The recent Fusarium mycotoxin situation in grain and feed in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.W. Zhang ◽  
X.D. Deng ◽  
X.P. Yu ◽  
X.F. Pei ◽  
G.M. Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Central China ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxin ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Feed Samples

Fusarium mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEA) and fumonisins, are widely distributed in grain and animal feed and cause hazards to human and animal health. China, one of the largest producers of agricultural products and animal feed, constantly faces challenges in preventing and controlling Fusarium mycotoxins. The recent status of Fusarium mycotoxins in grain and feed is of interest to many stakeholders; however, no comprehensive review of this has been published to date. The objective of this article is to review the recent situation in China, including the contamination situation, its (probable) main causes and the updated regulations. Every district of China has been affected by Fusarium mycotoxin contamination to varying degrees, with the most seriously affected districts being East China, Central China and North China. The incidence rates of deoxynivalenol and ZEA were higher than those of other Fusarium mycotoxins in both grain and feed samples. It has been suggested that deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside should undergo the risk assessment and the development of a related legal limit in China. Among the multiple causes of Fusarium mycotoxin occurrence in China, geography and climate and the variable characteristics of plants are probably the two important causes. The latest legal limits for Fusarium mycotoxins in food were promulgated in 2011, and the legal limits in feed are in the process of being revised. This article aims to provide information for promoting an understanding of the recent situation and the challenges for combating Fusarium mycotoxin contamination of grain and feed in China.

Multi-mycotoxin profiling in maize reveals prevalence of Fusarium mycotoxins in South and West Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
A. Mesfin ◽  
K. Tesfamariam ◽  
T. Belachew ◽  
S. De Saeger ◽  
C. Lachat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Study Participants

Multi-mycotoxin exposure data are missing to guide risk assessment and legislation in Ethiopia. This study therefore aimed to determine mycotoxin contamination levels in maize samples from 176 randomly selected household storages in three agro ecological zones of South (Sidama zone) and West (Jimma zone) Ethiopia, and to examine the post-harvest practices and household processing. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify 23 mycotoxins. The majority of the households regularly consumed maize (more than once per day). More (77%) samples in Sidama were contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol than in Jimma (29%) (P<0.001); Similar distributions of fumonisin B1 (19%), fumonisin B2 (19%) and fumonisin B3 (12%, Sidama vs 13%, Jimma) contamination were observed (P>0.05). In Sidama, only one sample was contaminated with the Aspergillus mycotoxin aflatoxin B2 and another sample with aflatoxin B1. From all samples, 40% were contaminated with 3-5 types of Fusarium mycotoxins and only 4% of the samples were contaminated with 6-8 types of mycotoxins. After the harvested maize was dried on the field, the majority of respondents in Jimma reported that they removed the maize within one day, which was less practiced in Sidama. The majority of households in Sidama, and some in Jimma, reported that they dried maize before storage, mainly using the sun. Close to two third of the study participants in the two zones reported that they applied the chemical dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) during maize storage. All households in both zones reported that they sorted visible mouldy maize grains before preparation of maize flour while most of them kept the mouldy maize for animal feed. Protective strategies of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination, with special focus on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, should be well promoted in the study areas as they are possible human and animal health threats.

A review of the efficacy of mycotoxin detoxifying agents used in feed in light of changing global environment and legislation

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wielogórska ◽  
S. MacDonald ◽  
C.T. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Feed Samples

In the recent years, mycotoxins have undoubtedly gained a keen interest of the scientific community studying food safety. The main reason is their profound impact on both human and animal health. International surveys reveal a low percentage of feed samples being contaminated above permitted/guideline levels, developed to protect consumers of animal derived products. However, the deleterious impact of feed co-contaminated at low levels with numerous both known and regulated as well as novel mycotoxins on producing animals has been described. Associated effects on agro-economics world-wide include substantial pecuniary losses which are borne by the society as a whole. Even though good agronomic practice is thought to be the most effective way of preventing animal feed contamination, the EC have recognised the need to introduce an additional means of management of feed already contaminated with low-levels of mycotoxins to alleviate detrimental effects on agricultural production efficiency. This review discusses types of feed detoxifying agents described in scientific literature, their reported efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo systems, and comparison with available commercial formulations in the light of increasing knowledge regarding mycotoxin prevalence in the changing global environment.

scholarly journals Occurrence of ochratoxin A in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pietruszka ◽  
Marta Piątkowska ◽  
Piotr Jedziniak
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Feed Samples

AbstractIntroduction: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. fungi. Research on the contamination of cereals, complete feeds, and tissues with this mycotoxin has indicated that it can be a toxicological problem impacting animal health and food safety in temperate climes. OTA contamination mainly besets the global pig industry, necessitating the monitoring of feeds and animal tissues. The aim of the study was to present the results of the official monitoring of OTA in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016 and determine the possible correlation between the presence of OTA in different types of samples.Material and Methods: The presence of ochratoxin A was determined using accepted procedures based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Determination of OTA was afforded in the range of 0.3 μg/kg to 300 μg/kg in complete feeds and from 0.2 μg/kg to 150 μg/kg in the kidneys, liver, and muscles.Results: Over the three year span, about 23.5% of the animal tissues samples were contaminated by ochratoxin A. In the 2014 survey, 10% of the sample tissues contained 5–10 μg/kg (only one sample above 10 μg/kg), and in 2015 and 2016, 24% of samples showed levels above the limit of quantification 0.2 μg/kg, while none of the samples exceeded the established provisional action level of 5 μg/kg for animal tissues. The animal feed analysis showed that 9% was contaminated with ochratoxin A above the limit of quantification of 0.3μg/kg. In 2% of feed samples the OTA concentration was greater than 50 μg/kg.Conclusion: The results confirm the appropriacy of OTA contamination monitoring and help to increase food safety.

