Red Meat and Health

2016 ◽  
pp. 131-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Marsh ◽  
Angela Saunders ◽  
Carol Zeuschner
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Despite its nutritional benefits, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that regular consumption of red meat may negatively impact health and disease risk, including the risk of most common chronic diseases. This chapter reviews the current evidence linking red and processed meat intakes with chronic disease, obesity and mortality risks and discusses possible mechanisms to explain these associations. Research on the health benefits of diets low in red meat, including vegetarian, vegan, Mediterranean and other plant-based diets, is also reviewed.

Red Meat and Health

Oncology ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 216-266
Author(s):  
Kate Marsh ◽  
Angela Saunders ◽  
Carol Zeuschner
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Despite its nutritional benefits, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that regular consumption of red meat may negatively impact health and disease risk, including the risk of most common chronic diseases. This chapter reviews the current evidence linking red and processed meat intakes with chronic disease, obesity and mortality risks and discusses possible mechanisms to explain these associations. Research on the health benefits of diets low in red meat, including vegetarian, vegan, Mediterranean and other plant-based diets, is also reviewed.

scholarly journals Effects of supplementation with carnosine and other histidine-containing dipeptides on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes: protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e020623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirthi Menon ◽  
Aya Mousa ◽  
Barbora de Courten
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionAgeing of populations globally, coupled with the obesity epidemic, has resulted in the rising prevalence of chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Prevention of risk factors that contribute to these diseases is key in managing the global burden of chronic diseases. Recent studies suggest that carnosine, a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiglycating properties may have a role in the prevention of chronic diseases; however, no previous reviews have examined the effects of carnosine and other histidine-containing peptides (HCDs) on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes. We aim to conduct a comprehensive systematic review to examine the effects of supplementation with carnosine and other HCDs on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes and to identify relevant knowledge gaps.Methods and analysisElectronic databases including Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Embase and all Evidence-Based Medicine will be systematically searched to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs, comparing supplementation with carnosine and/or other HCDs versus placebo, usual care or other pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions. One reviewer will screen titles and abstracts for eligibility according to prespecified inclusion criteria, after which two independent reviewers will perform data extraction and quality appraisal. Meta-analyses, metaregression and subgroup analyses will be conducted where appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required as this review does not involve primary data collection. This review will generate level-one evidence regarding the effects of carnosine supplementation on chronic disease risk factors and outcomes and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and at conference meetings to inform future research on the efficacy of carnosine supplementation for the prevention of chronic diseases.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017075354.

scholarly journals Processed meat: the real villain?

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Rohrmann ◽  
Jakob Linseisen
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Processed Meat Consumption ◽  
Processed Red Meat

Meat is a food rich in protein, minerals such as iron and zinc as well as a variety of vitamins, in particular B vitamins. However, the content of cholesterol and saturated fat is higher than in some other food groups. Processed meat is defined as products usually made of red meat that are cured, salted or smoked (e.g. ham or bacon) in order to improve the durability of the food and/or to improve colour and taste, and often contain a high amount of minced fatty tissue (e.g. sausages). Hence, high consumption of processed foods may lead to an increased intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, salt, nitrite, haem iron, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and, depending upon the chosen food preparation method, also heterocyclic amines. Several large cohort studies have shown that a high consumption of processed (red) meat is related to increased overall and cause-specific mortality. A meta-analysis of nine cohort studies observed a higher mortality among high consumers of processed red meat (relative risk (RR) = 1·23; 95 % CI 1·17, 1·28, top v. bottom consumption category), but not unprocessed red meat (RR = 1·10; 95 % CI 0·98, 1·22). Similar associations were reported in a second meta-analysis. All studies argue that plausible mechanisms are available linking processed meat consumption and risk of chronic diseases such as CVD, diabetes mellitus or some types of cancer. However, the results of meta-analyses do show some degree of heterogeneity between studies, and it has to be taken into account that individuals with low red or processed meat consumption tend to have a healthier lifestyle in general. Hence, substantial residual confounding cannot be excluded. Information from other types of studies in man is needed to support a causal role of processed meat in the aetiology of chronic diseases, e.g. studies using the Mendelian randomisation approach.

