A Longitudinal Study of Fan-In and Fan-Out Coupling in Open-Source Systems

2013 ◽  
pp. 199-224
Author(s):  
Asma Mubarak ◽  
Steve Counsell ◽  
Robert M. Hierons
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Open Source ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Open Source Systems ◽  
Maintenance Problem ◽  
Over Time

Excessive coupling between object-oriented classes is widely acknowledged as a maintenance problem that can result in a higher propensity for faults in systems and a ‘stored up’ future problem. This paper explores the relationship between ‘fan-in’ and ‘fan-out’ coupling metrics over multiple versions of open-source software. More specifically, the relationship between the two metrics is explored to determine patterns of growth in each over the course of time. The JHawk tool was used to extract the two metrics from five open-source systems. Results show a wide range of traits in the classes to explain both high and low levels of fan-in and fan-out. Evidence was also found of certain ‘key’ classes (with both high fan-in and fan-out) and ‘client’ and ‘server’-type classes with high fan-out and fan-in, respectively. This paper provides an explanation of the composition and existence of such classes as well as for disproportionate increases in each of the two metrics over time. Finally, it was found that high fan-in class values tended to be associated with small classes; classes with high fan-out on the other hand tended to be relatively large classes.

A Longitudinal Study of Fan-In and Fan-Out Coupling in Open-Source Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Mubarak ◽  
Steve Counsell ◽  
Robert M. Hierons
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Future Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Type Classes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Open Source Systems ◽  
Maintenance Problem

Excessive coupling between object-oriented classes is widely acknowledged as a maintenance problem that can result in a higher propensity for faults in systems and a ‘stored up’ future problem. This paper explores the relationship between ‘fan-in’ and ‘fan-out’ coupling metrics over multiple versions of open-source software. More specifically, the relationship between the two metrics is explored to determine patterns of growth in each over the course of time. The JHawk tool was used to extract the two metrics from five open-source systems. Results show a wide range of traits in the classes to explain both high and low levels of fan-in and fan-out. Evidence was also found of certain ‘key’ classes (with both high fan-in and fan-out) and ‘client’ and ‘server’-type classes with high fan-out and fan-in, respectively. This paper provides an explanation of the composition and existence of such classes as well as for disproportionate increases in each of the two metrics over time. Finally, it was found that high fan-in class values tended to be associated with small classes; classes with high fan-out on the other hand tended to be relatively large classes.

scholarly journals Extroversion and Conscientiousness Predict Deteriorating Job Outcomes During the COVID-19 Transition to Enforced Remote Work

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110390
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Evans ◽  
M. Christina Meyers ◽  
Philippe P. F. M. Van De Calseyde ◽  
Olga Stavrova
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Job Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Deteriorating Job ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, organizations around the world rapidly transitioned to enforced remote work. We examined the relationship between personality and within-person changes in five job outcomes (self-reported performance, engagement, job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intentions) during this transition. We conducted a four-wave longitudinal study, from May to August 2020, of employees working from home due to COVID-19, N = 974. On average, self-reported performance decreased over the course of the study, whereas the other outcomes remained stable. There was also significant between-person variability in job outcomes. Extroversion and conscientiousness, two traits traditionally associated with desirable outcomes, were associated with deteriorating outcomes over time. Extroverted employees and conscientious employees became less productive, less engaged, and less satisfied with their jobs; and extroverted employees reported increasing burnout. These results add to our understanding of how personality predicts within-person changes in performance, well-being, and turnover intentions during the pandemic.

Emotional Impact Feedback Changes How We Remember Negative Autobiographical Experiences

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Over Time

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.

Assessing the Development of Operator Trust in Automation: A Longitudinal Study of an Autonomous Campus Shuttle

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425
Author(s):  
Margaret Fowler ◽  
Farzan Sasangohar ◽  
Bob Brydia
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

A large public tier-1 university hosted an autonomous vehicle on campus for a 12-week demonstration. Throughout the deployment, the vehicle was operated autonomously and used 5 safety operators from the student population to take over shuttle operations, as necessary. Daily and weekly surveys as well as pre-and post-study interviews were used to investigate how operators’ trust developed and changed over time as well as the relationship between trust and operational issues that varied in severity. Results revealed that there was not a significant relationship between trust and severity of operational issues. Trust levels appeared to remain relatively consistent before, during and after the deployment.