Management of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.W. Zhang ◽  
Z.M. Ye ◽  
Y. Jin ◽  
S.Y. Wang ◽  
L.S. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Food And Feed

Mycotoxins have a significant impact on human and animal health as well as economy and international trade. A number of steps have been taken to minimise mycotoxin contamination worldwide. China, one of the largest importers and exporters of food and animal feed, has implemented management strategies to protect consumers from mycotoxins and ensure safe trading of food and feed. The development and status of these management strategies are of interest to many stakeholders, however, no comprehensive review of these strategies has been published to date. The objective of this article is to review these strategies, including associated regulations, risk assessments, contamination monitoring practices, and processes for the supervision and management of associated production, distribution and consumption chains. There are 49 mycotoxin-related regulations in China; these include maximum levels for seven mycotoxins, standard methods for detecting 17 mycotoxins, and a code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals. Twelve mycotoxins found in daily food are covered by the Chinese contamination monitoring network. A new risk assessment organisation is required to systematically implement and manage food safety risk assessments in China. In addition, self-control by companies and daily supervisions and inspections by government departments are quite effective in preventing the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed. This article provides information to all those who wish to understand more about the current safety management systems for combating mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China.

Quantification of Odorants in Animal Feeds at Commercial Swine and Poultry Operations

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 693-698
Author(s):  
Xufei Yang ◽  
Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Keith . R Cadwallader ◽  
Xinlei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Animal Feeds ◽  
Feed Samples

Abstract. Odorants in animal feeds may come from various processes, such as fermentation and decay of feed ingredients, contamination by fecal materials, and sorption of volatiles in the air of animal houses. Those odorants may affect feed flavor and may serve as indicators of feed quality. The objective of this study was to examine the composition and concentration of odorants in animal feeds and to explore the variability of those odorants with animal operation type and season. Thirty-seven feed samples were collected from 14 swine and poultry operations in the U.S. Midwest and were submitted for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A total of 55 organic odorants were quantitated, including fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Those compounds together accounted for 0.46% ±0.20% of fresh feed mass, with the highest percentage (0.54% ±0.19%) found at layer hen houses and the lowest percentage (0.38% ±0.14%) at swine farrowing houses. Acetic acid and ethanol were most abundant, accounting for 0.22% ±0.13% and 0.13% ±0.07% of fresh feed mass, respectively. Fecal indicators, including indole and skatole, were &lt;5 ppm by mass. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the variability in odorant composition was largely ascribed to two loading factors that were dominated by acetic acid and ethanol, respectively. The odorant composition of feed samples showed no significant effect by animal operation type, while a gradual seasonal change was noted. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the causes of odorants in animal feeds and their implications for animal health and production performance. Keywords: Animal feed, Animal operation, GC-MS, Odorant, Principal component analysis.

Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dell’Orto ◽  
G. Baldi ◽  
F. Cheli
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
And Control

Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

Method development and validation for melamine and its derivatives in rice concentrates by liquid chromatography. Application to animal feed samples

2008 ◽  
Vol 392 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Muñiz-Valencia ◽  
Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña ◽  
Daniel Rosales-Martinez ◽  
Raquel Gonzalo-Lumbreras ◽  
Ana Santos-Montes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Method Development And Validation ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Feed Samples

Spatiotemporal pattern mining of drought in the last 40 years in China based on the SPEI index and space-time cube

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dehe Xu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yan Ding ◽  
De Zhang
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Pattern Mining ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Central China ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractDrought is a common natural disaster that greatly affects the crop yield and water supply in China. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought in China are not well understood. This paper explores the spatial and temporal distributions of droughts in China over the past 40 years using multiscale standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) values calculated by monthly precipitation and temperature data from 612 meteorological stations in China from 1980 to 2019 and combines the space-time cube (STC), Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, emerging spatiotemporal hotspot analysis, spatiotemporal clustering and local outliers for the analysis. The results were as follows: 1) the drought frequency and STC show that there is a significant difference in the spatiotemporal distribution of drought in China, with the most severe drought in Northwest China, followed by the western part of Southwest China and the northern part of North China. 2) The emerging spatiotemporal hotspot analysis of SPEI6 over the past 40 years reveals two cold spots in subregion 4, indicating that future droughts in the region will be more severe. 3) A local outlier analysis of the multiscale SPEI yields a low-low outlier in western North China, indicating relatively more severe year-round drought in this area than in other areas. The low-high outlier in central China indicates that this region was not dry in the past and that drought will become more severe in this region in the future.

scholarly journals Fusarium mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in Slovak winter wheat grains

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdaléna Lacko-Bartošová ◽  
Jaroslav Remža ◽  
Lucia Lacko-Bartošová
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxin ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination
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