scholarly journals DISCUSSION ON THE ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT REALIZATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Robert Tenzer
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Normal Gravity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Orthometric Height ◽  
Gravity Gradient ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Gravity

In the theory of the orthometric height, the mean value of gravity along the plumbline between the geoid and the earth's surface is defined as the integral mean. To determine the mean gravity from the gravity observations realized at the physical surface of the earth, the actual topographical density distribution and vertical change of gravity with depth have to be known. In Helmert's (1890) definition of the orthometric height, the assumption of the linear change of normal gravity is used adopting the constant topographical density distribution. The mean value of gravity is then approximately evaluated so that the observed gravity of a point at the earth's surface is reduced to the mid-point of the plumbline by Poincaré-Prey's gravity gradient. To avoid the problems related to the determination of mean gravity, Molodensky (1945) formulated the different concept. In his theory of the normal height, the mean value of the normal gravity along the ellipsoidal normal between the ellipsoid surface and telluroid is considered. The mean normal gravity is then evaluated explicitly without any hypothesis about the topographical density distribution and vertical gradient of actual gravity. In this paper, the corrections to Helmert's orthometric height are formulated based on the comparison of the integral mean of gravity and Poincaré-Prey's gravity reduction. As follows from the results of the numerical investigation, the orthometric heights can also be determined with a reasonable accuracy if the sufficient information about topographical density and gravity are available.

scholarly journals A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR PHYSICAL HEIGHTS IN BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Luiz Albarici ◽  
Ismael Foroughi ◽  
Gabriel do Nascimento Guimarães ◽  
Marcelo Santos ◽  
Jorge Trabanco
Keyword(s):  
Mass Density ◽  
Density Variation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
South American ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Orthometric Heights ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The physical heights definition of heights, proposed by Helmert in 1890 is one of the commonly used heights systems in practice. In Helmert’s definition, the mean value of gravity along plumbline is computed by simplifying the topography with a Bouguer shell containing masses with mean density value. Although this approximation might be accurate enough many purposes, a more rigorous definition can be determined by considering the effects of terrain, topographic mass density variation, and masses contained in the geoid the mean gravity value along the plumbline. The purpose of this paper is to compute the corrections for the Helmert’s definition of the orthometric heights to obtain the rigorous orthometric heights in the state of São Paulo and adjacent states and to evaluate these corrections. The heights system used in Brazil (until July 2018) and some South American countries is normal-orthometric heights, therefore the corrections needs to be applied accordingly. Our numerical results show that there are significant differences between the normal-orthometric and rigorous orthometric heights, with maximum values of ~ 0.4 m, minimum of ~ -0.8 m and mean value of ~ -0.32 m. There are larger differences between normal-orthometric and normal height than the ones between normal and rigorous definition of orthometric heights.

scholarly journals Histological Appearance of Distal Second Part of Duodenum with Normal Endoscopic Findings in Bangladeshi People in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Mohammad Enamul Karim ◽  
Mohammad Mahmudul Huda ◽  
Hasan Masud ◽  
Prodip Kumar Biswas ◽  
Mushtaque Ahmed Rana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Histological Appearance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Asian People ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Normal Architecture

Biopsy from the distal second part of duodenum is now widely accepted as a useful and simple way to evaluate patients with malabsorption or other small intestinal diseases.Histological findings of the second part of duodenum in tropical countries are different from that of other countries. Histological appearance of the second part of the duodenum may be changed due toceliac disease, tropical sprue, tropical enteropathy and some other conditions. As Bangladeshi people, we are exposed to different infection always due to its geographical distribution. Normal histological appearance of second part of duodenume.g. standard villous architecture, length, villous crypt ratio, IELcounts of our country in not known. The main objective of our study was to see the normal histological appearance of second part of duodenum in our country so that we can differentiate from abnormal condition. This observational study was carried out in the Department of Gastroenterology & Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, (BSMMU)during the period of July 2010 to June 2011. A total of 116 patients were included from out patientdepartment and admitted patient in the department of Gastroenterology during the study period. Among the total numbers, the mean age was 32.7±9.77 (±SD) years.In our study, 48.27% subjects had finger shaped villous with normal height, 27.58% had both normal and broad villous, 22.41% subjects showed mixed findings of normal, broad and blunted villous and only 1.7% subjects showed broad and blunted villous without normal architecture. In our study, the highest IEL count was 62 cells per 100 epithelial cells and lowest value was 16. Mean value IEL/100 cells were 32.52 ±8.63 (±SD) and 95%CI was 1.57. The result of the study was very similar to Asian people but a little different from the western population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v16i1.22385 J MEDICINE 2015; 16 : 23-26

