scholarly journals EXPENDITURE FLUCTUATION AND CONSUMPTION LOSS: RURAL SPATIAL POVERTY IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Xiang Luo ◽  
Jingjing Qin ◽  
Qing Wan
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Transfer Payment ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Local Finance ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
The Impact

Poverty is a challenge faced by all countries worldwide. This paper focuses on a factor that has been less well documented: the consumption loss of farmer households caused by the fluctuation of rural public expenditure. Based on large-scale micro household data and climate data, the instrumental variable estimation results show that every 1% fluctuation of rural public expenditure will lead to a 0.113% decrease in farm household consumption. In addition, the fluctuation of rural public expenditure is also a main cause of long-term consumption loss of farmer households. Furthermore, it was found that the impact of rural public expenditure fluctuation on consumption loss is of certain spatial heterogeneity. The worse the spatial environment is, the more serious the consumption loss will be. The policy suggestion of this paper is to ensure a stable scale of rural public expenditure through the central transfer payment, so as to improve the ability of local governments to implement counter cyclical public policies, and transform local finance (industrial investment) into public finance (infrastructure and education) to improve the local space environment. Overall, this study reveals the impact of spatial externality on rural poverty from the perspective of public expenditure fluctuation, and at the same time provides empirical evidence for a better evaluation of the relationship between development and poverty and support for rational regional anti-poverty policies.

Impact of irrigation on rural poverty in India: an aggregate panel-data analysis

Water Policy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 443-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhusudan Bhattarai ◽  
A. Narayanamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this study is to quantify the marginal impacts of irrigation and selected input factors on spatial (across 14 states) and temporal (from 1970–1993) variation in the rural poverty level in India. The study uses the head count ratio measure (percent of population below the poverty line) of poverty to evaluate how the poverty level is affected by input factors: irrigation, adoption of HYVs, fertilizer application, rural literacy rate and rural road density. It was found that marginal (incremental) impacts of irrigation followed by the rural literacy rate were larger in explaining the variation of rural poverty level in India than those of other factor-inputs selected. The marginal impact of groundwater irrigation on poverty reduction was larger than that of canal irrigation, which is due to greater control in the application and widespread use of groundwater irrigation than of canal irrigation. Despite mixed findings about the impact of irrigation on poverty from past studies, we have found large-scale marginal impacts of irrigation on rural poverty in India. This quantitative information is expected to be useful for designing targeted poverty alleviation and rural development strategies that also enhance agricultural-productivity growth.

scholarly journals Causal networks of biosphere–atmosphere interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Krich ◽  
Jakob Runge ◽  
Diego G. Miralles ◽  
Mirco Migliavacca ◽  
Oscar Perez-Priego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Causal Discovery ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Local meteorological conditions and biospheric activity are tightly coupled. Understanding these links is an essential prerequisite for predicting the Earth system under climate change conditions. However, many empirical studies on the interaction between the biosphere and the atmosphere are based on correlative approaches that are not able to deduce causal paths, and only very few studies apply causal discovery methods. Here, we use a recently proposed causal graph discovery algorithm, which aims to reconstruct the causal dependency structure underlying a set of time series. We explore the potential of this method to infer temporal dependencies in biosphere-atmosphere interactions. Specifically we address the following questions: How do periodicity and heteroscedasticity influence causal detection rates, i.e. the detection of existing and non-existing links? How consistent are results for noise-contaminated data? Do results exhibit an increased information content that justifies the use of this causal-inference method? We explore the first question using artificial time series with well known dependencies that mimic real-world biosphere-atmosphere interactions. The two remaining questions are addressed jointly in two case studies utilizing observational data. Firstly, we analyse three replicated eddy covariance datasets from a Mediterranean ecosystem at half hourly time resolution allowing us to understand the impact of measurement uncertainties. Secondly, we analyse global NDVI time series (GIMMS 3g) along with gridded climate data to study large-scale climatic drivers of vegetation greenness. Overall, the results confirm the capacity of the causal discovery method to extract time-lagged linear dependencies under realistic settings. The violation of the method's assumptions increases the likelihood to detect false links. Nevertheless, we consistently identify interaction patterns in observational data. Our findings suggest that estimating a directed biosphere-atmosphere network at the ecosystem level can offer novel possibilities to unravel complex multi-directional interactions. Other than classical correlative approaches, our findings are constrained to a few meaningful set of relations which can be powerful insights for the evaluation of terrestrial ecosystem models.

scholarly journals The District Assembly Common Fund and Fiscal Decentralisation: What is the Impact on Local Development in Ghana?

