scholarly journals Preparation and Evaluation of Sunflower Oil Nanoemulsion As a Sunscreen

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (22) ◽  
pp. 3757-3761
Author(s):  
Anayanti Arianto ◽  
Cindy Cindy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Spontaneous Emulsification

BACKGROUND: There are a lot of different types of sunscreen products (oils, sticks, gels, creams, lotions) which can be found on the world's market. Sunscreen product that contains active chemical ingredients sometimes has harmful effects on the skin. Sunflower oil contains vitamin E and acts as a natural sunscreen which can absorb UVB light. The average droplet size of nanoemulsion is between 100 and 500 nm and do not show the problems of stability (creaming, flocculation, coalescence, and sedimentation), which are commonly associated with macroemulsions. AIM: The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate the sunflower oil nanoemulsion as a sunscreen. METHODS: Sunflower oil nanoemulsions were prepared by spontaneous emulsification method with 3 formulas F1 (Tween 80 38%, sorbitol 22%), F2 (Tween 80 36%, sorbitol 24%), F3 (Tween 80 34%, sorbitol 26%) and 5% sunflower oil as a sunscreen substance. The nanoemulsions were evaluated for particle size, physical stability in room temperature (25 ± 2°C), low temperature (4 ± 2°C) and high temperature (40 ± 2°C) during experiment for 12 weeks of storage, centrifugation at 3750 rpm for 5 hours, viscosity, pH, freeze-thaw test and sun protection value (SPF) value by in vitro. RESULTS: The results of nanoemulsion evaluation showed that nanoemulsion formula F1 had the smallest average particle size of 124.47 nm with yellowish colour, clear, transparent, pH value (6.5 ± 0.1), viscosity value (225 ± 25 cP), did not show any separation or creaming in the centrifugation, and stable during experiment for 12 weeks of storage at room temperature, low temperature and high temperature. The SPF value of all nanoemulsion preparations was higher than that of the emulsion. CONCLUSION: The preparation of the sunflower oil nanoemulsion with a ratio of Tween 80 and sorbitol (38: 22) produces a stable nanoemulsion during the experiment for 12 weeks storage at the room, low and high temperature. The nanoemulsion preparation has higher SPF values compared to the emulsion. This nanoemulsion formulation could be considered more effective in sunscreen cosmetic use compare to the emulsion.

Ultrafine TiO2 Powders Prepared from Aqueous TiCl4 Solutions at Room Temperature

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 2135-2138
Author(s):  
Hong Liang Yi ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Ming Tu Ma ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Bong Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Anatase Phase ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Rutile Phase ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Spectral Peaks ◽  
Scherrer Formula ◽  
Stock Solutions

Ultrafine TiO2 powders as rutile and anatase phase were simply precipitated at room temperature for only tens of hours by simply controlling the pH value and Ti4+ concentration via aqueous TiCl4 solution. Under the optimal pH value and Ti4+ concentration, the average particle size of powders with rutile phase was 3.7nm, while that of powders with anatase phase was 3.0nm. The average particle size was calculated from the broadening of corresponding X-ray spectral peaks by Scherrer formula. In addition, 3.0 mol.l-1 are suggested to be used as concentration of stock solutions instead of the current concentration 2.0 mol.l-1.

Copper (II) Oxide Powder Prepared by Low Temperature Hydrothermal Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 270-276
Author(s):  
Pusit Pookmanee ◽  
Maneerat Mueangjai ◽  
Sukon Phanichphant ◽  
Chanchana Thanachayanont
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
X Ray

In this research, CuO powder was prepared by low temperature hydrothermal method. Copper (II) nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3)2.3H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as the starting precursors. The final pH value of the mixed solution was adjusted to 9 by 4M NaOH and treated at 100 oC and 200 oC for 4 and 6 h. The black fine powder was obtained after dried at 80 oC for 4 h. The phase was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). A single phase of monoclinic structure of CuO powder prepared by low temperature hydrothermal method at 200 oC for 4 and 6 h was obtained without calcination step. The morphology and particle size were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The morphology was flower-like in shape and the average particle size in range of 0.3×0.7 μm. The element composition was indicated by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The chemical compositions showed the characteristic X-ray energy of copper (Kα = 0.95 keV) and oxygen (Kα = 0.53 keV). The functional group was indentified by fourier transform spectrophotometry (FTIR). The wavenumber at 433-531 cm-1 was corresponded to vibration of Cu-O stretching.