On the Relation Between the Factor of Safety and Reliability

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 853-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
My Dao-Thien ◽  
M. Massoud
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Probability Density Distribution ◽  
Approximate Relation ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Function Relationship

An approximate relation between the reliability of a design and the classical deterministic factor of safety, used in the design, is presented. An expression of the reliability as function of the mean value and coefficient of variation of the probability density distribution of the factor of safety, is derived. Further, the relation between the deterministic factor of safety and the statistical values of the probabilistic factor of safety, is discussed. Finally an expression for the reliability as a function of the deterministic factor of safety and the parameters determining the stress and strength distributions, is obtained. This function relationship is expressed in a design nomogram relating all the parameters involved.

scholarly journals The worldwide physical height datum project

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (S1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Riccardo Barzaghi ◽  
Carlo Iapige De Gaetani ◽  
Barbara Betti
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Orthometric Height ◽  
Tide Gauges ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Vertical Coordinate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical Height

Abstract The definition of a common global vertical coordinate system is nowadays one of the key points in Geodesy. With the advent of GNSS, a coherent global height has been made available to users. The ellipsoidal height can be obtained with respect to a given geocentric ellipsoid in a fast and precise way using GNSS techniques. On the other hand, the traditional orthometric height is not coherent at global scale. Spirit levelling allows the estimation of height increments so that orthometric heights of surveyed points can be obtained starting from a benchmark of known orthometric heights. As it is well known, this vertical coordinate refers to the geoid, which is assumed to be coincident to the mean sea level. By means of a tide gauge, the mean sea level is estimated and thus a point of known orthometric height is defined. This assumption, which was acceptable in the past, became obsolete given the level of precision which is now required. Based on the altimetry observation, one can precisely quantify the existing discrepancy between geoid and mean sea level that can amount to 1 ÷ 2 m at global scale. Therefore, different tide gauges provide biased estimates of the geoid, given the discrepancy between this equipotential surface and the mean sea level. Also, in the last years, another vertical coordinate was used, the normal height that was introduced in the context of the Molodensky theory. In this paper, a review of the existing different height systems is given and the relationships among them are revised. Furthermore, an approach for unifying normal height referring to different tide gauges is presented and applied to the Italian test case. Finally, a method for defining a physical height system that is globally coherent is discussed in the context of the definition of the International Height Reference System/Frame, a project supported by the Global Geodetic Observing System of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). This project was established in 2015 during the XXVI IAG General Assembly in Prague as described in IAG Resolution no. 1 that was presented and adopted there.

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
M. Mäntylä ◽  
J. Perkkiö ◽  
J. Heikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean

The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

Determination of Plasminogen in Clots and Thrombi

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 038-050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Hedner ◽  
Inga Marie Nilsson ◽  
B Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Main Mechanism ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Casein Solution ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThe plasminogen content was determined by a casein method in plasma and serum from 20 normal volunteers. The mean plasminogen content was found to be 10.1 ACU (the arbitrary caseinolytic unit defined in such a way that using a 3% casein solution and a digestion time of 20 min. at 37°C, 10 ACU gave an extinction of 0.300). No difference between serum and plasma regarding the plasminogen content was found.Plasminogen was determined in drained and drained plus washed clots prepared from 2 ml plasma. The highest values found in the drained clots were 0.9 ACU/clot and 0.2 ACU/clot in the drained plus washed clots.Plasminogen was also determined in drained and drained plus washed clots prepared from plasma with added purified plasminogen. The plasminogen was recovered in the washing fluid. According to these tests, then, purified added plasminogen is washed out of the clots.The plasminogen content of 20 thrombi obtained post mortem was also determined. The mean value was found to be 0.7 ACU/cm thrombus. Judging from our results, the “intrinsic clot lysis theory” is not the main mechanism of clot dissolution.

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