Understanding the Composition of Food Waste

2019 ◽  
pp. 212-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Chidozie Ogwu
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Innovative Culture

Due to existing application gap, the diverse microorganisms and their processes in food waste have not been maximally explored or harnessed. This chapter addresses the possible application of “-omics” technologies to understand food waste microbial composition and metabolic processes, to stimulate future research in mining food waste for important microorganisms and bioactive compounds. The chapter highlights potential “-omics” procedures for food waste assessments. These innovative, culture-independent, high-throughput technologies have already revolutionized diverse fields of research and human endeavors. This chapter also introduces the concept of food wastomics to detect, identify, and measure the different molecules and microorganisms that are present and expressed in food waste such as DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. This knowledge will create a greater understanding of how discarded food is degraded and what useful products or organisms may be harvested from it. Finally, the chapter recommends the integration of food wastomics into foodomics.

Exploring Antimicrobials from the Flora and Fauna of Marine: Opportunities and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishnamoorthy Venkateskumar ◽  
Subramani Parasuraman ◽  
Leow Y. Chuen ◽  
Veerasamy Ravichandran ◽  
Subramani Balamurgan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Health Organization

About 95% of earth living space lies deep below the ocean’s surface and it harbors extraordinary diversity of marine organisms. Marine biodiversity is an exceptional reservoir of natural products, bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals and other potential compounds of commercial value. Timeline for the development of the drug from a plant, synthetic and other alternative sources is too lengthy. Exploration of the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds has gained focus and huge opportunity lies ahead for the exploration of such vast resources in the ocean. Further, the evolution of superbugs with increasing resistance to the currently available drugs is alarming and it needs coordinated efforts to resolve them. World Health Organization recommends the need and necessity to develop effective bioactive compounds to combat problems associated with antimicrobial resistance. Based on these factors, it is imperative to shift the focus towards the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds that could be utilized to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Current research trends also indicate the huge strides in research involving marine environment for drug discovery. The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of marine resources, recently reported research from marine resources, challenges, future research prospects in the marine environment.

scholarly journals Microbiota identified from preserved Anopheles

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca E Silva ◽  
Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni ◽  
Lizette L. Koekemoer ◽  
Yael L. Dahan-Moss
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Culture Dependent

Abstract Background Mosquito species from the Anopheles gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group are dominant African malaria vectors. Mosquito microbiota play vital roles in physiology and vector competence. Recent research has focused on investigating the mosquito microbiota, especially in wild populations. Wild mosquitoes are preserved and transported to a laboratory for analyses. Thus far, microbial characterization post-preservation has been investigated in only Aedes vexans and Culex pipiens. Investigating the efficacy of cost-effective preservatives has also been limited to AllProtect reagent, ethanol and nucleic acid preservation buffer. This study characterized the microbiota of African Anopheles vectors: Anopheles arabiensis (member of the An. gambiae complex) and An. funestus (member of the An. funestus group), preserved on silica desiccant and RNAlater® solution. Methods Microbial composition and diversity were characterized using culture-dependent (midgut dissections, culturomics, MALDI-TOF MS) and culture-independent techniques (abdominal dissections, DNA extraction, next-generation sequencing) from laboratory (colonized) and field-collected mosquitoes. Colonized mosquitoes were either fresh (non-preserved) or preserved for 4 and 12 weeks on silica or in RNAlater®. Microbiota were also characterized from field-collected An. arabiensis preserved on silica for 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Results Elizabethkingia anophelis and Serratia oryzae were common between both vector species, while Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus epidermidis were specific to females and males, respectively. Microbial diversity was not influenced by sex, condition (fresh or preserved), preservative, or preservation time-period; however, the type of bacterial identification technique affected all microbial diversity indices. Conclusions This study broadly characterized the microbiota of An. arabiensis and An. funestus. Silica- and RNAlater®-preservation were appropriate when paired with culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques, respectively. These results broaden the selection of cost-effective methods available for handling vector samples for downstream microbial analyses.

scholarly journals The Bioactive Potential of Trawl Discard: Case Study from a Crinoid Bed Off Blanes (North-Western Mediterranean)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Alfredo García-de-Vinuesa ◽  
Montserrat Demestre ◽  
Arnau Carreño ◽  
Josep Lloret
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trawl Survey ◽  
Bioactive Potential

