scholarly journals Serfdom as a Social and Political Problem in J. P. Polonsky’s Works

Author(s):  
К.В. Алексеев

В статье анализируется отношение к крепостному праву как социально-политической проблеме в произведениях Я. П. Полонского «Свежее преданье» (включая план ненаписанных глав), «Признания Сергея Чалыгина» и «Дешевый город». Рассматриваются герои трех романов, с помощью которых писатель рисует правдивую картину жизни русского общества в 1820-е, 1840-е и 1850-е годы, а также показывает существовавшие в обществе позиции по отношению к крепостному праву. Через некоторых героев автор транслирует свое собственное мнение по поводу крепостной зависимости крестьян: рассказчик, Камков, Лора, Ульяна Ивановна, князь Таптыгин, баронесса («Свежее преданье»); Сергей Чалыгин, его мать, Кремнев («Признания Сергея Чалыгина»); Елатомский, Эвина, Бавин («Дешевый город»). Выделяются следующие аспекты трактовки Полонским проблемы крепостного права: протест против крепостного права неразрывно связан с идеями свободы и равноправия, при этом свобода понимается писателем не как проявление абсолютной воли человека, а как ответственное отношение к интересам общества и других людей; в среде либерально настроенной интеллигенции (особенно в 1850-е годы), как показывает писатель, существовало противоречие, заключающееся в расхождении слов и жизни за счет труда крепостных крестьян; неоднозначное отношение самих крестьян к возможному освобождению от крепостной зависимости ставит вопрос о готовности землепашцев принять свободу. Отмечается, что наиболее либеральные и демократические установки персонажей произведений совпадают с авторским мировоззрением. Делается вывод о том, что в исследуемых романах Я. П. Полонский пропагандирует идеи свободы, выступает против крепостного права, а также правдиво передает распространенные в русском обществе в 1820–1850-х годах настроения в контексте данной проблемы. Рассмотрение Полонским социально-политических проблем при этом отличается оригинальностью: писатель вкрапляет в ткань произведений диалоги, небольшие лаконичные зарисовки, краткие рассуждения, касающиеся вопросов политики, в частности крепостного права, и только целостный анализ текста позволяет понять позицию автора. The article analyzes J. P. Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom as a social and political problem through the prism of Polonsky’s novels “A Lovely Promise” (including the unwritten chapters), “Sergey Chalygin’s Confessions” and “A Cheap City”. The article focuses on the characters of the three novels whose images help the writer to depict the life of Russian society in the 1820s, the 1840s, and the 1850s, as well as to render social attitudes to serfdom. Some of the characters function as the author’s mouthpiece, showing Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom. These characters are the narrator, Kamkov, Lora, Ulyana Ivanovna, count Taptygin, the baroness (“A Lovely Promise”), Sergey Chalygin, his mother, Kremnev (“Sergey Chalygin’s Confessions”), Elatomsky, Evina, Bavin (“A Cheap City”). The article highlights the following aspects of Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom: serfdom is a monstrous practice which robs a person of their innate right to freedom and equality. The writer doesn’t treat freedom as manifestation of free will, but as recognition and respect for others. Polonsky underlines the discrepancy between liberal ideas expressed by representatives of intelligentsia and their acceptance of serfdom, he highlightes that peasants treated emancipation differently and sometimes they were not willing to accept freedom. The article maintains that Polonsky’s characters’ liberal and democratic ideas reflect the writers’ worldview. The author of the article concludes that in the aforementioned novels, J. P. Polonsky propagates freedom, censures serfdom, describes social attitudes to serfdom prevalent in Russian society in the 1820s–1850s. Polonsky’s treatment of social and political problems is strikingly unique. The writer’s ideas and attitudes can only be uncovered through close reading, through comprehensive analysis of the characters’ dialogues and short sketches on political issues.

Author(s):  
L. Ivanova

The article analyses the present state of Russian society in the context of overcoming economic stagnation and activating the mechanism of economic growth. The author examines the possibility of mobilizing human capital; social attitudes and their dynamics; the institutional structure of Russian society, implicating the principles of solidarity and coordination of interests within the framework of various voluntary unions and associations.  The analysis allows the author to define the social conditions for the activation of economic growth as complex, ambiguous and requiring a significant adjustment of social policy. At the same time, there are certain manifestations of Russian society’s interest in self-development, consolidation, and more active socio-economic transformations. The social demand for progressive sustainable economic development being obvious, the government will be able to launch economic growth by shifting from a policy of social protection to a policy of social development, with adequate goodwill and flexibility.


The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics offers a comprehensive analysis of Nigeria’s very rich history and ever-changing politics to its readers. It provides a deep understanding of Nigeria’s sociopolitical evolution and experience by covering a broad range of political issues and historical eras. The volume encompasses forty-four chapters organized thematically into essays covering history, political institutions, civil society, economic and social policy, identity and insecurity, and Nigeria in a globalized world. By identifying many of the classic debates in Nigerian politics, the chapters serve as an authoritative introduction to Africa’s most populous country. The chapters are interdisciplinary, introducing readers to classic debates and key research on Nigeria, as well as new methodologies, new data, and a compelling corpus of research questions for the next generation of researchers and readers interested in Africa.


