Effect of Perceived Social Support on Postnatal Depression in Females with Cesarean Section and Normal Vaginal Delivery

Objectives: To assess the association of perceived social support with postnatal depression among puerperal women of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods: It was a case-control study carried out during a period of 18 months (1-1-2019 to 30-06-2020). By using purposive sampling technique 284 postpartum women were enrolled from Allied hospital and Children hospital Faisalabad. The postnatal depression was diagnosed with Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to measure the social support that was perceived by women. Results: According to cut-off score ≥13 on EPDS 37.3% women were found depressed while 62.7% women were found non-depressed. The mean EPDS score ± SD was 10.12 ± 6.27 (min score 0; max score 27). The perceived social support from significant other, family and friends was found as significant predictor of postnatal depression. With one-point increase in global perceived social support, the postnatal depression decreased by 0.1 points on EPDS scale (p = 0.03) among women in normal vaginal delivery group, by 0.2 points in cesarean section group (p <0.001) and the postnatal depression decreased by 0.2 points in total sample (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A poor perceived social support from significant other, family and friends is a significant risk factor for postnatal depression among puerperal women.

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Affiliation of Postpartum Depression with Mode of Delivery; A Disregarded Domain

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v10i1.551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Aisha Khan Jadoon ◽

Arzu Jadoon ◽

Sarosh Khan Jadoon ◽

Shahina Ishtiaq

Keyword(s):

Postpartum Depression ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Vaginal Delivery ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Depression Scale ◽

University Hospital ◽

Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽

Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery ◽

Post Natal Depression

Background: Postpartum Depression is a serious issue that can lead to irreversible disasters if not timely recognized and diagnosed. There are various modes of delivery; which may contribute towards physical and mental trauma. Methods: It was a prospective descriptive cross- sectional study carried out to evaluate the alliance of postnatal depression with different modes of delivery i.e. vaginal or lower segment caesarean section. The study was conducted at Ziauddin University Hospital. A sample size of 200 was taken. It was carried out from June 2019 to December 2019. A Performa was designed that questioned about different socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for post-natal depression (PND). Edinburg Post-Natal Depression Scale (EPNDS) was used for authenticated identification of women with depression in purpeurium. Results: Out of the total sample of 200 women, 100 were taken from the spontaneous vaginal delivery group and 100 from cesarean section group. Mean age was 21-34 years. It was noticed that 60% women who underwent cesarean section became a victim of depression and 40% women who had a normal vaginal delivery were identified to have post natal depression. Conclusion: The study identifies cesarean section to be one of the culprits of postnatal depression as compared to woman undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery. There is an exponential rise in the frequency of performing unexplained cesarean sections that would also boost up the graphs of postnatal depression; hence there is a dire need to instruct women to follow up postnatal so that they can be evaluated for post partum depression.

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Peran maternal self-efficacy sebagai mediator antara perceived social support dan depresi peripartum

Persona Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia ◽

10.30996/persona.v9i1.3230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 170-188

Author(s):

Ika Fitria ◽

Dian Putri Permatasari ◽

Ratri Nurwanti

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Direct Effect ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Peripartum Depression

AbstractPeripartum period is a term used to describe the period that lasts from the process of pregnancy to postpartum. Peripartum depression is associated with various negative impacts in various aspects of life, not only for mothers but also for children both short term and long term. This study aims to determine the role of maternal self-efficacy as a mediator of the correlation between perceived social support and peripartum depression using correlational quantitative methods. Study participants were taken using accidental sampling technique involving 84 women who were in the peripartum period as participants (M = 27, SD = 5.106). There are 3 research instruments used in this study, namely The Multidimensional Scale Perceived Social Support (MSPSS); Perceived Maternal Parental Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E); and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The results of the analysis using simple mediation analysis with the PROCESS macro from Hayes show that maternal self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perceived social support and peripartum depression. In addition, it is also known that perceived social support has a direct effect on peripartum depression.Keywords: Maternal Self Efficacy; Perceived Social Support; Peripartum Depression Abstrak Periode peripartum merupakan suatu istilah yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan periode yang berlangsung sejak proses kehamilan hingga pasca melahirkan. Depresi peripartum dikaitkan dengan berbagai dampak negatif dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, tidak hanya bagi ibu, tetapi juga bagi anak baik jangka pendek, maupun jangka panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran maternal self-efficacy sebagai mediator korelasi antara perceived social support dan depresi peripartum menggunakan metode kuantitatif korelasional. Partisipan penelitian diambil menggunakan teknik accidental sampling dengan melibatkan 84 perempuan yang berada dalam periode peripartum sebagai partisipan (M = 27, SD = 5.106). Terdapat 3 instrumen penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu The Multidimensional Scale Perceived Social Support (MSPSS); Perceived Maternal Parental Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E); dan Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Hasil analisis menggunakan analisis mediasi sederhana dengan makro PROCESS dari Hayes menunjukkan bahwa maternal self-efficacy memediasi hubungan antara perceived social support dan depresi peripartum. Selain itu, diketahui pula perceived social support memiliki direct effect terhadap depresi peripartum. Kata kunci: Depresi Peripartum; Maternal Self-Efficacy; Perceived Social Support