Minimum Particle Diameter of the Vanadium/Iron Co-Doped Nano TiO2 Transparent Hydrosol at Room Temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 611-614
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Wen Ming Zhang ◽  
Hua Yan Zhang ◽  
Zi Hao Xu ◽  
Sen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ferric Nitrate ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Hydrolysis Method ◽  
Vanadium Iron ◽  
Co Doped

Vanadium/iron co-doped nanoTiO2 transparent hydrosol with an average particle size of 3.8 nm was synthesized by a novel complexation-controlled hydrolysis method at room temperature and atmospheric pressure by using TiCl4, ferric nitrate, ammonium metavanadate, etc. as raw materials. The composition, phase structure, particle size, absorbance spectrum, and photocatalytic performance of samples were characterized by XRD, EDS, nanolaser particle size analyzer, and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic properties of V/Fe doped TiO2 were studied through degrading acid 3R dye, and the results show that when the content of V/Fe was 0.5%, the degradation rate reached more than 96% under irridation for 60 min.

scholarly journals 3D Online Submicron Scale Observation of Mixed Metal Powder's Microstructure Evolution in High Temperature and Microwave Compound Fields

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Dan Kang ◽  
Feng Xu ◽  
Xiao-fang Hu ◽  
Bo Dong ◽  
Yu Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Microstructure Evolution ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Neck Size ◽  
Submicron Scale

In order to study the influence on the mechanical properties caused by microstructure evolution of metal powder in extreme environment, 3D real-time observation of the microstructure evolution of Al-Ti mixed powder in high temperature and microwave compound fields was realized by using synchrotron radiation computerized topography (SR-CT) technique; the spatial resolution was enhanced to 0.37 μm/pixel through the designed equipment and the introduction of excellent reconstruction method for the first time. The process of microstructure evolution during sintering was clearly distinguished from 2D and 3D reconstructed images. Typical sintering parameters such as sintering neck size, porosity, and particle size of the sample were presented for quantitative analysis of the influence on the mechanical properties and the sintering kinetics during microwave sintering. The neck size-time curve was obtained and the neck growth exponent was 7.3, which indicated that surface diffusion was the main diffusion mechanism; the reason was the eddy current loss induced by the external microwave fields providing an additional driving force for mass diffusion on the particle surface. From the reconstructed images and the curve of porosity and average particle size versus temperature, it was believed that the presence of liquid phase aluminum accelerated the densification and particle growth.

scholarly journals Monodispersed ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Use in Heterojunction Solar Cell

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Patidar ◽  
Anusaiya Kaswan ◽  
N. S. Saxena ◽  
Kananbala Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Power Conversion ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Hexagonal Wurtzite Structure ◽  
Average Particle

Monodispersed ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesised in ethylene glycol medium using zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide at room temperature through ultrasonic treatment. The monodispersed ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and optical spectroscopy. The results indicate that ZnO shows the hexagonal wurtzite structure having 8 nm average particle size with the band gap of 3.93 eV. ZnO nanoparticles blended with P3HT show the improvement in the interchains and intrachains ordering as compared to pure P3HT. The power conversion efficiency of P3HT/ZnO solar cell is found to be 0.88%, which is comparable with the result obtained by other researchers.

Selection of Polyanions as Complexation Agent in the Formation of Nanochitosan by Polyelectrolyte Complex Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 948 ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Al Dina N. Khoerunisa ◽  
Prihati Sih Nugraheni ◽  
Mohammad Fahrurrozi ◽  
Wiratni Budhijanto
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Complex ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Aqueous Dispersion ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Arabic Gum ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
The Stability

The aqueous dispersion of nanochitosan was prepared by polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) method with various mixing ratios of chitosan and polyanions, i.e., chitosan-glucomannan, chitosan-hyaluronic acid, and chitosan-Arabic gum. The formation of nanochitosan was carried out by adding the polyanion solution dropwise into the acid solution of chitosan. The study aimed to determine the best polyanion among the variations tested in this study, concerning the targeted particle size and the stability of the dispersion over time. Particle size distribution was observed by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The result indicated that Arabic gum gave the smallest average particle size, i.e. 192.5 nm, at a chitosan/polyanion mass ratio of 3:1 and pH value of 4.

Development of Heterostructured Ferroelectric SrZrO3/CdS Photocatalysts with Enhanced Surface Area and Photocatalytic Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3770-3779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Farooq ◽  
Farheen Naz ◽  
Ruby Phul ◽  
Nayeem Ahmad Pandit ◽  
Sapan Kumar Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Cds Nanoparticles ◽  
Average Particle

This paper reports the attempt to develop an efficient heterostructure photocatalyst by employing SrZrO3 as ferroelectric substrate with deposited nanostructured CdS semiconductor on the surface. Primarily bare SrZrO3 and CdS nanoparticles were synthesized by using polymeric citrate precursor and co-precipitation routes, respectively. The chemical deposition technique was used to develop the CdS over the surface of the pre-synthesized SrZrO3 nanoparticles. The synthesized bare nanoparticles and their heterostructure were characterized by XRD which shows the formation of orthorhombic and face centred cubic (FCC) phases of SrZrO3 and CdS, respectively. TEM was used to estimate the morphology and particle size of as-synthesized nanoparticles, which shows the average particle size of 14, 24 and 25 nm for SrZrO3, CdS and SrZrO3/CdS, respectively. The BET surface area of SrZrO3, CdS and SrZrO3/CdS samples was found to be 299, 304 and 312 m2/g respectively. Methylene blue was used as model pollutant to determine the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanomaterials. The heterostructure shows an enhanced activity as compared to bare nanoparticles. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the nanoparticles was investigated as a function of frequency at room temperature and as a function of temperature at 500 kHz. The room temperature dielectric constant for SrZrO3, CdS and SrZrO3/CdS was found to be 13.2, 17.8 and 25.5 respectively at 100 kHz.

