high energy consumption associated with glass factories has been responsible for high cost of manufacturing of glass. However, there is a need for a systematic approach to assess energy consumption in the factory in order to avoid wastage. Previous methods of assessment could not take into cognizance of assessing the entire unit. Additionally, the methods are mostly complex and not straight forward"To overcome these constraints, an approach for audit energy consumption was developed. Energy study was conducted in a glass production plant in Ughelli, Nigeria to determine the energy requirements for the production of glass. The energy consumption patterns of the units operations were evaluated for production of 200 tonnes of glass bottles. The analysis revealed that there were ten defined units in a glass production. The electrical, thermal and manual energy required for the productions were 84.31, 15.59 and 0.10% of the total energy, respectively. The average energy intensity was estimated to be 818.53 MJ/tonne. The most energy intensive operation was identified as the melting process of the furnace with an energy intensity of 395.94 MJ/tonne, which accounts for 48.37% of the total energy required for glass production. Improvement on the design of the melting furnace is suggested to make the system more energy efficient.

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High-voltage monitoring by the fiber-optic recirculating measuring system

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-2-38-44 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

A. V. Polyakov ◽

M. A. Ksenofontov

Keyword(s):

Optical Fibers ◽

High Voltage ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Electromagnetic Interference ◽

Fiber Optic ◽

Electric Power Industry ◽

Measuring System ◽

Voltage Range ◽

External Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Optic Communication

Optical technologies for measuring electrical quantities attract great attention due to their unique properties and significant advantages over other technologies used in high-voltage electric power industry: the use of optical fibers ensures high stability of measuring equipment to electromagnetic interference and galvanic isolation of high-voltage sensors; external electromagnetic fields do not influence the data transmitted from optical sensors via fiber-optic communication lines; problems associated with ground loops are eliminated, there are no side electromagnetic radiation and crosstalk between the channels. The structure and operation principle of a quasi-distributed fiber-optic high-voltage monitoring system is presented. The sensitive element is a combination of a piezo-ceramic tube with an optical fiber wound around it. The device uses reverse transverse piezoelectric effect. The measurement principle is based on recording the change in the recirculation frequency under the applied voltage influence. When the measuring sections are arranged in ascending order of the measured effective voltages relative to the receiving-transmitting unit, a relative resolution of 0,3–0,45 % is achieved for the PZT-5H and 0,8–1,2 % for the PZT-4 in the voltage range 20–150 kV.

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NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF SOFT FERMION EXCITATIONS IN HOT QCD PLASMA: SOFT-QUARK BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND ENERGY LOSSES

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x10047701 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (04) ◽

pp. 685-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

YU. A. MARKOV ◽

M. A. MARKOVA ◽

A. N. VALL

Keyword(s):

Semiclassical Approximation ◽

Gluon Plasma ◽

High Energy ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Dynamical Equations ◽

Model Case ◽

Radiative Processes ◽

Higher Order Terms ◽

The Given ◽

Approximate Expressions

Within the framework of a semiclassical approximation the general theory of calculation of effective currents and sources generating bremsstrahlung of an arbitrary number of soft quarks and soft gluons at collision of a high-energy color-charged particle with thermal partons in a hot quark–gluon plasma is developed. For the case of one- and two-scattering thermal partons with radiation of one or two soft excitations, the effective currents and sources are calculated in an explicit form. In the model case of "frozen" medium, approximate expressions for energy losses induced by the most simple processes of bremsstrahlung of soft quark and soft gluon are derived. On the basis of a conception of the mutual cancellation of singularities in the sum of so-called "diagonal" and "off-diagonal" contributions to the energy losses, an effective method of determining color factors in scattering probabilities containing the initial values of Grassmann color charges is suggested. The dynamical equations for Grassmann color charges of hard particle used by us earlier on are proved to be insufficient for investigation of the higher radiative processes. It is shown that for correct description of these processes the given equations should be supplemented successively with the higher-order terms in powers of the soft fermionic field.

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BINARY PULSAR SYSTEM PSR B1259-63/LS2883 AS A GAMMA-RAY EMITTER

International Journal of Modern Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1142/s2010194514601690 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 1460169 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

DMITRY KHANGULYAN ◽

SERGEY V. BOGOVALOV ◽

FELIX A. AHARONIAN

Keyword(s):

Energy Band ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

High Energy ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Binary Pulsar ◽

Emission Component ◽

Emission Enhancement ◽

Very High Energy ◽

Hydrodynamical Simulations ◽

Very High

Observations of the binary pulsar PSR B1259-63/LS2883 in the high energy and very high energy domains have revealed a few quite unusual features. One of the most puzzling phenomena is the bright GeV flare detected with Fermi/LAT in 2011 January, approximately one month after periastron passage. Since the maximum luminosity in the high energy band during the flare nearly achieved the level of the pulsar spin-down energy losses, it is likely that the particles, responsible for this emission component, had a strongly anisotropic distribution, which resulted in the emission enhancement. One of the most prolific scenarios for such an emission enhancement is the Doppler boosting, which is realized in sources with relativistic motions. Interestingly, a number of hydrodynamical simulations have predicted a formation of highly relativistic outflows in binary pulsar systems, therefore scenarios, involving relativistic boosting, are very natural for these systems. However a more detailed analysis of such a possibility, presented in this study, reveals certain limitations which put strict constraints on the maximum luminosity achievable in this scenario. These constraints render the "Doppler boosting" scenario to be less feasible, especially for the synchrotron models.

