Oral Microbiome and Preterm Birth: Correlation or Coincidence? A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND: Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy involve, as a natural consequence, also modifications of oral microbiome. However, the addition with microbial imbalance due to pre-existing periodontal infection might impair a pathological alteration in the phylogenetic community structure and composition in the oral cavity, exacerbating an inflammatory status, and becoming a potential risk factor for preterm birth. From the empirical findings about the relationship between periodontal pathogens and systemic diseases, a clear interest focused on the potential impact of some periodontal pathogens on the preterm birth risk has emerged. AIM: Exploration of the potential interdependence existing between dysbiosis of oral microbiome and changes in maternal-fetal barrier in premature rupture of membranes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a Medline search was performed for studies focusing on oral microbioma and its association with pre-term birth, and completed by additional hand searching. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The search was restricted to only reports written in English. RESULTS: The electronic search produced 66 items. Six duplicates were found. Among the collected studies, 56 were discarded because they met the exclusion criteria. The articles and reports in our review showed a connection between preterm birth and altered oral microbiome, suggesting a potential key role of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a notable periodontal pathogen involved in several pathological periodontal conditions, in increasing the risk of premature birth. CONCLUSIONS: Since F. nucleatum is frequently associated with preterm birth, it is coherent to hypothesize a potential role for the oral microbiota for preterm birth risk. Further studies should be carried out to determine the changes of the oral microflora in pregnancy and to provide comprehensive knowledge of the diversity of oral bacteria involved in preterm birth.

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SAT0590 ORAL MICROBIOTA IDENTIFIES PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2416 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1254.2-1254

Author(s):

A. Esberg ◽

L. Johansson ◽

I. Johansson ◽

S. Rantapää Dahlqvist

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity ◽

Periodontal Infection

Background:Several studies have suggested a link between the two chronic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PD) [1]. The diseases share similar environmental and genetic risks factors,e.g.,smoking [2] and the HLA-DRB1 alleles [3]. Several serum markers used in the diagnosis of RA have also been found to be elevated in PD,e.g.,anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) [4]. The connection between PD and RA has been suggested to be explained by several periodontal pathogens,e.g., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansandPorphyromonas gingivalis, which have been suggested to induce the production of autoantibodies [5, 6].Objectives:To investigate the composition of the concerted saliva microbiota and its role in the development of RA, with the aim of improving the diagnostic tools.Methods:16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of saliva bacterial DNA isolated from a total of 61 early RA (eRA) patients and 59 healthy controls was made. The eRA (symptoms ≤ 12 months) was diagnosed at an Early Arthritis Clinic (fulfilling the 1987 ARA criteria) and matched with the controls for sex and age, except for two of the elderly cases. None of the individuals included in the study had taken antibiotics during the preceding 3 months. No one of the cases were treated with anti-rheumatic drugs except for corticosteroids in 16 cases the latest month.Results:All participants were classified into three hierarchical cluster groups based on their saliva microbiota and the distribution of eRA cases versus controls differed distinctly between the cluster groups. The microbiota from the eRA had higher species richness, differed in beta-diversity, and was enriched for species in the Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas genera, and for the Alloprevotella tannerae, Campylobacter gracilis, Capnocytophaga leadbetteri, Filifactor alocis, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, Neisseria elongate, Porphyromionas endodontalis and Prevotella pleuritidis species compared to controls. Combining two topped ranked species,A. tanneraeandCatonella morbisignificantly predicted eRA with an AUC score of 0.86 and a specificity and sensitivity of 0.80 and 0.85, respectively.The predicted functions of the microbiota in eRA patients were dominated by fatty acid metabolism, ornithine metabolism, glucosylceramidase, sphingolipids, beta-lactamase resistance, biphenyl degradation and 17-beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase metabolism.Conclusion:In this study a difference in oral microbiota diversity between eRA patients and healthy controls could be shown. Some of the eRA-associated oral bacteria have previously been suggested to play an aetiological role in the development of RA, but others have not been recognized earlier, such as A. tannerae, F. alocis, F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, and P. endodontalis, and may therefore be useful in RA risk assessment.References:[1]Fuggle, N.R., et al.,Hand to Mouth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis.Front Immunol, 2016. 7: p. 80.[2]Heliovaara, M., et al.,Smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.J Rheumatol, 1993. 20(11): p. 1830-5.[3]Katz, J., et al.,Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR4. Positive association with rapidly progressing periodontitis.J Periodontol, 1987. 58(9): p. 607-10.[4]Mikuls, T.R., et al.,Periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Rheumatol, 2014. 66(5): p. 1090-100.[5]Konig, M.F., et al.,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced hypercitrullination links periodontal infection to autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis.Sci Transl Med, 2016. 8(369): p. 369ra176.[6]Rosenstein, E.D., et al.,Hypothesis: the humoral immune response to oral bacteria provides a stimulus for the development of rheumatoid arthritis.Inflammation, 2004. 28(6): p. 311-8.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Oral Microbiota Identifies Patients in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081657 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1657

