Four insect oils as food ingredient: physical and chemical characterisation of insect oils obtained by an aqueous oil extraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Tzompa-Sosa ◽  
L. Yi ◽  
H.J.F. van Valenberg ◽  
C.M.M. Lakemond
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aqueous Oil Extraction ◽  
Lesser Mealworm

Insect fractionation and insect ingredient characterisation is of relevance in view of the increase in insect production and demand of insect ingredients worldwide. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of insect oils that were extracted from insects commercially reared in Europe. Oil was extracted from yellow mealworm, lesser mealworm, house cricket and Dubia cockroach by an aqueous based oil extraction method. These insect oils were physico-chemically characterised on the most important parameters for food applications, namely thermal behaviour (differential scanning calorimeter), colour (spectrophotometry) and aroma compounds (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The amount and the composition of the un-extracted lipid fraction was determined by means of fatty acid (FA) profiling (gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector). Although no distinctive pattern was seen in all four species, it becomes clear from its FA profile that the extracted fat is more similar to the residue and cream fractions than to the pellet and supernatant. The amount of lipids that was not extracted was species dependent ranging from 40 to up to 82% of the total lipid content. Further work is needed to reduce the oil loss in this extraction. The extracted insect oil presented a wide range of melting peaks, from -30.7 to 22.7 °C, which makes them liquid-like at room temperature. Its thermal profile shows separated peaks showing that fat fractionation is feasible. Oil colour was bright yellow-reddish. Most oils had compounds related to pleasant aromas, except for Dubia cockroach. In the latter oil several acid compounds related to unpleasant aromas were identified. This study shows that yellow meal worm oil, lesser mealworm oil and cricket oil have characteristics desirable for table oils and for oils use as food ingredients.

Analysis of Aromatic Amines in Industrial Wastewater by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis I. Onuska ◽  
Ken A. Terry ◽  
R. James Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Substituted Anilines ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction Cartridge ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract The analysis of aromatic amines, particularly benzidines, at trace levels in environmental media has been difficult because of the lack of suitable deactivated capillary column stationary phases for gas chromatography. This report describes the use of an improved type of column as well as a method for the analysis of anilines and benzidines in water, wastewater and sewage samples. Extraction procedures are applicable to a wide range of compounds that are effectively partitioned from an aqueous matrix into methylene chloride, or onto a solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extracted analytes are also amenable to separation on a capillary gas chromatographic column and transferable to the mass spectrometer. These contaminants are converted to their N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives. Aniline and some substituted anilines, and 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine and benzidine were determined in 24-h composite industrial water, wastewater, primary sludge and final effluent samples at concentrations from 0.03 up to 2760 µg/L.

scholarly journals A high-throughput and sensitive methodology for the quantification of urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine: measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after single solid-phase extraction

2004 ◽  
Vol 380 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Shu LIN ◽  
Andrew M. JENNER ◽  
Choon Nam ONG ◽  
Shan Hong HUANG ◽  
Matthew WHITEMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wide Range

8-Hydroxy-2´-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) is a widely used biomarker for the measurement of endogenous oxidative DNA damage. A sensitive method for the quantification of 8OHdG in urine by single solid-phase extraction and GC-MS (gas chromatography with MS detection) using selective ion monitoring is described in the present study. After solid-phase extraction, samples are freeze-dried, derivatized by trimethylsilylation and analysed by GC-MS. The urinary 8OHdG was quantified using heavy isotope dilution with [18O]8OHdG. The recovery of 8OHdG after the solid-phase extraction ranged from 70 to 80% for a wide range of urinary 8OHdG levels. Using 1 ml of urine, the limit of quantification was >2.5 nM (2.5 pmol/ml) and the calibration curve was linear in the range 2.5–200 nM. This method was applied to measure 8OHdG in urine samples from 12 healthy subjects. The intra- and inter-day variations were <9%. Urinary 8OHdG levels in spot urine samples from four healthy subjects were also measured for 1 week and, again, the variation was small. The presence of H2O2 in urine did not cause artifactual formation of 8OHdG. Since this assay is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible, it seems suitable to be used as a routine methodology for the measurement of urinary excretion of 8OHdG in large population studies.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue: Legumes as Food Ingredient: Characterization, Processing, and Applications