2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-132
Author(s):  
Jan Baetens

In this article, the author analyzes Chris Marker’s photography, in particular the project Staring Back (an exhibition and a book, published in 2007), which offers a synthesis in fixed images of the film career of this author who has always explored the blurred boundaries between the still and the moving image (for example in his 1962 cult movie La jetée, or in later photo-films such as Si j’avais quatre dromadaires, 1966, and Le souvenir d’un avenir, with Yannick Bellon, 2001). The author relies on Marker’s notion of the “superluminal” (which refers to a special way of selecting still images out of the flow of moving images) as well as on contemporary and historical discussions on intermediality (inside and outside the domain of film studies alone) and cinephilia (as a specific way of combining writing and filming), to propose a close reading of Staring Back. In this reading, the author places strong emphasis on the political issues around looking and the relationship between artist and model.


1968 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Menasha

IN A SENSE RUSSIAN INDUSTRIALISTS WERE MUCH CLOSER TO THE vital centre of the Revolution of 1905 than any of the intelligentsia opposition; their workers, after all, were out on strike; and it was their private interests which were most directly and most seriously touched by the disturbances. Traditionally passive on political issues, Russian businessmen were catapulted into the ranks of the liberal opposition by the strike movement which rocked Russian industrial centies in 1905. The labour crisis goaded business men into examining government policy towards labour and capital; business groups then broadened their perspective and considered Russian society and the economy as a whole; finally, they injected political terms into the issues and echoed the pleas for constitutional reform and the extension of civil liberties so long championed by the libecal intelligentsia.


Author(s):  
Brian Gronewoller

Chapter 5 demonstrates that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy to explain God’s providence over that which does not come from God—evil. The first section provides a reading of On Genesis against the Manichaeans 1.3.5 which indicates that part of Augustine’s solution—the separation between the acts of creating and arranging—is a logical separation based upon the first two principal parts of rhetoric, invention (inuentio) and arrangement (dispositio). The second section then argues, by means of a close reading of On Free Choice 3.9.27, that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explains how God’s providence harmonizes with the source of sin, free will, by defining God’s providence according to the divine activity of arrangement rather than production.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630511983520
Author(s):  
Anastasia Denisova ◽  
Aliaksandr Herasimenka

The late 2010s have seen the unprecedented rise of Russian rap culture on YouTube. This study delves into the unexplored area of the relationship between rap music, politics, and the Internet audience in Russia. It focuses on the analysis of the production of the most popular rap videos—their narratives, power relations, and socio-political themes, as well as the prevailing patterns in the discussion on socio-political issues by the YouTube audience. The study brings three contributions that identify the power relations in the Russian society that manifest in the field of rap music. First, the Russian-speaking users demonstrate a high level of criticality toward the pro-Kremlin rap music on YouTube and challenge the lies of propaganda rap. Second, pro-government rappers follow the Soviet authoritarian ethos and praise belonging to the collective of elites, while liberal ones adhere to the individual responsibility. Third, we demonstrate the prevalence of patriarchal gender values, including macho politics and unquestioned sexism, which are representative of gender politics in the country. This article proves the importance of socio-political commentary on YouTube and points to the rap videos as the popular hubs for the socio-political debates. Users flow to rap videos and utilize the comment section to have their say on the political context and power relations rather than the music, to engage with others, and to contribute to the emerging collective debate. The comment sections on these rap videos have a unique value for the Russian users who exploit them as the negotiation space in the void of other platforms for social dialogue in Russia.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-192
Author(s):  
Natalia Usenko

At the beginning of the XXI century Ukrainian art observed activization of the artist’s interest for the political life of the country. The starting point was 2004, marked by protests against unfair elections in the country, the birth of the first “Maidan” and “Orange revolution”. In a number of artistic actions organized by art groups we can see the reflection of the revolution events and, later, the frustrations of its ideals. The most striking manifestation of political issues in contemporary art in Ukraine was the great creativity following the second “Maidan” (2013). In this spontaneous Performance everyone plays a role: the participants are the protesters, official persons, fighters of “Berkut” and interior force troops, journalists and others. Protesters’ tents, barricades, a statue of Lenin and “Maidan” itself (or Independence Square) as a place of free will and creativity became the Symbols of the “Maidan” and its own art objects.