scholarly journals Neuroarchitecture Assessment: An Overview and Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362-1387
Author(s):  
Hessam Ghamari ◽  
Nasrin Golshany ◽  
Parastou NaghibiRad ◽  
Farzaneh Behzadi
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Science Mapping ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Mapping Tool ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Spread ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Progress ◽  
Over Time

Research on the relationship between architecture and neuroscience has increased in number and significance since the 1990s. Although a growing number of studies revolve around this field of research, there are very limited studies that have reviewed and assessed the field and there is a gap in the literature to address the overall analysis of neuroarchitecture literature and its evolution. Additionally, neuroarchitecture literature is now challenging to manage because of its multidisciplinary scope and wide range spread within different themes and journals. The primary aim of this study is to present a bibliometric analysis of three decades of research on neuroarchitecture. This provides an overall picture of the field and its research landscape. Two hundred and ninety-five publications were included in the final database of the study after screening processes. Next, a science mapping tool, VOSviewer, was utilized to detect major topics as well as influential authors, countries, publications, and prominent journals using different network analysis techniques such as term co-citation, term co-occurrence, and bibliographic coupling. Next, a similar co-occurrence analysis was conducted to identify the major themes and the evolution of the intellectual basis of the field. SciMAT was also used to detect how the intellectual base of the knowledge in the field has evolved over time. It also assisted to identify the major themes that have contributed to this evolution. The results show that this field has initially been mainly focused on few themes but has later become more diversified to acknowledge the multi-faceted characteristics of neuroarchitecture; over time, the intellectual base of the field of neuroarchitecture started to grow, particularly from 2016. Major progress in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches has been achieved and there has been a paradigm shift toward major keywords in neuroarchitecture such as EEG, fMRI, and virtual reality.

scholarly journals Physical activity trajectories following gynecological cancer: results from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784-1790
Author(s):  
Steven Fleming ◽  
Tamara Jones ◽  
Monika Janda ◽  
Dimitrios Vagenas ◽  
Leigh Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physical Activity Levels ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundParticipating in physical activity after a diagnosis of cancer is associated with reduced morbidity and improved outcomes. However, declines in, and low levels of, physical activity are well documented in the broader cancer population, but with limited evidence following gynecological cancer.ObjectiveTo describe physical activity levels from before and up to 2 years after gynecological cancer surgery; to explore the relationship between physical activity patterns and quality of life; and to describe characteristics associated with physical activity trajectories post-gynecological cancer.MethodsWomen with gynecological cancer (n=408) participated in a prospective study that assessed physical activity and quality of life pre-surgery (baseline), at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 months post-surgery. Validated questionnaires were used to assess physical activity (Active Australia Survey) and quality of life outcomes (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General). Generalized estimating equation modeling, group-based trajectory analysis, and analysis of variance were used to identify physical activity levels over time, to categorize women into physical activity trajectory groups, and to assess the relationship between physical activity levels and quality of life, respectively.ResultsWomen had a mean±SD age of 60±11.4 years at diagnosis, with the majority diagnosed with endometrial cancer (n=235, 58%) or stage I disease (n=241, 59%). Most women (80%) started with and maintained low levels of physical activity (1–10 metabolic equivalent task hours per week), reported no physical activity throughout the follow-up period, or reduced physical activity levels over time. Only 19% of women maintained or doubled physical activity levels, so that by 24 months post-diagnosis they were engaging in sufficient levels of physical activity. Women with endometrial cancer (58% of the sample) were more likely to be overweight or obese and to report low levels of physical activity or none at all. Higher physical activity levels were associated with higher quality of life (p<0.05).ConclusionThe low baseline and surveillance levels of physical activity show that the vast majority of gynecological cancer survivors have the ability to improve their physical activity levels. Integration of physical activity advice and support into standard care could lead to gains in quality of life during gynecological cancer survivorship.

Constitutionalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Zackin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Constitutional Politics ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Political Traditions ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scholarly Attention ◽  
Over Time

The study of constitutionalism often begins with the question of what a constitution is. Sometimes the term refers to a single legal document with that name, but the term “constitution” may also refer to something unwritten, such as important political traditions or established customs. As a result, scholars sometimes distinguish between the “Big-C” constitution, that is, the constitutional document, and the “small-c” constitution, the set of unwritten practices and understandings that structure political life. Constitutionalism is typically associated with documents and practices that restrict the arbitrary exercise of power. Most constitutions contain guarantees of rights and outline the structures of government. Constitutions are often enforced in court, but nonjudicial actors, like legislatures or popular movements, may also enforce constitutional provisions. The relationship between democracy and constitutionalism is not at all straightforward, and it has received an enormous amount of scholarly attention. Constitutionalism seems to both undergird and restrain democracy. On the one hand, constitutions establish the institutions that allow for self-government. On the other, they are often said to restrict majoritarian decision-making. Related to this question of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy are questions about how constitutions change and how they ought to change. Can written constitutions change without changes to the text, and can judges bring about these changes? Do extratextual changes threaten or promote democracy? Finally, not only do individual constitutions change, but the practice of writing constitutions and governing with them has also changed over time. In general, constitutions have grown more specific and flexible over time, arguably, allowing for a different kind of constitutional politics.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the meningococcal carrier state and characteristics of the carrier strains: a longitudinal study within three cohorts of military recruits

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ANDERSEN ◽  
L. BERTHELSEN ◽  
B. BECH JENSEN ◽  
I. LIND
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Military Recruits ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Over Time

Three cohorts of Danish male military recruits (n=1069) were studied for pharyngeal meningococcal carriage during 3 months at different seasons: 39–47% of entrants were meningococcal carriers and the carriage rate remained constant over time and season. However, individual changes in the carrier state occurred frequently, and after 3 months 34% had changed carrier state on one or more occasions. Initially, a loss of carriage predominated; on the other hand almost 20% of non-carriers had acquisition of meningococci within the first month. The serological phenotypes of the 670 carrier strains were compared with those of 261 invasive strains recovered concurrently from patients with meningococcal disease country-wide. Both carrier strains and invasive strains were phenotypically heterogeneous. Almost 60% of the invasive strains belonged to three phenotypes: B[ratio ]15[ratio ]P1.7, 16, C[ratio ]2a[ratio ]P1.2, 5 and C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2, 5. In contrast, these phenotypes only amounted to 3·2% of the carrier strains, among which no phenotype was found with a prevalence above 4·9%. However, 30% of the carrier strains had serological phenotypes identical to those of 80% of the invasive strains. Our results indicated that the transmission rate of potential pathogenic carrier strains did not differ from that of other carrier strains.

The relationship of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae) with cassava (Manihot esculenta)

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Bernays ◽  
R. F. Chapman ◽  
E. M. Leather ◽  
A. R. McCaffery ◽  
W. W. D. Modder
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zonocerus Variegatus ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

AbstractField and laboratory studies at Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that the young nymphs of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) normally reject cassava after biting it and die if they are confined on growing leaves. Later instars will eat cassava, especially when deprived of food for some time, but the adults progressively lose weight when restricted to feeding on growing cassava. On cut cassava, on the other hand, extensive feeding occurs and normal growth is maintained. The change from unpalatability to acceptability occurs within about an hour of cutting and is apparently associated with wilting. Cassava produces latex, but this was not distasteful to Zonocerus. The readiness to feed on growing cassava was associated with low levels of hydrogen cyanide production by the leaves; wilted leaves still produced hydrogen cyanide, but at a lower rate than turgid, growing leaves. In the area around Ibadan, Zonocerus regularly defoliates cassava in the latter part of the dry season, probably because a shortage of attractive foods forces the insect to eat cassava.

A Longitudinal Study of the Relation between Acquiring a Dog and Loneliness

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolina M. Duvall Antonacopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Over Time

This longitudinal study examined the effect of acquiring a dog using both an indirect and a direct measure of loneliness. The loneliness levels of 31 adults who acquired a dog and a control group of 35 non-dog guardians (non-dog owners) were assessed at baseline and 8 months. Results revealed that changes in loneliness over time differed for the two groups when loneliness was assessed through a 1-item direct measure. Participants who acquired a dog experienced reduced loneliness levels from baseline to 8 months and were less lonely at 8 months than non-dog guardians, even though the two groups did not differ at baseline. On the other hand, when loneliness was assessed through a multi-item indirect measure, acquiring a dog had no effect on loneliness. These results highlight the importance of the type of measure used to assess loneliness when examining changes in loneliness following the acquisition of a companion animal.

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