scholarly journals Genome Editing of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using CRISPR-Cas9 System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Yaseen Ismael Imran ◽  
Ibrahim Abdulla Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed Ali Muhawesh
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Pharmaceutical Proteins ◽  
Long Time

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important yeast has been exploited for a long time to produce alcohol or bread. Moreover, genetically engineered S. cerevisiae cells continue to be used as cell factories for production of biofuels, pharmaceutical proteins and food additives. Genetically modified strain of S. cerevisiae created using traditional methods is laborious and time consuming. Recently, originally an immune system in archaea and bacteria, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats “CRISPR” and CRISPR-associated “Cas” have been used exploited  as a flexible tool for genome editing. Until now, this tool has been applied to many organisms including yeast. Here, we review the importance of S. cerevisiae as an industrial platform and the use of CRISPR/Cas system and its applications in research and industry of this yeast.  

scholarly journals Synthetic Biology Approaches to Engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards the Industrial Production of Valuable Polyphenolic Compounds

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Rainha ◽  
Daniela Gomes ◽  
Lígia R. Rodrigues ◽  
Joana L. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Microbial Cell ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Microbial Cell Factories ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Engineered Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites with diverse biological and potential therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer, among others. However, their extraction from the native plants is not enough to satisfy the increasing demand for this type of compounds. The development of microbial cell factories to effectively produce polyphenols may represent the most attractive solution to overcome this limitation and produce high amounts of these bioactive molecules. With the advances in the synthetic biology field, the development of efficient microbial cell factories has become easier, largely due to the development of the molecular biology techniques and by the identification of novel isoenzymes in plants or simpler organisms to construct the heterologous pathways. Furthermore, efforts have been made to make the process more profitable through improvements in the host chassis. In this review, advances in the production of polyphenols by genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches to improve the production of these compounds at industrial settings are discussed.

The use of β-glucan extracted from baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to increase non-specific immune system and resistence of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Aeromonas hydrophila

2013 ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Ida N Jamal ◽  
Reiny A Tumbol ◽  
Remy E.P Mangindaan
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Baker’S Yeast ◽  
Baker's Yeast ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia

Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia disease (MAS) attacking tilapia has increased in recent years as a consequence of intensive aquaculture activities, which led to losses in aquaculture industry. The agent causing MAS disease is Aeromonas hydrophila. The disease can be controlled with the β-glucan. As immunostimulants, β-glucans can also increase resistance in farmed tilapia. Studies on the use of β-glucan extracted from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was intended to evaluate the non-specific immune system of tilapia that were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments with three replicats. The dose of β-glucan used as treatments were 0 mg.kg-1 fish (Control), 5 mg.kg-1 fish (B), 10 mg.kg-1 fish (C) and 20 mg.kg-1 fish (D), each treatment as injected three times at intervals of 3 days, the injection volume of 0.5 ml/fish for nine days and resistance surveillance for seven days. The results showed that the difference in the amount of β-glucan and the frequency of the injected real influence on total leukocytes, phagocytic activity and resistance. Total leukocytes, phagocytic activity and resistance to treatment was best achieved by the administration of C a dose of  10 mg.kg-1 of the fish© Penyakit Motil Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) yang menyerang ikan nila mengalami peningkatan selama beberapa tahun terakhir sebagai konsekuensi dari kegiatan akuakultur intensif, yang menyebabkan kerugian dalam industri budidaya. Agen utama penyebab penyakit MAS adalah Aeromonas hydrophila. Untuk mengendalikan penyakit tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian β-glukan. Sebagai imunostimulan, β-glukan juga dapat  meningkatkan resistensi pada ikan nila yang dibudidayakan. Pengkajian mengenai pemanfaatan β-glukan yang diekstrak dari ragi roti Saccharomyces cerevisiae dimaksudkan untuk menguji sistem imun non spesifik ikan nila yang diuji tantang dengan bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode eksperimen dengan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Dosis β-glukan  yang digunakan sebagai perlakuan sebesar 0 mg.kg-1 ikan (Kontrol), 5 mg.kg-1 ikan (B), 10 mg.kg-1 ikan (C) dan 20 mg.kg-1 ikan (D), masing-masing perlakuan diinjeksi sebanyak 3 kali dengan interval waktu 3 hari selama 9 hari, volume injeksi 0,5 mL/ekor ikan dan pengamatan resistensi selama tujuh hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan jumlah β-glukan dan frekuensi pemberian yang diinjeksikan memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap total leukosit, aktivitas fagositosis dan resistensi. Total leukosit, aktivitas fagositosis dan resistensi terbaik dicapai pada perlakuan C dengan dosis 10 mg.kg-1 ikan©

scholarly journals Programming Native CRISPR Arrays for the Generation of Targeted Immunity