scholarly journals Influence of significant others on work participation of individuals with chronic diseases: a systematic review

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e021742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole C Snippen ◽  
Haitze J de Vries ◽  
Sylvia J van der Burg-Vermeulen ◽  
Mariët Hagedoorn ◽  
Sandra Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Qualitative Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Thematic Synthesis

ObjectiveIt is widely recognised that significant others (SOs), such as a partner, family member or friend, can influence health outcomes of individuals with a chronic disease. However, not much is known about which specific cognitions (ie, illness perceptions and expectation of work ability) and behaviours (eg, emotional and practical support) of SOs influence work participation. Therefore, we aimed to identify cognitions and behaviours of SOs that are related to work participation of individuals with a chronic disease.DesignA systematic review and thematic synthesis.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, SocINDEX and Web of Science were searched until 28 March 2017.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included studies reporting on cognitions and behaviours of SOs related to work participation in populations with various chronic diseases.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted the data and performed a quality assessment using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies from the Effective Public Health Practice Project 2007 and a checklist for assessment of qualitative studies derived from the Cochrane Supplemental Handbook Guidance. Evidence was thematically synthesised.ResultsOut of 5168 articles, 18 were included (15 qualitative and 3 quantitative) of moderate to high quality. Studies were on cancer, chronic pain, brain injuries and mental health disorders. After thematic synthesis 27 factors could be distinguished. Consistent evidence was found that SOs’ positive and encouraging attitudes regarding work participation, encouragement and motivating behaviour and open communication with patients are facilitators for work participation. Consistently reported barriers were SOs’ positive attitudes towards sickness absence and advise, encouragement or pressure to refrain from work.ConclusionsOur findings show that several cognitions and behaviours of SOs can facilitate or hinder work participation of individuals with a chronic disease. Intervening on these factors by involving SOs in disability prevention and return to work intervention strategies may be beneficial. More prognostic studies are needed, as the current evidence is mostly based on qualitative studies.

scholarly journals The relationship between total plasma carotenoids and risk factors for chronic disease among middle-aged and older men

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wildon R. Farwell ◽  
J. Michael Gaziano ◽  
Edward P. Norkus ◽  
Howard D. Sesso
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Alcohol Ingestion ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
The Relationship

Individual plasma carotenoids have been associated with various chronic diseases but little is known about the relationship between total plasma carotenoids and risk factors for chronic diseases. In the Physicians' Health Study, we examined 492 men free of CVD and cancer for the relationship between total plasma carotenoids (the sum of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin) and a wide variety of factors that predict chronic disease. Multivariate linear and logistic regression was performed to calculate parameter estimates (95 % CI) and OR (95 % CI) for total plasma carotenoids. In linear regression models, BMI, hypertension, alcohol intake and plasma levels of each lipid parameter and α-tocopherol significantly predicted levels of total plasma carotenoids. Upon adjustment for multiple chronic disease risk factors, the OR for levels of total plasma carotenoids greater than or equal to the median ( ≥ 1·301 μmol/l) was statistically significant for current smoking (OR 0·21; 95 % CI 0·06, 0·77), weekly alcohol ingestion (OR 2·30; 95 % CI 1·06, 4·99), daily alcohol ingestion (OR 2·46; 95 % CI 1·29, 4·67), each 100 mg/l increase in total cholesterol (OR 0·73; 95 % CI 0·58, 0·91), LDL-cholesterol (OR 1·48; 95 % CI 1·17, 1·89) and HDL-cholesterol (OR 1·58; 95 % CI 1·26, 1·99), each 100 mg/ml increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (OR 0·70; 95 % CI 0·53, 0·93) and each 10 μmol/l increase in α-tocopherol (OR 1·33; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·57), using logistic regression. Few lifestyle and clinical risk factors appear to be related to levels of total plasma carotenoids; however, levels of biomarkers such as plasma lipids and α-tocopherol may be strongly related.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Crosby ◽  
Brenda Davis ◽  
Shivam Joshi ◽  
Meghan Jardine ◽  
Jennifer Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been long been used to reduce seizure frequency and more recently have been promoted for a variety of health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and liver disease. Ketogenic diets may provide short-term improvement and aid in symptom management for some chronic diseases. Such diets affect diet quality, typically increasing intake of foods linked to chronic disease risk and decreasing intake of foods found to be protective in epidemiological studies. This review examines the effects of ketogenic diets on common chronic diseases, as well as their impact on diet quality and possible risks associated with their use. Given often-temporary improvements, unfavorable effects on dietary intake, and inadequate data demonstrating long-term safety, for most individuals, the risks of ketogenic diets may outweigh the benefits.

