scholarly journals An FSKX compliant source attribution model for salmonellosis and a look at its major hidden pitfalls

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther M. Sundermann ◽  
Guido Correia Carreira ◽  
Annemarie Käsbohrer
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Reference Description ◽  
Safety Knowledge

To reduce the burden of human society that is caused by zoonotic diseases, it is important to attribute sources to human illnesses. One powerful approach in supporting any intervention decision is mathematical modelling. This paper presents a source attribution model which considers five sources (broilers, laying hens, pigs, turkeys) for salmonellosis and uses two datasets from Germany collected over two time periods; one from 2004 to 2007 and one from 2010 to 2011. The model uses a Bayesian modelling approach derived from the so-called Hald model and is based on microbial subtyping. In this case, Salmonella isolates from humans and animals were subtyped with respect to serovar and phage type. Based on that typing, the model estimates how many human salmonellosis cases can be attributed to each of the considered sources. A reference description of the model is available under DOI: 10.1111/zph.12645. Here, we present this model as a ready-to-use resource in the Food Safety Knowledge Exchange (FSKX) format. This open information exchange format allows to re-use, modify, and further develop the model and uses model metadata and controlled vocabulary to harmonise the annotation. In addition to the model, we discuss some technical pitfalls that might occur when running this Bayesian model based on Markov chain Monte Carlo calculations. As source attribution of zoonotic disease is one useful tool for the One Health approach, our work facilitates the exchange, adjustment, and re-usage of this source attribution model by the international and multi-sectoral community.

HISTORICAL HERITAGE AS A MEANS OF MORAL TRAINING OF SOCIAL TEACHERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
І.R. Halitova ◽  
◽  
N.O. Atemkulova ◽  
G.K. Shirinbayeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Moral Training ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Social Side ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Pedagogue

The introduction of socio-pedagogical ideas into the historical and literary heritage enriches the content of training, makes it possible to enrich their practical skills through familiarity with historical experience, on the one hand, on the other hand, it enriches the inner world of social teachers as specialists, connecting the feeling and consciousness, thereby creating conditions for successful effective activities. In human society, various types of contradictions have always appeared at any time, but at the same time , methods and ways to eliminate them have been invented. Unfortunately, we have recently become interested in foreign technologies of training and education, their ideas, and have lost sight of the rich experience of the past, which includes methods and methods of social education of children and youth. The problem is that it is necessary to identify them and use them in practice. The activity of a social pedagogue , in particular, is associated with rehabilitation, socialization and other types of work among children, youth and adults. The history of social pedagogy spiritually enriches future specialists on the one hand, and on the other, helps to accumulate the experience of the past in order to use them in solving modern problems. Literary and historical materials concerning the social side of the life of the Kazakh people in this regard is important and essential.

Split brains

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Schechter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Surgery ◽  
Interhemispheric Interaction ◽  
Split Brain ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The largest fibre tract in the human brain connects the two cerebral hemispheres. A ‘split-brain’ surgery severs this structure, sometimes together with other white matter tracts connecting the right hemisphere and the left. Split-brain surgeries have long been performed on non-human animals for experimental purposes, but a number of these surgeries were also performed on adult human beings in the second half of the twentieth century, as a medical treatment for severe cases of epilepsy. A number of these people afterwards agreed to participate in ongoing research into the psychobehavioural consequences of the procedure. These experiments have helped to show that the corpus callosum is a significant source of interhemispheric interaction and information exchange in the ‘neurotypical’ brain. After split-brain surgery, the two hemispheres operate unusually independently of each other in the realm of perception, cognition, and the control of action. For instance, each hemisphere receives visual information directly from the opposite (‘contralateral’) side of space, the right hemisphere from the left visual field and the left hemisphere from the right visual field. This is true of the normal (‘neurotypical’) brain too, but in the neurotypical case interhemispheric tracts allow either hemisphere to gain access to the information that the other has received. In a split-brain subject however the information more or less stays put in whatever hemisphere initially received it. And it isn’t just visual information that is confined to one hemisphere or the other after the surgery. Rather, after split-brain surgery, each hemisphere is the source of proprietary perceptual information of various kinds, and is also the source of proprietary memories, intentions, and aptitudes. Various notions of psychological unity or integration have always been central to notions of mind, personhood, and the self. Although split-brain surgery does not prevent interhemispheric interaction or exchange, it naturally alters and impedes it. So does the split-brain subject as a whole nonetheless remain a unitary psychological being? Or could there now be two such psychological beings within one human animal – sharing one body, one face, one voice? Prominent neuropsychologists working with the subjects have often appeared to argue or assume that a split-brain subject has a divided or disunified consciousness and even two minds. Although a number of philosophers agree, the majority seem to have resisted these conscious and mental ‘duality claims’, defending alternative interpretations of the split-brain experimental results. The sources of resistance are diverse, including everything from a commitment to the necessary unity of consciousness, to recognition of those psychological processes that remain interhemispherically integrated, to concerns about what the moral and legal consequences would be of recognizing multiple psychological beings in one body. On the other hand underlying most of these arguments against the various ‘duality’ claims is the simple fact that the split-brain subject does not appear to be two persons, but one – and there are powerful conceptual, social, and moral connections between being a unitary person on the one hand and having a unified consciousness and mind on the other.