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1525
Author(s):  
Alfonso Clemente ◽  
Jose C. Jimenez-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Lactic Bacteria ◽  
Essential Food

Legumes are major ingredients in the Mediterranean diet, playing an essential role in developing countries. Grain legumes, such as lentil, chickpea, pea, lupin and beans, among others, are recognized as good sources of proteins, starch, fiber, vitamins and minerals for human nutrition, being an essential food crop for people worldwide. Due to their nutritional and techno-functional properties, legumes are widely used by the food industry as ingredients in a wide range of products for general and specific groups of the population, including vegetarians, diabetics or celiac patients. The Special Issue “Legumes as Food Ingredients: Characterization, Processing, and Applications” covers key aspects regarding the nutritional quality of legume flours and their derived products, as well as the health benefits of some of their bioactive components. The amounts of antinutritional components, such as certain allergens that might pose risks to sensitized consumers, are reported to be reduced by processing. Several pretreatments, including fermentation with lactic bacteria and yeasts, are used to improve the nutritional and sensory profile of the legume-derived products, increasing their acceptance by consumers.

scholarly journals A gas-liquid-chromatographic procedure for separating a wide range of metabolites occurring in urine or tissue extracts

1966 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 792-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Dalgliesh ◽  
EC Horning ◽  
MG Horning ◽  
KL Knox ◽  
K Yarger
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Peak Position ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chromatographic Procedure ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

1. A gas-liquid-chromatographic procedure is described which permits separation and identification on the same chromatogram of a wide range of substances occurring in urine or tissue extracts. The method uses hydrogen flame ionization, which detects organic compounds whether free or conjugated with no requirement for specific reactive groups. 2. For chromatography, carboxyl groups are quantitatively converted into methyl esters or trimethylsilyl esters. Phenolic, alcoholic and potential enolic groups are converted into trimethylsilyl ethers. Separations are carried out on a 6ft. column of either 10% F-60 (a polysiloxane) or 1% F-60, temperature programming at 2 degrees /min. being used over such part of the temperature range 30 degrees -260 degrees as is required. Propionyl derivatives of hydroxy compounds can also be used, but only on a non-quantitative basis. Derivatives and columns have been selected for optimum range of usefulness when large numbers of samples are examined by using automated gas chromatography. 3. The method is applicable to: fatty acids above butyric acid; di- and tri-carboxylic acids; hydroxy acids and keto acids; polyhydroxy and alicyclic compounds such as glycerol, inositol, quinic acid, shikimic acid, ascorbic acid and sugar alcohols; aromatic hydroxy and acidic compounds, both benzenoid and indolic; sesquiterpenes; steroids; glycine conjugates; mercapturic acids; glucuronides. It is not satisfactory for sulphate conjugates, iminazoles or polypeptides. 4. Methylene units provide an accurate and reproducible parameter for characterizing peak position. Methylene unit values are reported for a large variety of substances occurring in, or related to those occurring in, urine and tissue extracts. 5. The nature of derivatives was confirmed by combining gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry gives a diagnostic tool of great power in the evaluation of metabolic patterns, and various uses are discussed.

scholarly journals Methodology for Studying Oxidation of Organic Species in Solution

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Grimes ◽  
Helen C Ngwang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Photocatalytic Decomposition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Total Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Organic Species ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A photoreactor was developed to study products of photochemical oxidation in a wide range of organic compounds. Analysis of the products from the reactor were used to determine the extent of mineralization of the organic material, to characterize any intermediate compounds formed, and to obtain information on the decomposition mechanism. Appropriate methods for separation and characterization include LC, UV spectrophotometry, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, total organic carbon, and total inorganic carbon. The uses of the reactor are described for the photocatalytic decomposition of phenol and of its major decomposition intermediates 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF ACACIA CAESIA (L.) WILLD. AGAINST HELA CELL LINE