Author(s):

Anders Esberg ◽

Linda Johansson ◽

Ingegerd Johansson ◽

Solbritt Rantapää Dahlqvist

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Early Onset ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Disease Manifestation ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Quality Register

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune inflammatory disease, and single periodontitis-associated bacteria have been suggested in disease manifestation. Here, the oral microbiota was characterized in relation to the early onset of RA (eRA) taking periodontal status into consideration. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of saliva bacterial DNA from 61 eRA patients without disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and 59 matched controls was performed. Taxonomic classification at 98.5% was conducted against the Human Oral Microbiome Database, microbiota functions were predicted using PICRUSt, and periodontal status linked from the Swedish quality register for clinically assessed caries and periodontitis. The participants were classified into three distinct microbiota-based cluster groups with cluster allocation differences by eRA status. Independently of periodontal status, eRA patients had enriched levels of Prevotella pleuritidis, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Filifactor alocis species and in the Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium genera and functions linked to ornithine metabolism, glucosylceramidase, beta-lactamase resistance, biphenyl degradation, fatty acid metabolism and 17-beta-estradiol-17-dehydrogenase metabolism. The results support a deviating oral microbiota composition already in eRA patients compared with healthy controls and highlight a panel of oral bacteria that may be useful in eRA risk assessment in both periodontally healthy and diseased persons.

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OTUs clustering should be avoided for defining oral microbiome

10.1101/2021.08.09.455616 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alba Regueira-Iglesias ◽

Lara Vazquez-Gonzalez ◽

Carlos Balsa-Castro ◽

Triana Blanco-Pintos ◽

Victor Manuel Arce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Diversity ◽

Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

High Coverage ◽

Archaeal Species ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Similarity Relationships

This in silico investigation aimed to: 1) evaluate a set of primer pairs with high coverage, including those most commonly used in the literature, to find the different oral species with 16S rRNA gene amplicon similarity/identity (ASI) values ≥97%; and 2) identify oral species that may be erroneously clustered in the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and ascertain whether they belong to distinct genera or other higher taxonomic ranks. Thirty-nine primer pairs were employed to obtain amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) from the complete genomes of 186 bacterial and 135 archaeal species. For each primer, ASVs without mismatches were aligned using BLASTN and their similarity values were obtained. Finally, we selected ASVs from different species with an ASI value ≥97% that were covered 100% by the query sequences. For each primer, the percentage of species-level coverage with no ASI≥97% (SC-NASI≥97%) was calculated. Based on the SC-NASI≥97% values, the best primer pairs were OP_F053-KP_R020 for bacteria (65.05%), KP_F018-KP_R002 for archaea (51.11%), and OP_F114-KP_R031 for bacteria and archaea together (52.02%). Eighty percent of the oral-bacteria and oral-archaea species shared an ASI≥97% with at least one other taxa, including Campylobacter, Rothia, Streptococcus, and Tannerella, which played conflicting roles in the oral microbiota. Moreover, around a quarter and a third of these two-by-two similarity relationships were between species from different bacteria and archaea genera, respectively. Furthermore, even taxa from distinct families, orders, and classes could be grouped in the same cluster. Consequently, irrespective of the primer pair used, OTUs constructed with a 97% similarity provide an inaccurate description of oral-bacterial and oral-archaeal species, greatly affecting microbial diversity parameters. As a result, clustering by OTUs impacts the credibility of the associations between some oral species and certain health and disease conditions. This limits significantly the comparability of the microbial diversity findings reported in oral microbiome literature.

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Frequency of Selenomonas Noxia in Oral Microbiota of Obese and Normal Weight People in Duhok-Iraq

Science Journal of University of Zakho ◽

10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.4.674 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 120-124

Author(s):

Roshna M. Qadir ◽

Mahde S. Abdulrahman

Keyword(s):

Oral Bacteria ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Obese People ◽

Overweight People ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Overweight Group ◽