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Harrison Kofi Belley
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
Common Fund ◽  
The People ◽  
The Impact

Local governments have been created as agents of local development in which the people in the local areas are given greater opportunities to influence policies and programs that directly affect their well-being and thereby reducing their poverty levels. But the implementation of the policies and programmes is bedeviled with many problems. Key among them is the issue of financing the local development projects in order to reduce rural poverty. The government of Ghana attempted to reduce this problem when it introduced a development fund in1994 known as the – District Assemblies Common Fund (DACF) to encourage local governance and deepen Government’s commitment to decentralization in general and fiscal devolution in particular. The study therefore, seeks to assess the impact of District Assembly Common Fund on Local Government Development in the Adaklu District Assembly in the Volta Region of Ghana. The study mainly adopted qualitative methods of research to obtain information on the experiences of the poor people in the Adaklu communities selected as study areas. Interview guides were used to obtain information from the people in the communities, staff of the Assembly and some heads of the decentralized departments. A major finding of the study is that the assembly did not involve the rural people in the poverty reduction programmes in the district.

Open-plan office post-occupancy evaluation: inquiring Algerian gender specificity

Facilities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 546-570
Author(s):  
Abdelkrim Benammar ◽  
Karima Anouche ◽  
Hasnia Lesgaa ◽  
Yamina Hamza Cherif
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Post Occupancy Evaluation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Open Plan ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of an open-plan office (OPO) space organisation on a user’s attitude in the Algerian context; more specifically, it investigates gender differences in the occupants’ perception of such working environment. It, principally, aims to explore the employees’ reaction towards OPO and sees how much such local office type complies with indoor environment quality (IEQ) and psychological comfort.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical framework of the study is mainly related to environmental psychology referring to the interaction between users and their environment. Post-occupancy evaluation was carried out using exploratory study and questionnaires, followed by statistical analyses. It was performed on a large-scale sample of employees (296 employees) working in recently built OPO situated in Oran (Algeria).FindingsFundamentally, women appear to show more concern regarding comfort. They do not show much reluctance to be mixed with men in a large office space as opposed to more conservative reaction towards mixing up in outdoor public space environment. As for environmental factors (IEQ), indicators have shown the inadequacy of most buildings in terms of thermal, light or noise comfort. The study has also revealed that a majority of users recognise the professional advantages of the OPO, although it is suggested that their preferred type would be the individual office.Originality/valueThe paper provides a concise starting point for future research interested in developing Algerian context OPO design in terms of both indoor environmental and psychological comfort.

scholarly journals The Social Restrictions Impact on Urban Heat Island Phenomena (Case Study: Cities in Java Island)

2021 ◽  
Vol 887 (1) ◽  
pp. 012017
Author(s):  
A. M. Agni ◽  
P. Pangi ◽  
B. Septiarani ◽  
K. D. Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Capital Region ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has hit Indonesia since March 14, 2020. The rapid spread of the virus has caused the central and regional governments to implement community activity policies. Some terms and methods used by local governments such as PSBB (the Large-Scale Social Restrictions) are applied in Special Capital Region of Jakarta and Surabaya City, in Semarang City has PKM (Restrictions on Community Activities). This study aims to analyze the impact of the social restrictions on Urban Heat Island (UHI) in the Java Island big city. This research was conducted in big cities on Java Island that apply social restrictions, namely Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, and Malang. The data used are Landsat 8 satellite imagery in 2019 and 2020. The method used is to compare the magnitude of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and UHI before and after social restrictions. The results of the analysis explain that there is a decrease in LST and changes in UHI in the cities of Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, and Yogyakarta. However, in Surabaya and Malang, there was an increase in LST. This study concludes that the implementation of social restrictions affects changes in UHI and decreases LST.

scholarly journals Characterization of extreme precipitation within atmospheric river events over California

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jeon ◽  
S. Byna ◽  
J. Gu ◽  
W. D. Collins ◽  
M. F. Wehner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Climate Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are large, spatially coherent weather systems with high concentrations of elevated water vapor. These systems often cause severe downpours and flooding over the western coastal United States – and with the availability of more atmospheric moisture in the future under global warming we expect ARs to play an important role as potential causes of extreme precipitation changes. Therefore, we aim to investigate changes in extreme precipitation properties correlated with AR events in a warmer climate, which are large-scale meteorological patterns affecting the weather and climate of California. We have recently developed the TECA (Toolkit for Extreme Climate Analysis) software for automatically identifying and tracking features in climate data sets. Specifically, we can now identify ARs that make landfall on the western coast of North America. Based on this detection procedure, we can investigate the impact of ARs by exploring the spatial extent of AR precipitation using climate model (CMIP5) simulations and characterize spatial patterns of dependence for future projections between AR precipitation extremes under climate change within the statistical framework. Our results show that AR events in the future RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway)8.5 scenario (2076–2100) tend to produce heavier rainfall with higher frequency and longer days than events from the historical run (1981–2005). We also find that the dependence between extreme precipitation events has a shorter spatial range, within localized areas in California, under the high future emissions scenario than under the historical run.