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SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.02.466 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 325-331

Author(s):

Naeem Ullah Leghari ◽

Zakia Bano ◽

Zoofishan Ahmad ◽

Bushra Akram

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Substance Use ◽

Substance Use Disorder ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Rehabilitation Centers ◽

The People ◽

Age Range ◽

Moderating Role

Introduction: In the present study social support will be defined in order tofind its moderating role in depression among people with substance use disorder. Objectives:The Objective of the study was to explore that stigma is a significant predictor of depressionin people with substance used disorder. Further, the study aim was to explore the significantrole of perceived social support in depression among the people with substance use disorder.Study Design: Sample was collected through purposive sampling technique. Setting, Period:Sample was gathered from different treatment and rehabilitation centers situated across Sialkot andMultan from August 2015 to June 2016. Material & Methods: Sample included 200 maleswith substance used disorder between age range of 20 to 50 (Mean age = 31.34, S.D = 7.988)were assessed on perceived stigma of substance abuse scale (Loma, O’ Hair, Knollenberg, Hayes,& Fletcher, 2010) and Saddiqui Shah Depression Scale (Shah, 1992). Regression analysis wasapplied to analyze the hypotheses. Results: The results reflected significant relationship ofperceived stigma and depression (r= .464; F (54.275), p<.001; R²=.215]. Resultshows perceived social support as a moderator between stigma and depression among peoplewith substance use disorder (r =.565; F (46.138), p<.001; R2=319]. Conclusion: Stigmatizingattitude of significant others in people with substance use disorder is increasing the negativefeelings among people with substance use disorder. Perception of this blaming attitude byother causes a deep effect on them and they suffer depression. Further, the Perception of socialsupport from others plays a momentous role in the lives of people it is helpful to cope all theproblems.

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The Relation between Social Support and Marital Satisfaction & Couples’ Depression after the Birth of the First Child

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0301.020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seyyedeh Samera Hoseini ◽

Leili Panaghi ◽

Mojtaba Habibi ◽

Jaber Davoodi ◽

Mani B. Monajemi

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Statistical Population ◽

Men And Women ◽

First Child ◽

Predictive Role

Background: Child Birth can play a major role in parents’ mental status and though it is considered as cherished event, it can dramatically jeopardize mental state of parents. Thus, we conducted this paper in order to study the relation between social support and marital satisfaction and couples’ depression after the birth of the first child. Methods: Statistical population was consisted of 75 couples (parents). They were assessed via Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale, marital satisfaction (ENRICH) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Results: Regression analysis showed that there was a significant and inverse relationship between social support and depression among men and women after childbirth. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between marital satisfaction and depression among men and women after childbirth. In addition, social support and marital satisfaction can be explained by the predictive role ofdepression in men after childbirth. But only social support can be predictive for explaining depression in women after childbirth. Conclusion: Thus, inadequate social support and low marital satisfaction can put couples at risk of postpartum depression.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postnatal Depression in Females with Cesarean Section and Normal Vaginal Delivery

RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.37962/jpps.v8i3.471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Saleem Rana ◽

Muhammad Asif ◽

Asif Hanif ◽

Syed Amir Gilani ◽

Sultan Ayaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Vaginal Delivery ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Child Death ◽

Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽

Sense Of Competence ◽

Parenting Sense Of Competence ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean

Objectives: To find the prevalence and risk factors of postnatal depression and association of parenting sense of competence with postnatal depression among females with cesarean section and normal vaginal delivery. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Allied hospital and Children hospital Faisalabad during a period of 1-1-2019 to 30-06-2020. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to enroll 284 women. The Urdu version of Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure postnatal depression. Results: The mean age (in years) ± SD was 27.39±5.26 (min 18 years, max 45 years). According to cut-off score ≥13 on EPDS 37.3% women were found depressed while 62.7% women were found non-depressed. The mean EPDS score ± SD was 10.12 ± 6.27 (min score 0; max score 27). The women’s age, women’s education, education of head of family, monthly income of family and socio-economic status, mode of delivery, delivery place, number of pregnancies, history of infant death, history of child death, history of miscarriage and number of living children and parenting sense of competence were significantly associated with postnatal depression (p<0.05). Conclusion: Socio-demographic, obstetric risk factors, and parenting sense of competence are significant predictors of postnatal depression that need to be addressed in order to sustain safe motherhood.