scholarly journals Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease Endpoints: Outcomes from a case study workshop for omega 3’s EPA and DHA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Racey ◽  
Amanda J. MacFarlane ◽  
S Carlson ◽  
Ken D Stark ◽  
Melanie Plourde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Epa And Dha

Given the focus on developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) based on chronic disease risk reduction and recent research for omega-3 long chain PUFA since the last DRI review, the Canadian Nutrition Society convened a panel of stakeholders for a one-day workshop in late 2019. Attendees discussed the new NASEM guidelines for establishing DRI values based on chronic disease risk endpoints and the strength of current evidence for EPA and DHA as it relates to the new guidelines. Novelty: Summarizes evidence and expert opinions regarding the potential for reviewing DRI values for EPA and DHA and cardiovascular disease risk and early development.

scholarly journals Dietary Meat Categories and Descriptions in Chronic Disease Research Are Substantively Different within and between Experimental and Observational Studies: A Systematic Review and Landscape Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E O'Connor ◽  
Cody L Gifford ◽  
Dale R Woerner ◽  
Julia L Sharp ◽  
Keith E Belk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Landscape Analysis ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Processed Meat

ABSTRACT This systematic review and landscape analysis describes patterns in dietary meat (skeletal muscle and associated tissues from mammalian, avian, and aquatic species; i.e., muscle foods) categories (CAT) and descriptions (DESCR) used throughout nutrition-related chronic disease literature, as there is anecdotally noted variation. A total of 1020 CAT and 776 DESCR were identified from 369 articles that assessed muscle food consumption and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or cancer in adults ≥19 y from PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL up to March 2018. Specificity of CAT was analyzed on an empirical 1–7 ordinal scale as: 1) broad/undescriptive, “fish”; 2) muscle food type, “red meat”; 3) species, “poultry”; 4) broad + 1 descriptor, “processed meat”; 5) type/species + 1 descriptor, “fresh red meat”; 6) broad/type + 2 descriptors, “poached lean fish”; and 7) specific product, “luncheon meat.” Median CAT specificity for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (OBSs) was 3 and 2 points out of 7, respectively, with no differences between chronic disease types. Specificity of OBS CAT was higher in recent articles but RCT CAT became less specific starting in the 2000s. RCT CAT were 400% more likely to include species, 500% more likely to include leanness, but 400% less likely to include processing degree compared with OBS CAT. A DESCR was included for 76% and 82% of OBS and RCT CAT, respectively. Researchers described processed meat, red meat, and total meat CAT more commonly than poultry or fish CAT. Among processed meat DESCR, 31% included a common term used in public regulatory definitions. In conclusion, muscle food categories and descriptions are substantively different within and between experimental and observational studies and do not match regulatory definitions. A practical muscle food classification system is warranted to improve interpretation of evidence regarding muscle food consumption and chronic disease.

scholarly journals Impact of red meat, processed meat and fibre intake on risk of late-onset chronic inflammatory diseases: prospective cohort study on lifestyle factors using the Danish ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’ cohort (PROCID-DCH):protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e024555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Fogh Rasmussen ◽  
Katrine Hass Rubin ◽  
Maria Stougaard ◽  
Anne Tjønneland ◽  
Egon Stenager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

IntroductionChronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) are diseases of the immune system that have some shared genetic and environmental predisposing factors, but still few studies have investigated the effects of lifestyle on disease risk of several CIDs. The primary aim of this prospective cohort study is to investigate the impact of fibre, red meat and processed meat on risk of late-onset CID, with the perspective that results of this study can contribute in supporting future diet recommendations for effective personalised prevention.Methods and analysisThe study will use data from 57 053 persons from the prospective Danish cohort study ‘Diet, Cancer and Health’ together with National Health Registry data. The follow-up period is from December 1993 to December 2018. Questionnaire data on diet and lifestyle were collected at entry to the Diet, Cancer and Health study. The outcome CID is defined as having a diagnosis of one of the CIDs registered in the National Patient Registry or, for multiple sclerosis, in the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry during follow-up and being treated with a drug used for the specific disease. The major outcome of the analyses will be to detect variability in risk of late onset of any CID and, if power allows, disease risk of late onset of each CID diagnosis between persons with different fibre and red meat, and processed meat intake. The outcome will be adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, energy, alcohol, fermented dairy products, education, smoking status, hormone replacement therapy and comorbidity.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (2012-58-0018). The core study is an open register-based cohort study. The study does not need approval from the Ethics committee or Institutional Review Board by Danish law. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, patient associations and presentations at international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03456206; Post-results.

scholarly journals Impact on Longevity of Genetic Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle including Red Meat Consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Alda Pereira da Silva ◽  
Maria do Céu Costa ◽  
Laura Aguiar ◽  
Andreia Matos ◽  
Ângela Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Exceptional Longevity ◽  
Regular Consumption ◽  
Additive Action ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Background. Cardiovascular risk (CVR) underlies aging process and longevity. Previous work points to genetic and environmental factors associated with this risk. Objectives. The aim of this research is to look for any CVR gene-gene and gene-multifactorial/lifestyle interactions that may impact health and disease and underlie exceptional longevity. Methods. A case-control study involving 521 both gender individuals, 253 centenarians (100.26±1.98 years), and 268 controls (67.51±3.25 years), low (LCR, n=107) and high (HCR, n=161) CVR. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI, kg·m-2), and impaired kidney function were defined according to standard criteria. CVR was calculated using Q risk®. DNA was genotyping (ACE-rs4646994, AGT-rs4762, AGR1-rs5182, GRK4-rs2960306, GRK4-rs1024323, NOS3-rs1799983, and SLC12A3-rs13306673) through iPlex-MassARRAY®, read by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and analyzed by EARTDECODE®. Results. Antilongevity factors consisted (OR 95% CI, p<0.05) BMI 1.558 (1.445-1.680), hypertension 2.358 (1.565-3.553), smoking habits 4.528 (2.579-7.949), diabetes 5.553 (2.889-10.675), hypercholesterolemia 1.016 (1.010-1.022), and regular consumption of red meat 22.363 (13.987-35.755). Genetic aspects particularly for HCR individuals ACE II (OR: 3.96 (1.83-8.56), p<0.0001) and NOS3 TT (OR: 3.11 (1.70-5.70), p<0.0001) genotypes were also risk associate. Obesity, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and frequent consumption of red meat have an additive action to hypertension in the longevity process. There was a synergistic interaction between the endothelial NOS3 genotypes and the severity of arterial hypertension. An epistatic interaction between functional genetic variants of GRK4 and angiotensinogen was also observed. Conclusions. Cardiovascular risk-related genetic and multifactorial or predominantly lifestyle aspects and its interactions might influence the aging process and contribute to exceptional longevity in Portuguese centenarians. Besides lifestyle, the activity of nitrite oxide synthase may be one of the main physiologic regulators of cardiovascular protection in the path of longevity.

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