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Testing the Performance of a Traditional Furnace Melting Process on Bronze as the Material of Gamelan

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.889.99 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 889 ◽

pp. 99-103

Author(s):

I. Gusti Ngurah Priambadi ◽

I. Ketut Gede Sugita

Keyword(s):

Melting Furnace ◽

Melting Process ◽

Data Retrieval ◽

Musical Instrument ◽

Smelting Process ◽

Melting Time ◽

Time Data ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Furnace Melting ◽

Low Efficiency

Gamelan is traditional musical instrument that evolves especially in Bali, its function is to accompany the religious and cultural ceremonies of Hindus. The making process of gamelan, smelting bronze alloys, is done by using traditional furnaces. The use of charcoal as fuel in smelting process causes melting furnace performance is difficult to determine. That condition impacts the effectiveness of the smelting process especially in determining the needs of fuel and the processing time. Therefore, it influences the productivity of crafters. This research was conducted to test the performance of the furnace in accordance with a design that is commonly used by artisans. The observation was done at the temperature of melting, melting time, data retrieval was conducted repeatedly three times on different days. Based on the analysis and observation in accordance with the experimental design made whereby in the smelting process to achieve the casting temperature indicated as follows. The average temperature of smelting is 730,8 °C, fuel use is 23 kg, melting time is 39.76 minutes as well as the efficiency of the furnace 36.80%. Based on the analysis conducted, low efficiency is due to the surface of the furnace which is designed open, so that during the energy generated in the process of burning a lot of fuel wasted into the environment.

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NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE GEOMETRIC INFLUENCE OF A FIN IN A CYLINDRICAL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR MELTING OF PCM

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v18i1.67054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

F. C. Spengler ◽

B. Oliveira ◽

R. C. Oliveski ◽

L. A. O. Rocha

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchanger ◽

Aspect Ratio ◽

Phase Change ◽

Latent Heat ◽

Heat Storage ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Melting Process ◽

High Energy ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Melting Time

The thermal heat storage it’s an effective way to suit the energy availability with the demand schedule. It can be stored in the means of sensible or latent heat, the latter applying a material denominated Phase Change Material (PCM), which is provided as organic compounds, hydrated salts, paraffins, among others. The latent heat storage systems offer several advantages, like the practically isothermal process of loading and unloading and the high energy density. However, the low thermal conductivity makes the cycle prolonged on these systems, restricting its applicability. Applying computational fluid dynamics, the behavior of the PCM melting process was studied in cylindrical cavities with horizontal and vertical fins, aiming the optimization of the fin geometry. In this way the fin area was kept constant, varying its aspect ratio. The numerical model was validated with results from the literature and it’s composed of the continuity, momentum and energy equations increased by the phase change model. Qualitative and quantitative results are presented, referring to mesh independence, contours of velocity, net fraction and temperature at different moments of the process. The results of the study indicate that the position of the fin in the heat exchanger influences the melting process, although the vertical fins have a faster total melting process, horizontal fins can reach larger partial liquid fractions in less time in the heat exchanger. Such as the position of the fin, the increase of its length propitiates the reduction of the melting time, evidencing the optimal aspect ratio.

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Optical Monitoring of Gamma-Ray Loud Blazars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900080840 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 287-288

Author(s):

C.M. Raiteri ◽

G. Ghisellini ◽

M. Villata ◽

G. DE FRANCESCO ◽

S. Bosio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gamma Ray ◽

High Energy ◽

Significant Fraction ◽

Optical Monitoring ◽

Inverse Compton ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Γ Ray ◽

Uv Photons ◽

High Energy Particles ◽

Crucial Test

The observations by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) have shown that highly variable and radio-loud quasars emit a significant fraction of their energy in the γ band. According to the Inverse Compton model, the γ-ray emission is due to upscattering of soft (IR-optical-UV) photons by high energy particles. Optical monitoring is thus of great value in providing information on the mechanisms that rule the production of the seed photons for the γ-ray radiation and on the γ-ray emission itself. In particular, detection of variability correlations between optical and γ-ray emissions would be a crucial test for the theoretical predictions.

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Cosmic ray e± at high energy

EPJ Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/epjconf/201920804001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 208 ◽

pp. 04001 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kfir Blum ◽

Annika Reinert

Keyword(s):

Secondary Production ◽

Primary Source ◽

Cosmic Ray ◽

High Energy ◽

Radiative Energy ◽

Energy Losses ◽

Propagation Time ◽

Interstellar Matter ◽

Independent Evidence ◽

Good Agreement

There is a commonly expressed opinion in the literature, that cosmic-ray (CR) e+ come from a primary source, which could be dark matter or pulsars. In these proceedings we review some evidence to the contrary: namely, that e+ come from secondary production due to CR nuclei scattering on interstellar matter. We show that recent measurements of the total e± flux at E ≲ 3 TeV are in good agreement with the predicted flux of secondary e±, that would be obtained if radiative energy losses during CR propagation do not play an important role. If the agreement between data and secondary prediction is not accidental, then the requirement of negligible radiative energy losses implies a very short propagation time for high energy CRs: tesc ≲. 105 yr at rigidities R ≳ 3 TV. Such short propagation history may imply that a recent, near-by source dominates the CRs at these energies. We review independent evidence for a transition in CR propagation, based on the spectral hardening of primary and secondary nuclei around R ~ 100 GV. The transition rigidity of the nuclei matches the rigidity at which the e+ flux saturates its secondary upper bound.

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