scholarly journals Theoretical aspects of modern security threats. Definitions, typologies, evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Economic

In the literature on the subject, the term “security” is accompanied by the terms “non-threatening state”, “non-threatening state of peace”, “state of peace”, “state of certainty”. The lexical meaning of the term (Latin sine cura – no worries) should be understood as a situation in which there are no threats. In the context of lexical meaning, the term security means a risk-free situation. Contemporary understanding of the term focuses its attention on learning security understood as the resultant of the theory and practice of providing a reference subject with the possibility of survival (existence) and the pursuit of own interests, particularly using opportunities, taking challenges, minimizing risk and counteracting all types of threats. Definitive approaches to the term security indicate that it should be understood as a state and process. The state of security should be understood as a sense of confidence of the subject and guarantee of its survival, while the process – as chance for improvement and development of state’s means to protect and defend it. The current catalog of security threats proposed by Barry Buzan was extended in the second half of the 20th century from military nature threats to threats of a political, economic, social, and environmental nature. These changes have redefined the modern understanding of security. The main research problem was formulated as the question: what are the theoretical aspects of contemporary security threats? The article aims to analyze and diagnose contemporary definitions of security and its threats. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals The role of NATO in shaping the global security system. Reflections on the 70th anniversary of the founding of the organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Security System ◽  
70Th Anniversary ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition

NATO has survived until its 70th anniversary, essentially in the same condition as practically every year of its existence. According to commentators and external experts, the Alliance seems to be in a constant crisis, and every new version of the crisis is seen as final and deadly. By contrast, for those who are active internally, NATO seems stronger than ever before - it is engaging in more places than ever before, presenting new initiatives at an unprecedented pace and in ever-longer summit declarations. The problem situation presented in this way allows us to formulate the main research problem: What role does NATO play in shaping the global security system? The research problem formulated in this way consists of detailed problems formulated in the form of questions: 1) What are the current challenges for NATO? 2) What are the current threats to NATO? 3) What is Donald Trump's policy towards NATO? The aim of the presentation is to present an analysis of the role of NATO in ensuring collective security in the context of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the organization. The research process uses methodological methods of scientific cognition, mainly analysis and criticism of literature.

scholarly journals Zagrożenia jako główna determinanta bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rogozińska
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Scientific Cognition ◽  
Security Concerns ◽  
Definition Of

The essence of international security concerns the possibility of counteracting threats created by other entities, creating conditions for its stable and harmonious functioning and development, and securing the values and interests of the state. The aim of the article is to identify the definition of international security and to diagnose contemporary threats to international security. The main research problem was formulated in the form of the question: What are the theoretical aspects of contemporary threats to international security? In the research process, the methodology of scientific cognition was used, including mainly the analysis and criticism of literature.

LITERARY ROMANTICISM AS A THEORETICAL ISSUE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Vera V. Serdechnaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of literary romanticism. The research aims at a refinement of the “romanticism” concept in relation to the history of the literary process. The main research methods include conceptual analysis, textual analysis, comparative historical research. The author analyzes the semantic genesis of the term “romanticism”, various interpretations of the concept, compares the definitions of different periods and cultures. The main results of the study are as follows. The history of the term “romanticism” shows a change in a number of definitions for the same concept in relation to the same literary phenomena. By the end of the 20th century, realizing the existence of significant contradictions in the content of the term “romanticism”, researchers often come to abandon it. At the same time, the steady use of the term “romanticism” testifies to the subject-conceptual component that exists in it, which does not lose its relevance, but just needs a theoretical refinement. Conclusion: one have to revise an approach to romanticism as a theoretical concept, based on the change in the concept of an individual in Europe at the end of the 18th century. It is the newly discovered freedom of an individual predetermines the rethinking for the image of the author as a creator and determines the artistic features of literary romanticism.

scholarly journals O sędziach pokoju w pracach Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-280
Author(s):  
Mariusz Mohyluk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Justices Of The Peace ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article presents work on the unification of the Polish judiciary in the Second Republic in the years 1918–1928. It was carried out in three tracks. The initiator of the first moves consisting in unification of district regulations, reorganisation and taking over the judiciary was the government and the Ministry of Justice. Since February 1919, these measures were supported and approved by the Legislative Sejm (later the Sejm). Since November 1919 the burden of work was taken over by the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland. The aim of this article is to discuss the course of work on the law on the system of common courts within the Codification Committee of the Republic of Poland, with particular emphasis on the provisions on justices of the peace. From this point of view, it will help to solve the main research problem of the article: to what extent did the Polish Codification Commission contribute to shaping the institution of justices of the peace in the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland on Law on the System of Judiciary of 6 February 1928. The article makes use of archival materials, protocols from the sessions of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic, the legal literature of the Second Republic and the current literature on the subject.