Oral Carriage ◽

Selenomonas Noxia

Obesity represents one of the major problematic health issues worldwide. Recent evidences suggest that obesity is related with the alteration of the oral microbiome. The aim of this study was to measure the salivary bacterial Selenomonas noxia in Duhok population. A total of 155 saliva samples were collected from individuals (aged between 19-35 years) of both genders (86 females and 69 males). The individuals were divided into three groups (obese, overweight, and normal weight) based on their body mass index. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples. Molecular detections of Selenomonas noxia were performed by the polymerase chain reaction. Among the 155 participants, 34.1% were obese, 26.4% overweight and 39.3% normal weight individuals. The prevalence rate of oral S. noxia among all people was 82.6%. The highest rate of S. noxia was in obese people (86.8%), followed by overweight (85.4%) and normal weight people (77%). The prevalence of S. noxia in overweight people was statistically significant in compare with the normal weight people (p<0.0001). Moreover, the oral carriage of S. noxia was highest among the overweight females (94.5%) followed by obese females (88.9%). However, no significant difference was found compared to males. The result revealed that it is possible to assume that the expansion of S. noxia in saliva is due to obesity. Moreover, the composition of salivary microbiome may lead to the risk that the overweight group is at risk of future obesity. However, further investigations are required with larger sample and participants with different socioeconomic status in order to address the exact link between obesity and oral bacteria. This could lead to a new and promising therapeutic way for improving human's health.

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Single-Cell Genomics and the Oral Microbiome

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034520907380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (6) ◽

pp. 613-620 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Balachandran ◽

K.L. Cross ◽

M. Podar

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Single Cell ◽

Single Cells ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Interspecies Interactions ◽

Single Cell Genomics

The human oral cavity is one of the first environments where microbes have been discovered and studied since the dawn of microbiology. Nevertheless, approximately 200 types of bacteria from the oral microbiota have remained uncultured in the laboratory. Some are associated with a healthy oral microbial community, while others are linked to oral diseases, from dental caries to gum disease. Single-cell genomics has enabled inferences on the physiology, virulence, and evolution of such uncultured microorganisms and has further enabled isolation and cultivation of several novel oral bacteria, including the discovery of novel interspecies interactions. This review summarizes some of the more recent advances in this field, which is rapidly moving toward physiologic characterization of single cells and ultimately cultivation of the yet uncultured. A combination of traditional microbiological approaches with genomic-based physiologic predictions and isolation strategies may lead to the oral microbiome being the first complex microbial community to have all its members cultivable in the laboratory. Studying the biology of the individual microbes when in association with other members of the community, in controlled laboratory conditions and in vivo, should lead to a better understanding of oral dysbiosis and its prevention and reversion.

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Preterm Birth Is Correlated With Increased Oral Originated Microbiome in the Gut

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.579766 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Chunhua Yin ◽

Jingrui Chen ◽

Xuena Wu ◽

Yeling Liu ◽

Quan He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Birth ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Preterm Labor ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Gut Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Threatened Preterm Labor ◽

Adverse Pregnancy

BackgroundPreterm birth is one of the leading causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Gut microbiome dysbiosis is closely related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of preterm birth remains poorly studied.MethodWe collected fecal samples from 41 women (cases presenting with threatened preterm labor =19, 11 of which delivered preterm; gestational age-matched no-labor controls, all of which delivered at term = 22) were recruited for the study. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to compare the composition of the gut microbiome in threatened preterm labor cases and controls and among women who delivered preterm and at term. By annotating taxonomic biomarkers with the Human Oral Microbiome Database, we observed an increased abundance of potential oral-to-gut bacteria in preterm patients.ResultsPatients with preterm birth showed a distinct gut microbiome dysbiosis compared with those who delivered at term. Opportunistic pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Veillonella, were enriched, whereas Coprococcus and Gemmiger were markedly depleted in the preterm group. Most of the enriched bacteria were annotated oral bacteria using the Human Oral Microbiome Database. These potential oral-to-gut bacteria were correlated with clinical parameters that reflected maternal and fetal status.ConclusionsThis study suggests that patients who deliver preterm demonstrate altered gut microbiome that may contain higher common oral bacteria.

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Variations of Oral Microbiome in Chronic Insomnia Patients with Different Tongue Features

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x20500445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (04) ◽

pp. 923-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Meng Liu ◽

Xiting Wang ◽

Fengzhi Wu ◽

Ning Dai ◽

Mindan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Chronic Insomnia ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Tongue Diagnosis ◽

