scholarly journals Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and its Promising Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect with Typhoid Fever Vaccine in Immunized Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu ◽  
Daniel Okwaje ◽  
Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Abstract Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi has maintained a high morbidity and mortality profile around the globe especially in developing countries. Though currently licensed vaccines are efficacious in prevention of the infection, their potency is ephemeral; hence, they require a boost by employing adjuvants that are safe and instrumental in achieving a better prolonged protective immune defense outfit. In this work, Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract was evaluated for its possible adjuvant property to a heat-killed ST vaccine. Mice were vaccinated with typhoid vaccine and subsequently, daily weight of mice was measured. Also, post-vaccination microbial colony counts were enumerated after challenging the mice with Salmonella typhi cells. From the blood culture results, MO extract demonstrated an excellent synergistic antimicrobial effect as the mice group administered our formulated vaccine-MO extract combination had the lowest microbial load (12.25 ± 4.86) colony forming units following microbial challenge, when compared to the mice groups administered the vaccine alone (37.25 ± 4.5) and the MO extract alone (31.25 ± 9.43). Furthermore, assessment of the mice body weight of treated groups showed a growth pattern that did not deviate significantly from those of the control group. In conclusion, MO extract demonstrated a promising synergistic antimicrobial effect on coadministration with the typhoid fever vaccine against S. typhi and did not lead to adverse side effects in mice.

scholarly journals USE OF WIDAL TEST IN DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER IN NORTH INDIAN POPULATION BY ESTIMATING BASELINE TITER IN CONTROL GROUP

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Shetty Jeevan
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Medical College

Objective: This study was undertaken to establish a cutoff significant titer for Widal test using healthy volunteers as control group. Utilizing the baseline titer obtained from the control group, a diagnosis of typhoid fever was made in the test group comprising outpatients and inpatients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients attending G.S Medical College and Hospital, Pilkhuwa, over a period of 6 months from September 2016 to March 2017. Antibodies to Salmonella typhi (TO, TH) and Paratyphi A (AH) and Paratyphi B (BH) are determined by this tube agglutination test. A total of 124 healthy controls and 303 patients having clinical suspicion of typhoid fever were subjected to Widal test. Results: In healthy control group, titer TO ≥20 was observed in 43 (34.7%), TO ≥40 in 48 (38.7%), TO≥80 in 25 (20.2%), and titer TO ≥160, TO ≥320 was observed in none of the control group. Titer TH ≥40 in 58 (46.8%), AH ≥40 in 7 (5.6%), and BH ≥40 in 13 (10.5%) were observed in the control group. Among the test group, 96 (31.7%) sera were positive out of 303 clinically suspected enteric fever by the Widal test. Among different age group studied, 34 (46.6%) patients belonged to the age group of 11-20 years which formed the highest followed by the age group of 21-30 years (33.3%). Conclusion: Based on the study, a cutoff titer of ≥160 for anti-O and anti-H antibodies and titer of ≥80 for anti-AH and anti-BH antibodies be considered as significant titer in diagnosis of enteric fever in this region. The baseline titer helps in early recognition and treatment of this serious health problem.

scholarly journals The Immuno-modulatory and Thrombocytopaenic Effects of the Varying Concentrations of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera in Male Albino Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ojeka Sunday Ogbu ◽  
Zabbey Victor Zigabelbari
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Immature Platelet Fraction ◽  
Group A ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Introduction: Moringa oleifera and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases. Aim: The study was undertaken to establish the thrombocytopenic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera and to find the utilization of platelet parameters in determining the cause of the thrombocytopenia. Methodology: Fresh leaves of moringa were dried and extracted with water. Thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 150-250 g, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into five (5) groups (A-E), based on their weights. The control group (group A) was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water while the treatment groups (groups B to E) were orally given 250 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg,650 mg/kg and 850 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract, once a day, for 56days and then sacrificed. At the end of the administration, blood samples were collected from each rat and examined for platelet indices. The effects of treatment with aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera on the platelet parameters were compared with the control group. Result: The rats treated with the extract, showed a decrease in platelet count and platelet crit while there was a significant increase in the platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume and immature platelet fraction, concerning the control. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera is therefore shown to modulate the immune system and cause thrombocytopaenia, through platelet destruction.

scholarly journals Literature Riview : Penerapan Kompres Air Hangat Untuk Menurunkan Suhu Tubuh Pada Pasien Demam Thypoid

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1494-1500
Author(s):  
Gusti Ayu Salsabila ◽  
Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah ◽  
Firman Faradisi
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Body Heat