Development of Social Education in Russia in the Late XIX – Early XX Century: Spiritual and Moral Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
V.V. Sizikova ◽  
◽  
O.A. Anikeeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

the subject of this research is formation and development of social education in Russia in the late XIX – early XX century in its moral and spiritual aspects. Social and pedagogical experiments in that period were merged with the process of origin and formation of social education. Search of the cultural axis of the professions aimed at the social help and support of the population became the feature of this process in Russia. The answer was found in an appeal to the theological aspects of social education. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of cultural and moral continuity and continuity of social education, as well as recognition of not only the social but also the spiritual value of social assistance. Research methods are complex: this is a comparative historical study, text analysis, stratification analysis and study of subcultures, a modeling method. The main research problem is the analysis of the correlation of standardization and formalization of social education and its spiritual and moral essence, the problem of motivating the activities of specialists in the social sphere and the threat of its emasculation. The findings of this study are important for meaningful formation of the modern social formation and determination of its spiritual and moral foundations.

scholarly journals Preparation of International Business Negotiation Strategies: Competitive Assessment Aspects in The Market Power System

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 06024
Author(s):  
Kęstutis Peleckis ◽  
Valentina Peleckienė ◽  
Kęstutis K. Peleckis ◽  
Giedrė Lapinskienė ◽  
Zlatko Nedelko
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
International Business ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Business Negotiation ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Regulatory Measures

The existence of exclusive rights to produce or supply services means a monopoly. Often it is called a natural monopoly. Exclusive rights are granted for a long period of time, which should encourage major investments in infrastructure, the development of which is unlikely to occur without a guaranteed market. But sometimes exclusive rights are used in situations where there is no natural monopoly. Exclusive rights are, in many respects, one of the main routes to market. Exclusive rights may allow monopoly pricing and other market power tools. Regulatory measures used by competition authorities alone do not make it possible to avoid such a situation, as they often show a very low success rate in preventing market power from being used to protect consumers. The purpose of this article is to analyze the theory and practice of preparing negotiating strategies in a complex way, to reveal opportunities to develop and implement these negotiating strategies, taking into account competition policy actions. The subject of the study is the preparation of negotiation strategies taking into account competition policy actions in the market. The research problem of the article there is not enough tools in the negotiation theory to help develop negotiation strategies in line with competition policy actions.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Krasnoyarsk Urban Space in the 90s of the 20th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 1017-1034
Author(s):  
Vladimir S. Lusan ◽  
Natalia N. Pimenova ◽  
Mikhail Ya. Khrebtov ◽  
Anastasia E Khudonogova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sertakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City ◽  
Rich History

The article attempts to uncover the transformation of the urban environment of Krasnoyarsk, starting from the moment of its foundation until the end of the 20th century, as well as the influence of certain spheres of life (culture, industry, transport infrastructure, administrative and territorial position, etc.) and the environment on its formation. The article notes that the analysis of domestic and foreign studies of urban space confirms the validity of an appeal to an interdisciplinary type of research. The object of the research is the city of Krasnoyarsk as an actively developing metropolis with a rich history and its own administrative and cultural characteristics. The subject of research is the urban space of Krasnoyarsk. Observation and analytical and descriptive methods, which include the analysis of individual elements of the development of urban space in the specified period, followed by a generalization of the data, as well as comparative historical and dialectical methods, are used to solve the problems of the study. In addition, the main research methods include the analysis of architectural objects constructed in various years. In conclusion, the general conclusions and trends that characterize the specifics of the urban space of Krasnoyarsk, formed by the end of the 20th century and largely predetermined its development in the third millennium, are indicated

scholarly journals The mathematical competence of Olympiad participants as an indicator of the quality of mathematical training level

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-187
Author(s):  
Aida O. Keldibekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
School Students ◽  
Mathematical Competence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Of Competencies