Therapeutic Decision Making

Chronic insomnia is a disease which brings intense mental pain and disturbing complications to patients worldwide. The oral microbiome exhibits a mechanistic influence on human health. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the oral microbial diversity in insomnia. Tongue diagnosis has been considered a critical basic procedure in insomnia therapeutic decision-making in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Hence, it is significant to elucidate the various oral microbiome differences in chronic insomnia patients with different tongue features. In this paper, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to investigate dynamic changes in oral bacterial profile and correlations between chronic insomnia patients and healthy individuals, as well as in patients with different tongue coatings. Moreover, the relationship between the severity of insomnia and oral microbiota was explored. Our findings showed that chronic insomnia patients harbored a significantly higher diversity of oral bacteria when compared to healthy controls. More importantly, the results revealed that the diversity and relative abundance of the bacterial community was significantly altered among different tongue coatings in patients but not in healthy individuals. Oral bacteria with a relative abundance [Formula: see text]1% and [Formula: see text] among different tongue groups were considered remarkable bacteria, which included three phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gracilibacteria, and four genera, Streptococcus, Prevotella_7, Rothia, and Neisseria. Our findings indicate that changes in oral microbiome correlate with tongue coatings in patients with chronic insomnia. Thus, the remarkable microbiome may provide inspiration for further studies on the correlation between tongue diagnosis and oral microbiome in chronic insomnia patients.

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Periodontal Pathogens and Preterm Birth: Current Knowledge and Further Interventions

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10060730 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 730

Author(s):

Milan Terzic ◽

Gulzhanat Aimagambetova ◽

Sanja Terzic ◽

Milena Radunovic ◽

Gauri Bapayeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Birth ◽

Preterm Labor ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Neonatal Morbidity ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Periodontal Bacteria ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

Tract Infections

Preterm labor is defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation and occurs in 5–20% of pregnancies. Preterm labor, as multifactorial entity associated with a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, is influenced by maternal, fetal and environmental factors. Microbiological studies suggest that infectious pathogens may account for 25–40% of preterm birth. Infections of different sites, like genital, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia, are linked to the preterm labor. The most recent epidemiological studies consistently report that maternal periodontal disease is associated with preterm delivery, as well as the association between the presence of pathogenic oral bacteria in the placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes. On the other hand, some previously published papers found periodontal bacteria in placentas of term pregnancies. In spite of a huge research done on the topic, both experimental and clinical, there are many controversial opinions about the role of periodontal infections in preterm birth. Thus, this comprehensive review addresses this very important topic and evaluates novel strategies of preventive and therapeutic approaches.

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Oral Microbiota Composition and Function Changes During Chronic Erythematous Candidiasis

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.691092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Lyu ◽

Hui Zheng ◽

Xu Wang ◽

Heyu Zhang ◽

Lu Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Cytochrome Bc1 Complex ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Treatment And Prevention

Oral microbiota is constantly changing with the host state, whereas the oral microbiome of chronic erythematous candidiasis remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to compare oral microbial signatures and functional profiling between chronic erythematous candidiasis and healthy subjects. Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we analyzed the microbiome in 12 chronic erythematous candidiasis, 12 healthy subjects, and 2 chronic erythematous candidiasis cured by antifungal therapy. We found that the salivary microbiota of chronic erythematous candidiasis was significantly different from that of healthy subjects. Among them, Rothia mucilaginosa and Streptococcus mitis were the most abundant disease-enriched species (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). In addition, co-occurrence network analysis showed that C. albicans formed densely connected modules with oral bacterial species and was mainly positive connected to Streptococcus species. Furthermore, we investigated the functional potentials of the microbiome and identified a set of microbial marker genes associated with chronic erythematous candidiasis. Some of these genes enriching in chronic erythematous candidiasis are involved in eukaryotic ribosome, putative glutamine transport system, and cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit. Altogether, this study revealed the changes of oral microbial composition, the co-occurrence between C. albicans and oral bacteria, as well as the changes of microbial marker genes during chronic erythematous candidiasis, which provides evidence of oral microbiome as a target for the treatment and prevention of chronic erythematous candidiasis.

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Periodontal Pathogen Colonization in Young Children by PCR Quantification – A Longitudinal Survey

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4628-42.2.4 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 103-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karine Takahashi ◽

Robson Frederico Cunha ◽

Elerson Gaetti Jardim Junior

Keyword(s):

Tooth Loss ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Periodontal Pathogen ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Oral Biofilm ◽

Control Programs ◽

Pathogen Colonization

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are among the leading causes of premature tooth loss in adults, but the microbiota associated with this problem is established over time in childhood. Aim: This longitudinal study aimed to verify the occurrence of periodontal pathogens in the oral cavity of children aged six, twelve, eighteen and twenty-four months through PCR quantification, correlating them with the oral microbiota of their mothers. Study design: Saliva and oral biofilm samples were collected from mothers and children by using sterilized paper points. Furthermore, a questionnaire was applied in all periods to evaluate hygiene and dietary habits. Results: A positive correlation was found between mother–child pairs in all periods. No correlation was observed between hygiene and dietary habits and occurrence of periodontal pathogens. Conclusion: Early inclusion of children in preventive and biofilm control programs could contribute to preventing acquisition of aggressive pathogens.

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