ATAVISME ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Mega Hayuningtyas Erwanti ◽  
Maimunah Maimunah

This study is conducted to examine the portrayal of a lesbian continuum in Sarah Waters’ Fingersmith. To conduct the analysis, there are two research questions: first, how is the construction of lesbian continuum portrayed in the relationship between Susan Trinder and Maud Lilly and how does lesbian continuum become a strategy to negotiate compulsory heterosexuality. In doing the analysis, the theory of lesbian continuum which is proposed by Adrienne Rich will be used to elaborate the novel. This study is a qualitative research where the data are taken from the novel Fingersmith, library research, journals, and other relevant sources. To gain the comprehensive analysis, this study uses some methods which are: close reading, postulation the statements of the problems, data classification, and analysis using the lesbian continuum theory, supporting analysis through library research, books, and academic journals. This study finds that the characters of Susan Trinder and Maud Lilly can be identified as having a double life which constructs the lesbian continuum. Moreover, the lesbian continuum becomes a strategy to negotiate compulsory heterosexuality with denial and negotiation of women’s oppression. Abstrak: Artikel ini mengkaji representasi lesbian continuum dalam novel Sarah Waters yang berjudul Fingersmith. Dua pertanyaan utama penelitian ini adalah (1) bagaimana konstruksi lesbian continuum direpresentasikan dalam hubungan antara tokoh Susan Trinder dan Maud Lily dalam novel Fingersmith dan (2) bagaimana lesbian continuum menjadi strategi untuk menghadapi compulsory heterosexuality dalam novel Fingersmith. Teori lesbian continuum oleh Adrienne Rich akan menjadi teori utama untuk menjawab pertanyaan penelitian. Menggunakan teknik pembacaan novel dan analisis pustaka yang bersumber dari jurnal dan sumber lain yang mendukung. Untuk mendapatkan data yang komprehensip, metode yang dipakai adalah close reading, menjabarkan pertanyaan, klasifikasi data, dan analisis menggunakan teori lesbian continuum, analisis didukung menggunakan penelitian pustaka, buku dan jurnal. Dalam penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan hal-hal berikut: Pertama, tokoh Susan Trinder dan Maud Lily diidentifikasi memiliki kehidupan ganda (double life), yang merupakan ciri dari representasi Lesbian Continuum. Kedua, lesbian continuum adalah strategi untuk bertahan dalam masyarakat dengan cara menyangkal (denial) adanya relasi seksual di antara mereka dan untuk melawan tekanan terhadap perempuan pada masa itu. Kata-kata Kunci: compulsory heterosexuality; lesbian continuum; Fingersmith


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-60
Author(s):  
Uwe Schütte

O tema deste artigo é um texto apócrifo de W. G. Sebald, o ensaio "Europäische Peripherien" [Periferias Europeias], baseado em uma palestra proferida em fevereiro de 1992, em Tübingen. Esse ensaio ocupa um lugar especial na obra de Sebald, pois nele o autor se expressa mais resolutamente do que em qualquer outra ocasião sobre questões políticas, no que diz respeito tanto ao processo de unificação europeia quanto aos problemas fundamentais das sociedades ocidentais na transição para o século XXI. A partir de uma leitura mais atenta, chego à conclusão de que esse ensaio, supostamente secundário, revela-se um importante pilar para reconstruir a interpretação profundamente melancólica que Sebald faz da história com base no conceito de uma “história natural da destruição”. Ao mesmo tempo, “Europäische Peripherien” permite reconhecer a importância de Mutation der Menschheit [Mutação da Humanidade], de Pierre Bertaux, como influência fundamental, até então não reconhecida, para o desenvolvimento da obra de Sebald.Palavras-chave: W.G. Sebald. Europa. “História natural da destruição”. Pierre Bertaux. AbstractThis article discusses the essay "Europäische Peripherien", a hitherto overlooked text by W.G. Sebald based on a lecture given in Tübingen in February 1992. The essay occupies a special position in Sebald's oeuvre, as the author positions himself more pronouncedly than anywhere else on political issues, both with regard to the process of European unification and to fundamental challenges of Western societies in the transition to the twenty-first century. In my close reading the supposedly insignificant essay proves to be an important text for a reconstruction of Sebald's deeply melancholic view of history as expressed in the concept of a "natural history of destruction". At the same time, "European Peripheries" allows us to acknowledge the importance of Pierre Bertaux’ Mutation der Menschheit as an undiscovered influence on the development of Sebald's oeuvre.Keywords: W.G. Sebald. Europa. “Natural history of destruction”. Pierre Bertaux. ORCIDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4825-1912


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
István Berszán

AbstractIn our academic environment, borders are usually treated within the territorial-institutional demarcation or the political resistance against such actions. In his essay “What is a Border?” Étienne Balibar focuses on political examples. What kind of demarcation is at work here? What kind of boundaries integrate everything in the space of social historical relations as if there was nothing else outside us? Politically speaking, we have created the institution of border, but according to the Australian philosopher Jeff Malpas, our being-in-the-world implies all-encompassing places as the material condition for the appearance of things and living creatures. The Hungarian term “határ” (border) has a specific meaning referring to the natural environment of a settlement: not a concrete line, but a field with depth around the built habitat of people. Can we apply a border theory based on political issues to our neighbourhood with non-human creatures? To what extent will the concept of border be changed if we consider different spaces of contact making? Through the close reading of some fragments from Henry David Thoreau’s Walden and Jack London’s White Fang, my paper shows how literature and the arts help us ask and investigate such questions.


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