scholarly journals The role of NATO in shaping the global security system. Reflections on the 70th anniversary of the founding of the organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Security System ◽  
70Th Anniversary ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition

NATO has survived until its 70th anniversary, essentially in the same condition as practically every year of its existence. According to commentators and external experts, the Alliance seems to be in a constant crisis, and every new version of the crisis is seen as final and deadly. By contrast, for those who are active internally, NATO seems stronger than ever before - it is engaging in more places than ever before, presenting new initiatives at an unprecedented pace and in ever-longer summit declarations. The problem situation presented in this way allows us to formulate the main research problem: What role does NATO play in shaping the global security system? The research problem formulated in this way consists of detailed problems formulated in the form of questions: 1) What are the current challenges for NATO? 2) What are the current threats to NATO? 3) What is Donald Trump's policy towards NATO? The aim of the presentation is to present an analysis of the role of NATO in ensuring collective security in the context of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the organization. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals Theoretical aspects of modern security threats. Definitions, typologies, evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Economic

In the literature on the subject, the term “security” is accompanied by the terms “non-threatening state”, “non-threatening state of peace”, “state of peace”, “state of certainty”. The lexical meaning of the term (Latin sine cura – no worries) should be understood as a situation in which there are no threats. In the context of lexical meaning, the term security means a risk-free situation. Contemporary understanding of the term focuses its attention on learning security understood as the resultant of the theory and practice of providing a reference subject with the possibility of survival (existence) and the pursuit of own interests, particularly using opportunities, taking challenges, minimizing risk and counteracting all types of threats. Definitive approaches to the term security indicate that it should be understood as a state and process. The state of security should be understood as a sense of confidence of the subject and guarantee of its survival, while the process – as chance for improvement and development of state’s means to protect and defend it. The current catalog of security threats proposed by Barry Buzan was extended in the second half of the 20th century from military nature threats to threats of a political, economic, social, and environmental nature. These changes have redefined the modern understanding of security. The main research problem was formulated as the question: what are the theoretical aspects of contemporary security threats? The article aims to analyze and diagnose contemporary definitions of security and its threats. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals Zagrożenia jako główna determinanta bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
Security Concerns ◽  
Definition Of

The essence of international security concerns the possibility of counteracting threats created by other entities, creating conditions for its stable and harmonious functioning and development, and securing the values and interests of the state. The aim of the article is to identify the definition of international security and to diagnose contemporary threats to international security. The main research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What are the theoretical aspects of contemporary threats to international security? In the research process, the methodology of scientific cognition was used, including mainly the analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals Obraz roli babci i dziadka we współczesnej literaturze dziecięcej

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Alicja Zbierzchowska
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Old People ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Family ◽  
Modern Family

This article presents the results of a study on the image of seniors as grandparents in children`s books. The research was conducted using a method of searching for secondary sources. The main research problem was how grandparents are presented in a contemporary literature for children? Popular children`s books (including picture books) showing seniors in the role of grandparents were published in Poland in the 21th century. These books also created an purposive research sample as vell. In the introduction the author describes the changes in the realization of the roles of grandparents in a modern family. Next, she presentes the importance of books for children in creating the image of the family as well as the women and men’s role. The main part of the article is to present results of qualitative analysis – 5 models of the image of grandparents which includes: situations which show grandparents, activities performed by them and their relationship with the child. This research shows that the selected children`s books present only a positive image of women and men in the role of grandparents. A common topic is the problem of old people dying. The role of both grandmothers and grandfathers have been show as stereotypical as well as modern, too. The adopted grandmother/grandfather model proved to be particularly popular.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON ROLE OF PRAMANAS IN AYURVEDIC RESEARCH METHODOLO-GY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-429
Author(s):  
Ankita 1
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Process Research ◽  
Valid Knowledge

Research is the process of search for unknown knowledge. Research methodology is the general approach a researcher takes during research process. Research methodology is defined as the specific techniques & procedures required to identify, select, process and analyze a research problem. Various tools and tech-niques are required for research. In Ayurveda valid knowledge is termed as Prama and the means or source to acquire knowledge are known as Pramana. These Pramanas are the evidence of the critical sci-entific approach of Ayurveda. Pramanas are the tools of Research in Ayurveda. Pramanas can be of great importance in developing Ayurvedic Research Methodology. Present paper is aimed to explore the scope & importance of Pramanas described in Ayurvedic literature in Ayurvedic Research Methodology.

scholarly journals Invisible Corruption in Iraqi Universities: Causes and Solutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Muslim Alawi Alsaad ◽  
Abdulridha Nasser Mohsen
Keyword(s):  
High Education ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
High Education Sector ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Theoretical Evidence ◽  
The University

Corruption is a global phenomenon driving towards the non-productive activities, and its result becomes more risky if corruption is widespread. Corruption in high education institutions has detrimental consequences on the quality of education, the student’s ethics, the future opportunities for students, and the quality of future leadership. This paper aims to explore the role of universities in the spread of invisible corruption at the Iraqi high education sector. The main research problem is an attempt to explore the role of students, academic and other staff in the spread of invisible corruption at the Iraqi high education sector, and what best solution are used to limit its effects. This study pursues both deductive and inductive approach and uses the analysis which is supported by both theoretical evidence and statistical techniques. The study was conducted at the University of Basra and the Southern Technical University, where, the sample included professors with experience and specialization in the field of teaching and analyzing corruption in high education. The results showed limited visible corruption in the Iraqi education sector, while Invisible corruption was the most common in the Iraqi high education sector, because of the difficulty of discovering its practices. The spread of this type of corruption was due to the common interests between students and academic and administrative bodies. This requires Popularizing the culture of integrity and exposing corruption and its dangers in the external and internal community levels of Iraq's high education sector.