scholarly journals Improving the CO and CH4 Gas Sensor Response at Room Temperature of α-Fe2O3(0001) Epitaxial Thin Films Grown on SrTiO3(111) Incorporating Au(111) Islands

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Aída Serrano ◽  
Jesús López-Sánchez ◽  
Iciar Arnay ◽  
Rosalía Cid ◽  
María Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Epitaxial Thin Films ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Crystallographic Axes ◽  
Gas Exposure

In this work, the functional character of complex α-Fe2O3(0001)/SrTiO3(111) and Au(111) islands/α-Fe2O3(0001)/SrTiO3(111) heterostructures has been proven as gas sensors at room temperature. Epitaxial Au islands and α-Fe2O3 thin film are grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3(111) substrates. Intrinsic parameters such as the composition, particle size and epitaxial character are investigated for their influence on the gas sensing response. Both Au and α-Fe2O3 layer show an island-type growth with an average particle size of 40 and 62 nm, respectively. The epitaxial and incommensurate growth is evidenced, confirming a rotation of 30° between the in-plane crystallographic axes of α-Fe2O3(0001) structure and those of SrTiO3(111) substrate and between the in-plane crystallographic axes of Au(111) and those of α-Fe2O3(0001) structure. α-Fe2O3 is the only phase of iron oxide identified before and after its functionalization with Au nanoparticles. In addition, its structural characteristics are also preserved after Au deposition, with minor changes at short-range order. Conductance measurements of Au(111)/α-Fe2O3(0001)/SrTiO3(111) system show that the incorporation of epitaxial Au islands on top of the α-Fe2O3(0001) layer induces an enhancement of the gas-sensing activity of around 25% under CO and 35% under CH4 gas exposure, in comparison to a bare α-Fe2O3(0001) layer grown on SrTiO3(111) substrates. In addition, the response of the heterostructures to CO gas exposure is around 5–10% higher than to CH4 gas in each case.

Sulfur Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization from H2S Gas, Using Novel Biodegradable Iron Chelates in Aqueous Surfactant Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniruddha Subhash Deshpande ◽  
Ramdas B. Khomane ◽  
Bhalchandra K. Vaidya ◽  
Renuka M. Joshi ◽  
Arti S. Harle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Iron Chelates ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Surfactant System ◽  
Surfactant Systems ◽  
Sulfur Nanoparticles

AbstractSulfur nanoparticles were synthesized from hazardous H2S gas by desulfurization based on liquid redox process [1]. The use of novel biodegradable iron chelates, in particular, FeCl3-malic acid chelate system has been extensively studied in various aqueous surfactant systems of Tween 80, SDS, CTAB for catalytic oxidation of H2S gas at ambient conditions of temperature, pressure and neutral pH. The structural features of sulfur nanoparticles have been characterized by XRD, TEM, and DLS measurements. XRD analysis indicates the presence of Metal-sulfur (JCPDS-08247). TEM analysis shows that the morphology of sulfur nanoparticles synthesized in aqueous surfactant system of Tween 80 is nearly uniform in size of 12nm average particle size, in SDS surfactant system shows 15nm average particle size, where as sulfur nanoparticles synthesized in CTAB shows average particle size of 7nm. The DLS result shows the mono-dispersity of the sulfur nanoparticles in the aqueous surfactant systems. The described process serves mainly two objectives; (a) waste utilization for preparation of commercially important nano-sulfur product and (b) reduction in environmental pollution. 1. G. Nagal, Chem. Eng. 104, 125 (1997).

scholarly journals Fabrication of Caseinate Stabilized Thymol Nanosuspensions via the pH-Driven Method: Enhancement in Water Solubility of Thymol

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Ruyi Li ◽  
Shengfeng Peng ◽  
Roger Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Commercial Products ◽  
Long Term Storage

Thymol has been applied as a spice and antibacterial agent in commercial products. However, the utilization of thymol in the food and pharmaceutical field has recently been limited by its poor water solubility and stability. In this work, a caseinate-stabilized thymol nanosuspension was fabricated by pH-driven methods to overcome those limitations. Firstly, the chemical stability of thymol at different pH value conditions was investigated. The physiochemical properties of thymol nanosuspensions were then characterized, such as average particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction results showed that thymol was present as an amorphous state in the nanosuspensions. The thermal stability of thymol was slightly enhanced by encapsulation through this process, and the thymol nanosuspensions were stable during the long-term storage, and the average particle size of nanosuspensions showed that there was no aggregation of nanosuspensions during storage and high temperature. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of thymol nanosuspensions was evaluated by investigating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Salmomella enterca, Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. These results could provide useful information and implications for promoting the application of thymol in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical commercial products.

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