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Evaluation of the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients

The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0091217420982085 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009121742098208

Author(s):

Ali Kandeğer ◽

Memduha Aydın ◽

Kürşat Altınbaş ◽

Alparslan Cansız ◽

Özge Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Negative Association ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Adaptive Coping ◽

The Relationship

Objective We aimed to evaluate the relationship between perceived social support, coping strategies, anxiety, and depression symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients by comparing them with a matched control group in terms of age, gender, and education level. Method The patient group (n = 84) and the healthy controls (HCs, n = 92) filled in the questionnaire including the socio-demographic form, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced through the online survey link. Results The COVID-19 patients had higher perceived social support and coping strategies scores than the HCs. However, anxiety and depression scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. In logistic regression analysis performed in COVID-19 patients, the presence of chest CT finding (OR = 4.31; 95% CI = 1.04–17.95) was a risk factor for anxiety and the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.73–0.99) had a negative association with anxiety. In addition, the use of adaptive coping strategies (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79–0.98) and high perceived social support (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.93– 0,99) had a negative association with depression symptoms. Conclusions Longitudinal studies involving the return to normality phase of the COVID-19 pandemic are needed to investigate the effects of factors such as coping strategies and perceived social support that could increase the psychological adjustment and resilience of individuals on anxiety and depression.

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Effects of social support, hope and resilience on depressive symptoms within 18 months after diagnosis of prostate cancer

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/s12955-020-01660-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xinxin Zhao ◽

Ming Sun ◽

Ye Yang

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Psychosocial Interventions ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Modifiable Factors

Abstract Background The prevalence of depression symptoms and related modifiable factors in prostate cancer (PCa) are not well evaluated. We aimed to assess the effects of perceived social support, hope and resilience on depressive symptoms within 18 months after diagnosis of PCa, and to evaluate the role of hope and resilience as mediators of that relationship. Method A cross-sectional study was analyzed in consecutive inpatients with PCa during the months of January 2018 and August 2019. A total of 667 patients eligible for this study completed questionnaires on demographic and clinic variables, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Adult Hope Scale, and Resilience Scale (14 items). All registered patients were all volunteers and anonymous. Depressive symptoms, perceived social support, hope and resilience were measured anonymously. Out of 667 patients, a total of 564 effective respondents (< 30% missing data) became our subjects. Hierarchical linear regression was used to identify the factors associated with depressive symptoms. Asymptotic and resampling strategies were used to conduct the mediating effects of hope and resilience. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 65.9% in PCa patients. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that perceived social support, hope, and resilience together accounted for 27.5% variance of depressive symptoms. Support from family, hope, and resilience significantly associated with depressive symptoms, respectively. Hope (a*b = − 0.0783, BCa95% CI: − 0.134 to − 0.0319, p < 0.05), and resilience (a*b = − 0.1315, BCa95% CI: − 0.1894 to − 0.0783, p < 0.05) significantly mediated the association between perceived social support and depressive symptoms. Conclusions The high prevalence of depressive symptoms among PCa patients should receive more attention. Perceived social support, hope and resilience could be positive resources for combating depressive symptoms, and hope and resilience mediated the association between perceived social support and depressive symptoms. Enhancing social support, particularly the support form family, and improving patients’ outlook and resilience may be potential targets for future psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing depressive symptoms.

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A Comparative Study to Assess the Level of Anxiety among Primi Gravida Mothers Planned for Normal Vaginal Delivery and Caesarean Section in the Selected Hospital, Agartala, West Tripura

International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research ◽

10.52403/ijshr.20210412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 58-61

Author(s):

Ishita Nath

Keyword(s):

Caesarean Section ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Vaginal Delivery ◽

Demographic Variable ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Normal Vaginal Delivery ◽

