Chapter 3 The importance of the fibre fraction of the feed in non-ruminant diets

AbstractHigh quality silage containing abundant lactic acid is a critical component of ruminant diets in many parts of the world. Silage deterioration, a result of aerobic metabolism (including utilization of lactic acid) during storage and feed-out, reduces the nutritional quality of the silage, and its acceptance by animals. In this study, we introduce a novel non-disruptive dual-sensor method that provides near real-time information on silage aerobic stability, and demonstrates for the first time that in situ silage temperature (Tsi) and pH are both associated with preservation of lactic acid. Aerobic deterioration was evaluated using two sources of maize silage, one treated with a biological additive, at incubation temperatures of 23 and 33 °C. Results showed a time delay between the rise of Tsi and that of pH following aerobic exposure at both incubation temperatures. A 11 to 25% loss of lactic acid occurred when Tsi reached 2 °C above ambient. In contrast, by the time the silage pH had exceeded its initial value by 0.5 units, over 60% of the lactic acid had been metabolized. Although pH is often used as a primary indicator of aerobic deterioration of maize silage, it is clear that Tsi was a more sensitive early indicator. However, the extent of the pH increase was an effective indicator of advanced spoilage and loss of lactic acid due to aerobic metabolism for maize silage.

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Ruminant diets and the Miocene extinction of European great apes

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2010.0523 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 277 (1697) ◽

pp. 3105-3112 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Gildas Merceron ◽

Thomas M. Kaiser ◽

Dimitris S. Kostopoulos ◽

Ellen Schulz

Keyword(s):

Great Apes ◽

Ruminant Diets

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In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n4p1669 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 1669

Author(s):

Tatiana García Díaz ◽

Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽

Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽

Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽

Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Production ◽

Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽

Ruminal Ph ◽

Cashew Nut ◽

Production Kinetics ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Cashew Nut Shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

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Prediction of Lignin Content in Ruminant Diets and Fecal Samples Using Rapid Analytical Techniques

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03808 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (49) ◽

pp. 13031-13040 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gary Lyons ◽

Eugene Carmichael ◽

Colin McRoberts ◽

Aurelie Aubry ◽

Anna Thomson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Ruminant Diets

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GRAIN SCREENINGS AS A DIETARY COMPONENT FOR PIGS AND SHEEP. II. ANIMAL UTILIZATION

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas86-050 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 483-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. M. TAIT ◽

R. M. BEAMES ◽

J. LITSKY

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Replacement Level ◽

Mixed Feed ◽

Biological Value ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Dietary Component ◽

Animal Utilization

The digestibility of four types of grain screenings, No. 1 screenings, rapeseed screenings, mixed feed oats and refuse screenings was measured with pigs, rats and sheep. For the pig diets, hammermilled screenings replaced 60% of a complete basal diet, with the exception of the rapeseed screenings, where replacement level was 10% (hammermilled) and 20% (whole). Digestibility values were determined by difference. In the rat diets screenings were incorporated to provide 1.5 g N 100 g−1 dry matter (DM) and the biological value (BV) of the protein was also measured. In the sheep diets, all screenings except rapeseed were provided as the sole dietary component, with the No. 1 feed screenings and the mixed feed oats pelleted without prior grinding and the other screenings ground before pelleting. For rapeseed screenings, incorporation in the sheep diets was at a level of 30%. For No. 1 screenings, apparent digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and nitrogen (ND) for pigs was 82.3 and 83.2%, respectively; BV for rats was 77.4%, while OMD and ND for sheep was 73.9 and 72.7%, respectively. For rapeseed screenings, OMD and ND for pigs for the hammermilled screenings were 46.1 and 50.7%, respectively, and for the whole screenings were 30.3 and 11.5%, respectively. Biological value (rats) was 80.0%, while for sheep OMD and ND it was 63.9 and 77.4%, respectively. For mixed feed oats, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 82.6%, respectively; BV (rats) was 61.1% and OMD and ND for sheep were 64.2 and 73.4%, respectively. For refuse screenings, OMD and ND for pigs were 63.8 and 65.4%, respectively; BV (rats) was 83.8%, while OMD and ND for sheep were 59.9 and 65.3%, respectively. Number 1 feed screenings are of a high nutritive value and are suitable as a grain for both pigs and sheep. Unprocessed rapeseed screenings are unpalatable for pigs with both dry matter and protein poorly utilized. With sheep, pelleted rapeseed screenings are readily accepted, and the nitrogen is well digested. If mixed feed oats are ground, protein is well digested by both species although dry matter digestibility is low. Refuse screenings appear to be suitable only for ruminant diets. Key words: Grain, wheat, barley, oats, rapeseed, screenings