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Sharmila S ◽  
Ramya E K
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the bioactive compounds of the ethanolic leaf extract of Acacia caesia using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and also screen the in vitro cytotoxic activity against HeLa-E 72 cancer cell line.Methods: The present research was carried out using GC-MS analysis, while mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Wiley library. Cytotoxicity was assessed with 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cellular morphological alterations were studied using phase contrast inverted light microscope of 400×. The ethanol extract of A. caesia was screened for their cytotoxicity at different concentrations (12.5–200 μg/ml), to determine the mean percentage (%) cell viability.Results: The results of GC/MS analysis showed the presence of 41 major compounds. In terms of percentage amounts, 1,8-diphenyl-3,4,10,11- tetrahydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-g:5,6-g’]diisoquinoline, 6-(chloromethyl)-4-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-(phenylmethoxy)-phenyl)-3-methyl-2-yridinecarboxylate, and 2’,4’,6’-Trinitro-5’-phenyl-1,1’:3’,1”-terphenyl were predominant in the extract and have the property of antioxidant, antidepressant potential, antibacterial activity, cytotoxic, diabetic, and induced brain activity. The results of cytotoxicity at highest concentration (200 μg/ml) of the cells became rounder, shrunken and showed signs of detachment from the surface of the wells denoting cell death.Conclusions: From this study, it is obvious that A. caesia leaf extracts contain various bioactive constituents with a wide range of medicinal properties which is used to treat multiple disorders and it also gives a detailed insight about the phytochemical profile which could be exploited for the development of plant-based drugs. Further, the ethanolic extract of A. caesia exhibits potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa-E 72 cell line.

Determining wildland fire markers in residential structures using thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Katie Martin ◽  
Dale J. LeCaptain ◽  
Alice Delia
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Thermal Desorption ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Each year thousands of wildland fires blaze across the United States causing secondary (“smoke”) damage to numerous businesses and personal property. Currently there are no specific industry standards or guidelines for determining wildfire combustion residues. Remediation decisions often rely on anecdotal evidence from occupants. A variety of particulate methods are used to assess surface contamination but there are few methods for evaluating organic chemical residues that encompass the wide range of chemical classes produced during wildland fires. A new method was developed employing a thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS). TD-GCMS using novel sorbent beds decreases the sample preparation substantially and enables sampling of bulk materials by off-gassing. Furthermore, the method developed is specific to wildland fire events. Results from a simulated wildland fire event are also provided.

scholarly journals Variation in Floral Scent Compositions of Different Lily Hybrid Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Kong ◽  
Jinrong Bai ◽  
Lixin Lang ◽  
Fang Bao ◽  
Xiaoying Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Asiatic Hybrids ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Hybrid Group

Lilium cultivars have a wide range of variation in floral scent phenotypes. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of volatile emissions during the night, the floral scent compositions of 35 lily cultivars from seven different hybrid groups were studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between volatile emission levels and scent intensities. Nonscented lily cultivars belonging to Asiatic hybrids hardly emitted volatiles, light-scented Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids emitted low levels of volatiles, and scented lily cultivars (belonging to Oriental, Trumpet, Longiflorum, Longiflorum × Oriental, and Oriental × Trumpet hybrids) emitted significantly high levels of volatiles. In general, the scent compositions of lily cultivars were similar within the same hybrid group, and the differences among hybrid groups reflect their pedigree. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids dominated the floral scents of most volatile-emitting lily cultivars, whereas monoterpenoids alone dominated the floral scents of some volatile-emitting lilies. Although various scent compounds were released from volatile-emitting lily cultivars, the dominant scent compounds were focused on three monoterpenoids [1.8-cineole, linalool, and (E)-β-ocimene] and one benzenoid (methyl benzoate). The scent traits of lily cultivars could be traced back to their parents.

scholarly journals Extraction of Phytochemical Constituents from the root of Eclipta Alba through Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1238-1242
Author(s):  
Satheesh Naik K ◽  
Gurushanthaiah M ◽  
Kavimani M ◽  
Mahesh GM
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Dodecanoic Acid ◽  
Eclipta Alba ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

The higher herbal values of Eclipta Alba have a long history in the treatment of various ailments in traditional and folk medicine in many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Medicinal plants play a significant role in human culture and civilization. Eclipta Alba plant roots were powdered. By using simple soxhlation method, methanol extract was prepared. The powdered extract of Eclipta alba and methanol extract was concentrated and analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy to identify the biochemical components of Eclipta Alba root extract in the present study. A wide range of active ingredients such as 2- Thiophene carbaldehyde, 5-[5-(thien-2-yl) thien-2-yl]- 0.08%, Dodecanoic acid - 0.19, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (CAS) OLEOAMIDE - 0.29, Loliolide – 0.37 and– 44.86. This study supports, methanolic extract of eclipta alba has potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities.

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