Assessment of forces and means for extinguishing fires in settlements and methods of their justifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
V. A. Sednev ◽  
◽  
N. V. Lopukhova ◽  
A. V. Smurov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Fire Season ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Climate change leads to an increase the number of wildfires and fires in settlements, with 74 % of the country's population living in urban settlements and 26 % in rural settlements. The readiness of localities for the fire season is determined by regulatory documents that do not assess the sufficiency of measures taken by local governments to prepare territories for the fire season, and, accordingly, do not provide protection of localities from the fires. At the same time, there is no scientific and methodological approach for determining the necessary and sufficient number of fire-fighting constructions and assessing the stability of their structure to protect settlements from the effects of mass or large-scale fires. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires. Research methods. To obtain the results, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization. They were based on the provisions of the theory of systems, theory of information. The results of the study. The forces and means that can be used to extinguish fires in localities are evaluated, and the main methods used to justify the elements of the fire-fighting water supply system in localities are considered and summarized. Conclusion. There is a contradiction between the need to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires and the lack of scientific and methodological approach of justification of corresponding set of means and their management. The results of the study are the basis for the development of a scientific and methodological approach to assessing and justifying the forces and means to ensure the protection of settlements from the impact of mass or large-scale fires and the safety of their activities. Keywords: locality, mass or large-scale fire, fire-fighting water supply, methods of justification

The impact of social policy on changes in professional practice within learning disability services: different standards for children and adults? A two-part examination

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Race ◽  
Nigel A. Malin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disability ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Disability Services ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
Scale Reduction ◽  
Adult Services ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

This is the second of two articles examining links between policy developments and changes in professional practice within learning disability services in England. The first article focused on policy foundations over the last 30 years, and concluded that there was a developing gap in professional inputs between children’s and adult services. This article, written one year into the Coalition government, argues that its policies – especially the large-scale reduction in public expenditure, but also the decline in support for inclusion of children in mainstream education, the rapid growth of academies, and proposals for the reorganization of the NHS – have exacerbated the trends identified earlier. In addition, local authorities, though outwardly compliant, have variously interpreted their responsibilities under the personalization agenda, in particular in relation to individual budgets, and this has resulted in assessments of need being based on ‘service hours’ rather than service quality and staff qualifications.

Fracking for shale gas in the UK: property and investment issues

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jones ◽  
Daphne Comfort ◽  
David Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Large-scale shale gas reserves have recently been identified under many parts of the UK. Development pressure for detailed exploration and possibly the exploitation of these reserves by hydraulic fracturing, popularly described as fracking is growing rapidly and seems to have UK Government support. With this in mind the purpose of this paper is to offer a general review of the possible development of shale gas reserves by fracking within the UK and to explore a number of the property and investment issues associated with such development. Design/methodology/approach – The briefing note begins with an outline of the characteristics of shale oil and the fracking process and of the initial developments within the UK and discusses some of the property and investment issues associated with such developments. The note is based upon information drawn from the internet sources, principally national and local governments, property, financial and environmental organisations and on visits to a small number of sites of exploratory fracking. Findings – The paper identifies a wide range of potential environmental impacts associated with the development of shale gas reserves by fracking and reveals growing awareness in the UK that such development could have a major impact on property values, on the availability of mortgages and on property insurance. At the same time the paper also suggests that financial institutions are increasingly taking steps to minimise risks to their investments and reputation from potential environmental impacts. Practical implications – The paper suggests a number of issues property managers and consultants will need to address in monitoring the impact of shale gas development by fracking on property values and it offers some guidelines to investment managers. Originality/value – This paper provides an accessible review of the development of shale gas resources by fracking within the UK and as such it will be of value to a range of property and investment management professionals and to students pursuing property and investment courses.

Gender and Social Policy: the impact of the public expenditure cuts and reactions to them

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Edgell ◽  
Vic Duke
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractIn social policy research the gender dimension has been relatively neglected in Britain. The attempt to selectively reduce public spending is examined with reference to its objective impact on men and women using official statistics and specialist reports. In addition, on the basis of a large-scale interview survey the subjective impact of and political reactions to the cuts are analysed by gender. The main findings are that this current social policy negatively affects women as both public sector workers and consumers more than men. Political reactions to the cuts were extensive but unrelated to gender per se. However, when one controls for economic activity and related variables, gender differences in terms of both political attitudes and behaviour were insignificant compared to the contrast between the economically active and inactive. The main social policy implication is that the restructuring of the welfare state hits women first and foremost.

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