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Rumen microbial protein supply to sheep given diets containing either urea or casein as the main N source

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600023242 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 215-215

Author(s):

X. B. Chen ◽

C. X. Gu ◽

W. X. Zhang ◽

E. R. Ørskov

Keyword(s):

Live Weight ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Host Animal ◽

Rumen Microbes ◽

Feed Formulation ◽

N Source ◽

Ruminant Diets ◽

Protein Supply ◽

N Requirement

The ability of rumen microbes to synthesize protein from ammonia-N enables the use of non-protein-N as a N source in ruminant diets. The strategy for feed formulation therefore would be to meet the microbial N requirement with a cheap N source (such as urea) and to increase the proportion of dietary protein for use directly by the host animal. There has been some indication that the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis could be higher if protein N is provided (Stock, Klopfenstein, Brink, Britton and Harmon, 1986). The objective of this experiment was to compare the use of urea and casein as a source of rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) for the production of microbial protein in sheep.Five male Blackface x Suffolk lambs (33-42 kg live weight) fitted with rumen cannula were used. The animals were fed a restricted amount (721 g DM/day) of a low-N basal diet with or without supplementation with either urea or casein.

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Nigella sativa Supplementation in Ruminant Diets: Production, Health, and Environmental Perspectives

Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds: Chemistry, Technology, Functionality, and Applications - Food Bioactive Ingredients ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-48798-0_17 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 245-264

Author(s):

Yasmina M. Abd El-Hakim ◽

Adham A. Al-Sagheer ◽

Asmaa F. Khafaga ◽

Gaber E. Batiha ◽

Muhammad Arif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nigella Sativa ◽

Ruminant Diets

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The use of plant bioactive compounds to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farmed ruminants

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production - Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science ◽

10.19103/as.2020.0077.13 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 231-260

Author(s):

Cécile Martin ◽

◽

Vincent Niderkorn ◽

Gaëlle Maxin ◽

Jessie Guyader ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Research Area ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Plant Lipids ◽

Ruminant Diets

This chapter focuses on the opportunity to use plant bioactive compounds in ruminant diets for their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly enteric methane. Nitrous oxide emissions related to urinary nitrogen waste are addressed when information is available. The main families considered are plant lipids and plant secondary compounds (tannins, saponins, halogenated compounds and essential oils). The effects of these compounds in vivo, their mechanisms of action, and their potential adoption on farms are discussed, and future trends in this research area are highlighted.

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Pengaruh Inokulasi Lactobacillus plantarum dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae terhadap Fermentasi dan Kecernaan In Vitro Silase Kulit Buah Kakao

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i2.9294 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Muhammad Askari Zakariah ◽

Ristianto Utomo ◽

Zaenal Bachruddin

Keyword(s):

Mixed Culture ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Rate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Rumen Ph ◽

Range Test ◽

Fibre Fraction

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae mixed culture inoculation into cocoa pods silage on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. The four treatments were: 1 kg freshly harvested cocoa pods without inoculants as control (K); K + L. plantarum (KLp); K + S. cerevisiae (KSc); and K + L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae mixture (KLp+Sc) 0.1% dry matter, Cassava meal were added in all treatments. Each treatment was replicated 3 times, and then fermented for 21 days. Parameters observed in current study were gas test production, ruminal fermentation parameter, and in vitro digestibility. The collected data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and followed by Duncan’s new Multiple Range Test for data with significant differences. Result showed that the mixed culture Lp+Sc inoculation increased (P<0.05) chemical quality of cocoa pods by reducing fibre fraction and increase NFE contents, increased degradation rate, degradation theory, reduced rumen pH, and propionate acid production, without affecting acetate to propionate ratio, microbial protein synthesis, and digestibility of cocoa pod silage.

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