Management of Medical Website Quality Labels via Web Mining

2011 ◽  
pp. 206-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vangelis Karkaletsis ◽  
Konstantinos Stamatakis ◽  
Karampiperis ◽  
Karampiperis ◽  
Pythagoras Karampiperis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Management ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Web Mining ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Education Of Patients ◽  
The One

The World Wide Web is an important channel of information exchange in many domains, including the medical one. The ever increasing amount of freely available healthcare-related information generates, on the one hand, excellent conditions for self-education of patients as well as physicians, but on the other hand, entails substantial risks if such information is trusted irrespective of low competence or even bad intentions of its authors. This is why medical Web site certification, also called quality labeling, by renowned authorities is of high importance. In this respect, it recently became obvious that the labelling process could benefit from employment of Web mining and information extraction techniques, in combination with flexible methods of Web-based information management developed within the Semantic Web initiative. Achieving such synergy is the central issue in the MedIEQ project. The AQUA (Assisting Quality Assessment) system, developed within the MedIEQ project, aims to provide the infrastructure and the means to organize and support various aspects of the daily work of labelling experts.

scholarly journals An Integrative Dynamic Model of Colombian Population Distribution, Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle and Matter, Energy, and Information Flow

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
César Cardona-Almeida ◽  
Nelson Obregón ◽  
Fausto A. Canales
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Maximum Entropy Principle ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Entropy Principle

Human society has increased its capacity to exploit natural resources thanks to new technologies, which are one of the results of information exchange in the knowledge society. Many approaches to understanding the interactions between human society and natural systems have been developed in the last decades, and some have included considerations about information. However, none of them has considered information as an active variable or flowing entity in the human–natural/social-ecological system, or, moreover, even as a driving force of their interactions. This paper explores these interactions in socio-ecological systems by briefly introducing a conceptual frame focused on the exchange of information, matter, and energy. The human population is presented as a convergence variable of these three physical entities, and a population distribution model for Colombia is developed based on the maximum entropy principle to integrate the balances of related variables as macro-state restrictions. The selected variables were electrical consumption, water demand, and higher education rates (energy, matter, and information). The final model includes statistical moments for previous population distributions. It is shown how population distribution can be predicted yearly by combining these variables, allowing future dynamics exploration. The implications of this model can contribute to bridging information sciences and sustainability studies.

Study of Computer Key Technologies and Mobile Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 539 ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Zi Li Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mobile Technology ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Information Engineering ◽  
Engineering Information

Human society is in the information age, the information revolution has full rise. Human society changed from the value calculated into a comprehensive problem solving. Human being is gradually put information into a computer system for the process of transplantation, resulting in the need of information management, information engineering, information exchange, and other branches of science. For the rapidly expanding range of problem-solving, the existing computer functions are a serious shortage, lack of intelligence. The lack of intelligence in computer science has been unable to generalize the entire contents of the information science. This paper mainly explains the development and application of computers in mobile technology.

Ethics at the Edges of Law: Christian Moralists and American Legal Thought

Horizons ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-354
Author(s):  
John Coughlin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Ethics ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Theological Critique ◽  
The One ◽  
Vantage Points

At the outset of Ethics at the Edges of Law: Christian Moralists and American Legal Thought, Cathleen Kaveny explains that the purpose of her book is to impart new energy to the interdisciplinary conversation between Christian ethicists and legal scholars. Kaveny observes that the tête-à-tête has tended to be one directional, with legal scholars drawing on theological principles in order to offer critiques of public policy, law, and case precedent. As significant as the theological critique may be, Kaveny proposes that the dialogue would be enriched if it were to be expanded beyond the unilateral direction. On the one hand, she writes to invite theologians and ethicists to turn to the law. On the other hand, she affirms the role played by religious ethics in contributing to debates about controversial public issues. Pointing to the promise of interdisciplinary work between religious ethics and law, Kaveny comments: The extensive normative reflections on the overarching nature and purpose of human society can provide vantage points from which to critique the quotidian decision of the legislatures and courts. Conversely, the manner in which the legal system settles specific cases offers rich material with which to test and to hone more abstract theological and philosophical reflections about personal and social obligations. (90)

scholarly journals Parrot Interpreter: Representation, Extinction and the Electronic Information Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Paul Carter
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
Apparent Contrast ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imaginative Literature ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Collections