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Hynes ◽  
Simon J. Labrie ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Industrial Settings

ABSTRACT The adaptive immune system of prokaryotes, called CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated genes), results in specific cleavage of invading nucleic acid sequences recognized by the cell’s “memory” of past encounters. Here, we exploited the properties of native CRISPR-Cas systems to program the natural “memorization” process, efficiently generating immunity not only to a bacteriophage or plasmid but to any specifically chosen DNA sequence. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas systems have entered the public consciousness as genome editing tools due to their readily programmable nature. In industrial settings, natural CRISPR-Cas immunity is already exploited to generate strains resistant to potentially disruptive viruses. However, the natural process by which bacteria acquire new target specificities (adaptation) is difficult to study and manipulate. The target against which immunity is conferred is selected stochastically. By biasing the immunization process, we offer a means to generate customized immunity, as well as provide a new tool to study adaptation.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas9: A Powerful Tool to Efficiently Engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
João Rainha ◽  
Joana L. Rodrigues ◽  
Lígia R. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Yeast Genome ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Precise Tool ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Gene Knockouts ◽  
Heterologous Pathway ◽  
A Current

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been for a long time a common model for fundamental biological studies and a popular biotechnological engineering platform to produce chemicals, fuels, and pharmaceuticals due to its peculiar characteristics. Both lines of research require an effective editing of the native genetic elements or the inclusion of heterologous pathways into the yeast genome. Although S. cerevisiae is a well-known host with several molecular biology tools available, a more precise tool is still needed. The clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats–associated Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system is a current, widespread genome editing tool. The implementation of a reprogrammable, precise, and specific method, such as CRISPR-Cas9, to edit the S. cerevisiae genome has revolutionized laboratory practices. Herein, we describe and discuss some applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in S. cerevisiae from simple gene knockouts to more complex processes such as artificial heterologous pathway integration, transcriptional regulation, or tolerance engineering.

Use of immunocorrectors in patients with chronic lymph leukemia

1986 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-101
Author(s):  
V. Ya. Shustov ◽  
N. A. Afanasyeva ◽  
P. P. Kuznetsov ◽  
A. K. Myshkina
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Outpatient Treatment ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia ◽  
Cytostatic Drugs ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Lymphatic Leukemia ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Negative Effect

Chronic lymphatic leukemia is second only to acute leukemia in the frequency of infectious complications. In most cases, severe infectious complications are the cause of death in these patients. Modern chemotherapy makes it possible to preserve the ability to work and the life expectancy of patients for a long time. However, the negative effect of cytostatic drugs on the already altered immune system leads to an even greater suppression of immunity and an increase in the number of infectious complications. The search for new ways to combat infections has shown the advisability of long-term outpatient treatment with antibacterial drugs.

CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing as a tool for developing immunotherapy for cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Engineered T Cells ◽  
Long Time

T cells following genome editing and transformation might be detectable in peripheral blood and tumor tissues for a long time, even more than a year. The types and diversity of T-cells in peripheral blood and tumor tissues changed following transfusion of genetically modified T-cells, and some highly suspected T-cells targeting cancer cells grew, increasing the proportion of such cells. Moreover, after getting genetically engineered T cells, anticancer cytokine secretion increased. T cells changed by gene editing have certain functions, at least from an immunological standpoint. The first clinical research using the CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing method for cancer resistance is more complicated: Using CRISPR–Cas9 gene editing technology to concurrently knock out, amplify, activate and reinfuse three genes in human immune cells. This therapeutic strategy is more demanding, because the changed immune cells have a wider target scope. The data suggest that the efficacy of gene editing in immune cells was 15–45%, and the modified cells could survive long in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of patients. After three or four months, some T-cells became central T-cells. These encouraging findings pave the way for future experimental cancer research utilizing CRISPR technology.

scholarly journals Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research

ILAR Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana H Overgaard ◽  
Timothy M Fan ◽  
Kyle M Schachtschneider ◽  
Daniel R Principe ◽  
Lawrence B Schook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunoediting ◽  
Oncology Research ◽  
Experimental Cancer

Abstract The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E’s, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.

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