AbstractTyphoid fever is a systemic infection caused by salmonella enterica bacteria, especially its derivative variants, namely salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. These germs attack the digestive tract, especially in the stomach and intestines, nursing problems that often occur in patients with typhoid fever, namely hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is a condition in which an individual has an increase in body temperature above 37.8 C parrectal due to external factors. A warm compress is a procedure used to improve control of body heat loss through evaporation and conduction which is usually performed on patients who have a high fever. The purpose of scientific papers is to see an overview of the application of warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The method is carried out by searching several research journals entitled about the application of warm water compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The results obtained after the action of warm water compresses, body temperature decreased within normal limits. The conclusion of this scientific paper is that the action of warm water compresses can reduce body temperature in patients with typhoid fever. Suggestions for nurses are expected to apply warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients.Keywords: Key words: typhoid fever, hyperthermia, warm water compress AbstrakDemam typhoid adalah infeksi sistemik yang di sebabkan oleh bakteri salmonella enterika, khususnya varian-varian turunannya, yaitu salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. Kuman-kuman tersebut menyerang saluran pencernaan, terutatama di perut dan usus masalah keperawatan yang sering terjadi pada pasien demam tifoid yaitu hipertermia . Hipertermi adalah suatu keadaan dimana seorang individu mengalami peningkatan suhu tubuh di atas 37,8⁰C parrektal karena factor eksternal. Kompres air hangat adalah prosedur yang di gunakan untuk meningkatkan control kehilangan panas tubuh melalui evaporasi dan konduksi yang biasanya di lakukan pada pasien yang mengalami demam tinggi. Tujuan dari karya tulis ilmiah adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Metode yang dilakukan dengan mencari beberapa jurnal penelitian berjudul tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Hasil yang didapatkan setelah dilakukan tindakan kompres air hangat suhu tubuh mengalami penurunan dalam batas normal. Kesimpulan karya tulis ilmiah ini bahwa tindakan kompres air hangat dapat menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Saran bagi perawat diharapkan dapat menerapkan tindakan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid.Kata kunci: Demam Thypoid, Hipertermi, Kompres air hangat

scholarly journals The Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal and their Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts on Immunological Parameters, and Liver Enzymes of Broiler Chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 272-282
Author(s):  
Hassan H. Hussein ◽  
Jaffer M. Jassim
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal and their aqueous and ethanolic extracts on immunological parameters, economic results and liver enzymes of broiler chickens. Two hundred and ten unsexed day-old Ross308 broiler chicks were divided into seven experimental diets . Each treatment had three replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Each replicate was fed with an assigned experimental diet for five weeks. The treatments were as follows:T1 was the control without addition, T2 adding 2 g M. oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM)/kg of  feed, T3 adding 4 g M. oleifera Leaf Meal (MOLM).kg-1 feed, T4 adding 2 ml Moringa Aqueous Leaf Extract (MALE) each 1 litre water, T5 adding 4 ml Moringa Aqueous Leaf Extract (MALE) each 1 litre water, T6 adding 2 ml Moringa Ethanolic Leaf Extract (MELE)each 1 litre water, T7 adding 4 ml (MELE) each 1 litre water. The results showed there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the weights of the bursa gland of moringa treatments in a comparison with control group. While the addition of moringa did not have any significant effect on relative weights of spleen and on the  ratio of heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L) in the blood of broilers. There was no significant difference in the values of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) among M. oleifera treatments and control.

scholarly journals Intake of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Decreases IL-1 and TNF-α Levels in Dyslipidemic Wistar Rat Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
I Wayan Putu Sutirta Yasa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Α Level ◽  
Anti Inflammation

Changes in consumption behavior to instant food cause various health problems, such as obesity, dislipidemia, and atherosclerosis. A study was conducted to investigate Moringa oleifera extract as an anti-inflammation product that decreases the levels of biochemical markers IL-1 and TNF-a. This experiment was done with randomized pre- and posttest control-group design, employing 40 Wistar rats separated into five groups: control group 0% M. oleifera leaf extract (P0), treatment group 1 with 10% M. oleifera leaf extract (P1), treatment group 2 with 15% M. oleifera leaf extract (P2), treatment group 3 with 20% M. oleifera leaf extract (P3), and treatment group 4 with 25% M. oleifera leaf extract (P4). This research observed that intake of 20% M. oleifera leaf extract results in the highest significant decrease of 15.42% of IL-1 level (134.64 ± 1.98 to 113.87 ± 4.30 pg/mL) and decrease of 45.63% of TNF-α level (28.62 ± 1.25 to 15.56 ± 7.20 pg/mL). Therefore, it can be concluded that intake of M. oleifera leaf extract by Wistar rat has anti-inflammatory effects on chronic dyslipidemia through decrease of IL-1 and TNF-α levels and histopathology profile. Further research is required to determine whether the application of M. oleifera leaf extract (daun kelor) in humans will have similar anti-inflammation effects.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashwant Kumar ◽  
Anshu Sharma ◽  
Kavaratty Raju Mani
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
West Part ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Introduction: Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as India. The problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. However, non-responsiveness of S. Typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. The present study investigates the re-emergence of sensitivity to conventionally used drugs among strains of S. Typhi in the central west part of India. Methodology: We evaluated 128 S. Typhi isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre for chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim susceptibility using standard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were also evaluated. Results: The proportion of S. Typhi isolates showing susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim was 95.3%, 94.5%, and 94.5%, respectively. These findings may help the health authorities in reconsidering the addition of these antimicrobial drugs into the treatment regime of typhoid fever and therefore may help combat the problem of increasing resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins. Conclusion: The changing trends of S. Typhi resistance patterns necessitate reconsideration of conventionally used drugs in typhoid fever treatment in India. In the present study, S. Typhi strains exhibited increased susceptibility toward chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, therefore suggesting the possibility of their use for treatment of typhoid fever. 