Research Approach ◽

Perinatal Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Screening

A comparative study was conducted among 100 primi gravida mothers (50 mothers in each group) from MCH clinic and IPD of IGM hospital, Agartala, West Tripura, who had planned for normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section. Research approach used was non experimental quantitative approach and research design was descriptive comparative design. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw the sample. Socio demographic data and modified Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale were used to collect data from the samples through interview method. Analysis revealed that 52% of the primi gravida who had planned for caesarean section and 44% mothers who had planned for normal vaginal delivery had mild symptoms of anxiety. Mean anxiety score of the mothers who planned for caesarean section and normal vaginal delivery was 27.3 and 19.7 respectively, median 28.855 and 18.915 respectively and SD 7.0715 and 8.038 respectively. The mean difference was 7.6 and unpaired ‘t’ value was 5.0198, which was significant at p<0.05. Analysis of variance result showed that there was significant association between the level of anxiety of the primi gravida mothers who had planned for caesarean section with their selected socio demographic variable ‘occupation of husband’. The calculated ‘F’ value was 3.33 at p<0.05. The researcher concluded that the primi gravida mothers who had planned for caesarean section had more anxiety than the mothers who had planned for normal vaginal delivery and the anxiety level of the mothers who had planned for caesarean section was dependent on selected demographic variable occupation of the husband. Keywords:Anxiety, primi gravida, normal vaginal delivery, caesarean section.

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The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Perceived Social Support on Depression of Empty and Full Nest Elderly

Social Behavior Research & Health ◽

10.18502/sbrh.v4i1.2825 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Emran Rabiee ◽

Maryam Salehzadeh ◽

Samane Asadi

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Marital Satisfaction ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Geriatric Depression Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

The Elderly ◽

Significant Others ◽

Empty Nest ◽

Satisfaction Index ◽

Nest Group

Background: Elderly psychopathology has a special significance that nest status (living with or without offspring) can make it more complicated. This study aimed to assess predictors of depression in the elderly empty and nonempty nest. Methods: This correlational descriptive-casual and effect research was conducted in elderly day care centers, some city locations such as parks and streets, and retirement department of administrations and companies. Participants who answered 7 of 10 questions of Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) were entered into the research. 274 valid questionnaires were selected from 350 questionnaires distributed between older adults 60 years old and older. The sample was selected by sampling availability but location and population variations were considered. To collect the data we used the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (12 items, MSPSS), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and Marital Satisfaction Index (IMS). Regression analysis was performed to analyze the data. Results: Depression was negatively correlated with marital satisfaction and all subscales of MSPSS in both groups (empty and nonempty nest). In the empty nest group, the correlation of depression and family (-0.552), significant others (-0.372), and friends (-201) support, and marital satisfaction (+0.552) were significant (p < 0.01). In the full nest group, the correlation of depression and family (-0.435), and friends (-0.385) support was significant (p < 0.01). Also correlation of depression and significant others (0.279) support, and marital satisfaction (-0.424) were significant (p < .05). In the empty nest group, marital satisfaction and family support reversely predicted depression. In the full nest group marital satisfaction reversely predicted depression. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that considering nest status in elderly depression is important and the type and power of variables in predicting depression in empty and full nest elderly are different. The findings of this study can have significant implications for geriatric health professionals.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Orphan Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Psychiatry Journal ◽

10.1155/2018/5025143 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mekdes Beze Demoze ◽

Dessie Abebaw Angaw ◽

Haregwoin Mulat

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Adolescent Depression ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Depression Scale ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

Background. Orphan adolescents are a special group of people who are generally deprived and prone to develop psychiatric disorder even if reared in a well-run institution. Objective. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among orphan adolescents living in Addis Ababa orphan centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among 453 orphan adolescents in Ethiopia. All orphan adolescents who were living in the selected orphan centers were included in the study. The data was collected by interviewing the orphan adolescents at the orphan center by using a structured questionnaire. Kocher adolescent depression scale and MSPSS scale were used to measure orphan level of depression and their perceived social support. After appropriate coding, the collected data had been entered into EPI info version 7 and it was exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. The OR with 95% CI was used to measure association and p value < 0.05 was used as statistically significant value in multivariable binary logistic regressions. Result. The overall prevalence of depression among the orphan adolescents was found to be 36.4%. The majority of the respondents, 302 (66.7%), were within the age range of 15-19 years. Perceived social support (OR 5.86; 95% CI 3.47, 9.91), community discrimination (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.58, 4.56), length of stay (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.08, 3.35), age of entrance (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.32, 3.69), and presence of visitors (OR 3.62; 95% CI 2.06, 6.37) were the main variables associated with depression. Conclusion. The prevalence of depression among orphan adolescents was found to be high. Low level of social support, higher length of stay, community discrimination, the presence of visitors, and younger age of entrance were statistically significant variables to develop depression.

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