A Crisis of Legitimacy for the UN Collective Security System?

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Gray
Keyword(s):  
Security Council ◽  
Security System ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Institutional Failure ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Iraqi Freedom

The role of the UN and the legitimacy of its collective security system have been seriously challenged in recent years. First, because of the Security Council.s failure to act in cases of genocide or other humanitarian disaster. There has been much criticism of the limited and delayed response of the Security Council to events in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda, somewhat unfairly in so far as it was the lack of political will on the part of the Member States rather than any institutional failure that was responsible for the failure to act. Secondly, the UN's central role in collective security has been undermined by unilateral use of force by States. After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 the UN was sidelined with regard to the forcible response against Afghanistan: in Operation Enduring Freedom the USA preferred not to act through the UN or even through NATO. Subsequently, the US National Security Strategy (September 2002) famously made no mention of the UN as a means of addressing perceived new threats from global terrorists. Most seriously, the US Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 was undertaken unilaterally, that is, without express Security Council authorization.1 This was often portrayed as a crisis of legitimacy for the UN as much as for the USA and the States which participated in the invasion. As the Deputy Secretary-General put it recently:

scholarly journals The Textbook “Rita, Raitis and Numbers” by J. Mencis (Sen.) and D. Draviņa for the Pre-school Learners

Pedagogika ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Elga Drelinga ◽  
Dzintra Iliško ◽  
Sandra Zariņa
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
School Subject ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Teaching Math

The article presents the analyses of the textbook for the primary school children in math “Rita, Raitis and numbers” designed by J. Mencis (Sen.) and D. Draviņa who emphasize the importance of developing basic math notions for the primary school children as seen in the context of sustainable education. This is essential to recognize the importance of teaching basics that need to be developed at the primary stage of education in preparing children for school. The aim of the study is to offer a detailed study of methods offered by J. Mencis (Sen.) and D. Draviņa for pre-school children and its applicability nowadays. The authors offer suggestions about the most efficient approaches in teaching math for the primary school children. The book designed in 90’s is still efficient today. Therefore, the authors present a detailed analysis of the methods and contents of the school subject suggested by the scientist J. Mencis for the contemporary purposes in preparing children for schools. The authors have used a content analysis to study how the interests and the needs of girls and boys are being met in stories, revealed in the content of exercises and in the choice of hand-outs. Particular attention in this study has been paid to a representation of the role of family in preparing children for school, as well as to a gender dimension in the textbook. The main research problem is to reveal the suitability of the textbook for the purposes of a contemporary pupil. The aim of the study is to prove that the contribution of J. Mencis (Sen.) and D. Draviņa in teaching math is of national value and how it corresponds to the criteria of a contemporary textbook. The objectives of the study is to 1) explore gender portrayal in the book, 2) its suitability of us by the families in training the child for the schools, as well as 3) the plot of the textbook and it’s suitability for children. The book has been used by several generations of teachers, it corresponds to the criteria required for the contemporary textbook in math, and can serve as bases for further use.

scholarly journals Research development in doctoral education: role of languages and cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Doctoral Students ◽  
Doctoral Education ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Policy And Practice

Portuguese universities have been receiving an increasing number of students from Portuguese-Speaking Countries at the level of PhD studies, namely from Brazil, Angola, Cape Verde and Mozambique. As acknowledged by research, undertaking a PhD overseas entails several challenges and one of the deepest concerns the implications of languages and cultures in several doctoral activities, since they act as significant research reconfiguration agents. Against this background, this paper reports on a study that aimed at understanding the role of languages and cultures in doctoral research development. For this matter, and within a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with doctoral students from Portuguese-Speaking Countries attending a Portuguese university. Results from thematic analysis reveal that students’ linguistic and cultural backgrounds influence several stages of the research process: theme and research objetives definition, theorisation of the research problem and concept mobilisation, construction of data collection instruments and data collection and thesis writing. Implications of findings for institutional policy and practice concerning doctoral education and research are put forward.

scholarly journals The Collective Security System and the Enforcement of International Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean d'Aspremont
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Security System ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Vague Concept

This chapter examines the extent to which the collective security system contributes to the enforcement of international law. The discussion begins by revisiting the theoretical debates about the role of enforcement in the current understanding of international law, with particular reference to John Austin’s imperatival handicap of international law. The chapter then considers how the move towards a centralized collective security system dismantled the position of self-help as a primary tool for the enforcement of international law. It also analyses the varying enforcement functions that have been conferred by international lawyers on the enforcement of international law, United Nations law, and peace, or the enforcement of the vague concept of justice conveyed by the UN Charter. Finally, it offers some epistemological observations on the place of enforcement in the ethos of the epistemic community of international law.

Changes in Polish Strategic Culture in the Context of Challenges and Threats of the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (34) ◽  
pp. 122-144
Author(s):  
Stanisław Zarobny
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Main Research ◽  
National Security Strategy

In the article the author presents the genesis and evolution of the research on strategic culture. He also conducts an analysis of the conditions and factors shaping the Polish strategic culture and the role of the Polish national security strategy in it. Attempts are also made to evaluate the Polish strategic culture, with an emphasis on the perception of the role of military forces in it. The main research problem is as follows: Is strategic culture really present in Poland and what were the conditions for its development? Specific questions to be answered are: What has characterized strategic culture in Poland? What factors have determined the shape of Polish strategic culture? What is its impact on foreign policy and Poland’s security? How are armed forces perceived in Polish strategic culture? The main conclusion is that Poland has its own strategic culture, which has been shaped by historical experience.

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