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF Moringa oleifera LEAF EXTRACT ON THECA CELL IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME MODEL WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Purbawaning Wulandari ◽  
Anindya Hapsari
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Anti Oxidant

The use of Moringa oleifera as an anti-oxidant should be investigated as an alternative treatment of follicular refinement in Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with insulin resistance. We aimed to prove the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in various dosages to decrease the thecacell thickness of PCOS female rat with insulin resistance. This study was a laboratory experimental research. Three month old Rattus norvegicusstrain Wistar rat weighing 100-130 g were divided into 5 groups (n= 8). PCOS model obtained by giving injection of testosterone propionate for28 days, followed by metformin therapy and Moringa oleifera leaf extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg BW for 14 days. The examination of ovariumhistology showed that leaf extract Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW (0.931±0.457) significantly decreased the thickness of theca cells (P0.05)compared to the PCOS control group. The conclusion was Moringa oleifera leaf extract as an anti-oxidant proven to decrease the thickness oftheca cell of the female rat model of PCOS.

Effects of the Methanol Leaf Extract Of Chromolaena Odorata on Blood Lipids and the Histology of the Kidney in Salmonella Typhi Infected Wistar Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 20239-20250
Author(s):  
Isirima, Joshua Charles ◽  
Siminialayi, Iyeopu Minakiri
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group 2

Infection with Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever is said to be associated with dyslipidemia. This study evaluated the effects of Chromolaena odorata on the lipid profile and histology of the kidneys in Salmonella typhi infected Wistar rats. The animals were divided into six groups: group 1 was normal control, group 2 was infected with Salmonella typhi without treatment, groups 3, 4 and 5 were Salmonella typhi infected and treated with 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the extract, respectively, and group 6 was infected and treated with 500mg/70kg of ciprofloxacin. The animals were inoculated with a single infectious dose of Salmonella typhi bacteria and were subsequently, treated with graded doses of the methanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata and 500mg/70kg dose of ciprofloxacin for a period of seventeen days, when the animals were confirmed infected. The animals were humanely sacrificed using diethyl ether anesthesia and blood sample was collected for lipid profile investigation and the kidneys were harvested for histological examination. Chromolaena odorata administration reversed the dyslipidemia and histological changes induced by Salmonella typhi.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Effects against Oral Pathogens and Cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song-Yi Yang ◽  
Yu-Ri Choi ◽  
Myung-Jin Lee ◽  
Min-Kyung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Antimicrobial Effects ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Oral Pathogens ◽  
Dental Applications

We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and its biocompatibility for dental applications. The antimicrobial activity of the G. uralensis extracts at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL was assessed using agar disk diffusion tests, counting the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs), spectrophotometric growth inhibitory assays, and microbial morphology observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Merin, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). We measured the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of G. uralensis extracts using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of these extracts using an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. We identified that G. uralensis extracts had significant antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and C. albicans. The optical density of the experimental groups significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. SEM images revealed that the G. uralensis extract affected the morphology and density of S. mutans and C. albicans. The extract concentration of flavonoids, but not polyphenols, increased with increasing concentrations of the G. uralensis extract. Furthermore, cell viabilities were more than 70% for G. uralensis extracts with concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. Naturally derived G. uralensis is biocompatible and exhibits an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and C. albicans. Thus, G. uralensis extracts can be used for the development of oral products that treat and prevent oral diseases.

scholarly journals Demonstration of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (Mic) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration(Mbc) of Both Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium Extracts Mixture against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Ajirioghene A. Obroh ◽  
Ifeanyi O. Oshim ◽  
Oluwayemisi Odeyemi ◽  
Evelyn U. Urama ◽  
Nkechi A. Olise
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Gongronema Latifolium

Background: Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium have many nutritional values that contain bioactive components such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, steroids and terpenoids, as  antimicrobials.            Objective: The general purpose of this study was to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimal bactericidal concentration(MBC) of both Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium  extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Method: This is laboratory experimental research involving post test only control group design using the Kirby Bauer dilution method. With treatment combination of Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium extracts concentration ranging from 50-200 mg/ml and positive control (gentamycin). Result: Mininum bacterial concentration was found between 6.25 mg /ml – 12.5mg /ml for Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium extracts while minimum inhibitory concentration of Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium was found between 12.5 mg / ml – 25.0 mg/ml respectively. U-Mann whitney results showed that the value of p < 0.05 were significant. In this study, the Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest inhibition zone diameter compared to other isolates. Conclusion: The results from this work affirms the use of Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium as antimicrobials and emplores the attention of pharmaceutical companies to exploit production of antibiotics for treatment of infections resulting from Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

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