Humans, it seems, can’t get enough of parrots. Ethnography, folklore, psychology, and, of course, imaginative literature all offer copious evidence of our fantasy of living with, communicating with and even being parrots. The natural history of parrots and the cultural history of parrots present something of a conundrum: on the one hand, a massive destructiveness (illegal bird and feather trade, environment destruction, scientific collections); on the other, an often erotically inflected sympathetic identification leading to the production of new forms. It’s strange to realise that Europe is infested with a shadow population of captive and inbred budgerigars, whose numbers far exceed those remaining in the wild and who can never return to their origins. If, as our privileged other, our uncanny mimic and double, the parrot still fails to survive, what does this tell us about our economy of desire? It seems that to know is to consume and destroy; and that the apparent contrast between the operations of the rainforest loggers and bird-trappers and the sentimental representations and transformations parrot suffers in human society is overdrawn. How is this contradiction to be explained?

The Theory of Green Packaging Design and its Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 635-637 ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen Fen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Structure Design ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Packaging Design ◽  
Green Packaging ◽  
The Times ◽  
The One ◽  
Packaging Structure

With the development of science and technology and the progress of human society,We gradually know that survival environment is worsening,the further development of the economy has been restricted.These problems directly affect the reproduction of human civilization,So our country put forward the strategy of sustainable development.The concept of green packaging design is adapted to the demand of the times,in order to explore the application of the green idea in the packaging design.Green packaging design needs to consider packaging materials,this will affect the packaging cost.The 60% ~ 80% of the packaging cost have been confirmed in the product design stage.Green packaging structure design should be considered,the structure of reasonable design of packaging, not only can reduce cost, but also reduce the adverse impact on the environment.When we need to use the least amount of packaging materials,a sphere is the best choice.The height of the cylinder is equal to the radius of 2 times through calculation,Its surface area is smallest.Green packaging, therefore, on the one hand, can avoid the waste of resources,let our design work can be harmonious with our living environment.

Classification schemes in art libraries in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Currier
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Discussion List ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Decimal Classification

Subject access to physical or electronic resource collections can be divided into two complementary areas: searching and browsing. Searching involves the use of subject headings, indexing terms from a controlled vocabulary, or natural language keywords. Browsing, whether along a shelf or through a subject tree on the Web, requires the application of some kind of taxonomy or classification scheme. This article looks at what class schemes art libraries are using to arrange their book collections in the UK today. Based on an informal survey via the ARLIS e-mail discussion list, it appears that the Dewey Decimal Classification is not only the most commonly used class scheme, but the one most art libraries choose when they reclassify their library.

Structuralism? Functionalism? Behaviorism? Or mechanism? Looking for a better approach to AI

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixin Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

PurposeResearch of artificial intelligence (AI), has aimed at making machines intelligent via the simulation of natural intelligence, particularly human intelligence. During the past decades, there have been three major approaches aimed at achieving this goal, namely structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism. Unfortunately, they work separately and contradictorily to a large extent. The purpose of this paper is to present a better and more unified approach.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses each of the three major approaches to AI, describing their advantages and disadvantages. There then follows an attempt to explore a new and more reasonable approach to AI. The new approach should be able to solve all the problems that the existing approaches can solve on one hand and can solve the problems that the existing approaches cannot solve on the other hand.FindingsIt was found that the more reasonable and more powerful approach is the one that directly touches the common and core mechanism of intelligence formation. This is due to the fact that the mechanism of intelligence formation is much more essential than other windows of an intelligent system, such as structure, function, or behavior. It was also found that the common and core mechanism of intelligence formation can be implemented through the information‐knowledge‐intelligence transformation. The third finding is that the three existing approaches are special cases of the mechanism approach under different conditions and can thus be harmoniously unified within the frame of the mechanism approach.Originality/valueThe three findings in the paper: the mechanism approach, the implementation of the mechanism approach, and the unification of the existed three major approaches, are important laws never found before in the literature. The breakthrough of the mechanism approach to AI will be of great significance to both theoretical and practical research in AI in the years to come.

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