Introduction. The relevance of the research on the formation and assessment of the level of development of competencies in the mathematical educational field is due to the fact that the subject competence of the participant of the Olympiad predetermines his victory in the competition. And the Mathematical Olympiad, as a form of education, has potential not only for the formation, development, but also for determining the level of mathematical competence of its participants. The research problem is to justify the didactic potential of the mathematical Olympiad as a tool for determining the level of mathematical competence of school students. Aim of the study: to theoretically substantiate, develop and specify the content, indicators of mathematical competence of mathematical Olympiad participants Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study is determined by: the activity and competence-based approaches to teaching; a retrospective analysis of psychological and pedagogical studies affecting the formation and development of key and subject competencies of schoolchildren; an analysis of the content of mathematical Olympiads; an analysis of the results of Kyrgyz Republic schoolchildren in international mathematical Olympiads; the study and generalization of the experience of juries of Olympiads. Results. The subject Olympiad forms a competence-based educational environment in which the levels of formation of key and subject competencies of its participants are most fully displayed. The competence-based approach to training in the Olympiad environment is characterized by the formulation of objectives from the point of view of the activity approach to the formed competence. Subject competence is leading in determining the quality of the student’s Olympiad activity. The mathematical Olympiad is one of the effective forms of both the formation and development, and the determination of the level of mathematical competence of its participants. The introduction of presented system for preparing schoolchildren for mathematical Olympiads, using model’s formation of mathematical, informational competencies in the experimental group, led to an increase in students' knowledge of the theory and practice of solving Olympiad problems in mathematics by 12,95%; the qualitative indicator of knowledge of the school curriculum in mathematics increased by 15,25%. The index of absolute indicators in the experimental groups in the theory of Olympiad mathematics was 53,12%, in the methods of solving Olympiad problems – 55,38%. In control groups, these indicators were 41,23% and 42,36%, respectively. The qualitative indicator of exam results of schoolchildren of the Olympic reserve turned out to be 19% higher. The results of the questionnaire survey participants of the Olympiads confirm the expediency of using technology for the development of critical thinking, the project method of teaching, ICT in the process of preparing for the Olympiads, contributing to the emergence of motivation to study an extracurricular course in mathematics in 68% of students, 42% of students showed a desire to participate in the Olympiads. The results obtained confirm our conclusions that the development of the mathematical competence of the participants of the Olympiads is successfully realized only in a situation of continuous Olympiad activity.

scholarly journals Theoretical Generalizations in Epidemiology: from History to the Present

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
N. I. Briko
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The article presents an analysis of theoretical generalizations in epidemiologists at all stages of its development and development. It is shown that the components that make up the content of the subject of epidemiology have evolved in the understanding of their essence, in particular, causality, the mechanism of development and epidemiological manifestations. Representations and terminology about the content and essence of the subject have changed: from the epidemic, to the epidemic process, and, finally, to the population level of organization of pathology and human health (morbidity and public health). The greatest scientific discussions and intellectual struggle of opinions passed through the whole history of science. The concepts that prevailed in the ancient world, the Middle Ages, in the 20th century and theoretical generalizations in epidemiology of the modern period are presented. Problems were revealed and directions for further research in the field of theory and practice of epidemiology were suggested.

scholarly journals Elements of the Concept of National Security Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Wróblewski
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Management ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Security System ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the article was to identify the subject areas related to the management of the proposals of some elements and to propose the concept of managing Poland's national security for the purposes of developing the act on national security management announced in the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland-2020. The main research problem was the question: What key elements and solutions should be included in the concept of national security management for the purpose of developing a draft act on national security management? The following hypothesis was adopted: The national security system should form a coherent, in terms of organization and functionality, system of interrelated management and executive bodies. Unfortunately, the existing national security system of the Republic of Poland does not fully meet the above requirements, which has already been signaled many times, for example during successive strategic national security reviews and strategic defense reviews. Moreover, the concept of national security management should, in particular, specify the answers to the following questions: 1) What is contemporary national security? 2) What is national security management? 3) What are the key challenges facing national security management? 4) What is the role of policy and strategy in national security management? 5) What should be the architecture of the national security management system during the war. The verification of the above hypothesis and answering the above questions required a critical analysis of legal acts, strategic documents and selected items of literature on the subject. The results of the author's many years of research in this area were also taken into account.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document