Although knowledge of the bioactive compounds produced by species inhabiting coastal waters is increasing, little is known about the bioactive potential produced by marine species occupying deeper habitats with high biodiversity and productivity. Here, we investigate about the bioactive potential of molecules produced by species that inhabit the crinoid beds, a poorly known essential fish habitat affected by trawling, wherein large amounts of commercial and noncommercial species are discarded. Based on a trawl survey conducted in 2019, 14% of the 64 species discarded on crinoid beds produce molecules with some type of bioactive potential, including; soft corals (Alcyonium palmatum); tunicates (Ascidia mentula); bony fish, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus); European hake (Merluccius merluccius); and chondrichthyans, such as small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). In addition, 16% of the discarded species had congeneric species that produce compounds with bioactive potential, indicating that such species might also possess similar types of bioactive molecules. Molecules with antioxidant, antitumour, antihypertensive, and antibacterial properties were the most frequent, which could provide the basis for future research aiming to discover new marine-based drugs and compounds for other human uses. Among all species or genera that produce compounds with bioactive potential, 68% presented medium or high vulnerability to trawling. Results show that the discarded catch contains many species, which produce different bioactive compounds that represent an added-value resource. These results highlight the importance of manage properly crinoid beds, to ensure that species that produce molecules with bioactive potential inhabiting these habitats are protected.

Biocrude oil production via hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste in a simplified high-throughput eeactor

2021 ◽  
pp. 125750
Author(s):  
Ruetai Saengsuriwong ◽  
Thossaporn Onsree ◽  
Sanphawat Phromphithak ◽  
Nakorn Tippayawong Conceptualisation
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Biocrude Oil

scholarly journals Prospects of Using High-Throughput Proteomics to Underpin the Discovery of Animal Host–Nematode Interactions

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Robin Gasser
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitic nematodes impose a significant public health burden, and cause major economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Due to the widespread of anthelmintic resistance and lack of effective vaccines for most nematode species, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic and vaccine targets, informed through an understanding of host–parasite interactions. Proteomics, underpinned by genomics, enables the global characterisation proteins expressed in a particular cell type, tissue and organism, and provides a key to insights at the host–parasite interface using advanced high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies. Here, we (i) review current mass-spectrometry-based proteomic methods, with an emphasis on a high-throughput ‘bottom-up’ approach; (ii) summarise recent progress in the proteomics of parasitic nematodes of animals, with a focus on molecules inferred to be involved in host–parasite interactions; and (iii) discuss future research directions that could enhance our knowledge and understanding of the molecular interplay between nematodes and host animals, in order to work toward new, improved methods for the treatment, diagnosis and control of nematodiases.

scholarly journals Fire effects on soil system functioning: new insights and future challenges

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan H. Doerr ◽  
Artemi Cerdá
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Diverse Field

Fire affects entire ecosystems – their flora, fauna, the atmosphere and soil. Research on the effects of fire to date has focussed primarily on the former three, whereas effects on the soil system have seen less attention. Burning and resulting post-fire environmental conditions can alter the functioning of soils physically (e.g. aggregate stability, pore size, distribution, water repellency and runoff response), chemically (e.g. nutrient availability, mineralogy, pH and C : N ratios) and biologically (e.g. biomass productivity, microbial composition and carbon sequestration). These fire-induced alterations have typically been examined in isolation by researchers in separate disciplines despite the sometimes strong relationship between some of these physical, chemical and biological effects. This special issue brings together studies from diverse disciplines, focussing on a wide spectrum of fire effects on the soil system. Here we aim to summarise, evaluate and set into context some of the new insights arising from these studies. A case is made for enhanced cross-disciplinary collaboration and the use of multi-scale research approaches in order to meet existing and future research challenges in this diverse field.

Throughput Dependence on SNR in IEEE802.11 WLAN Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 1307-1323
Author(s):  
Ikponmwosa Oghogho
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Future Research Directions

This chapter seeks to present the dependence of throughput on signal to noise ratio (SNR) in IEEE802.11 WLAN systems. High throughput and low delays are presented as the requirements for indicating good performance of WLAN systems. The multiple communication data rates specified by the physical layer of IEEE802.11 WLANs which vary depending on the SNR observed is shown to appreciably influence the throughput experienced by the users. Cross-layer modelling principles which simplifies the process of estimating the dependence of throughput on SNR is presented. Recent research findings which apply cross-layer modelling principles to model the dependence of throughput on SNR only is presented along with future research directions.

Towards Designing High-Throughput Routing Metrics for Wireless Mesh Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 560-574
Author(s):  
T. Nyandeni ◽  
C. Kyara ◽  
P. Mudali
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Routing Metrics ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Wireless Mesh ◽  
Optimal Paths ◽  
Future Research Directions

Routing is an essential mechanism for proper functioning of large networks, and routing protocols make use of routing metrics to determine optimal paths. The design of routing metrics is critical for achieving high throughput and we begin this chapter by proposing the design principles for routing metrics. These design principles are for ensuring the proper functioning of the network and achieving high throughput. We continue by giving a detail analysis of the existing routing metrics. We also look at the pitfalls of the existing routing metrics. We conclude the chapter by outlining the future research directions.

Value-Added Products From Food Waste

2021 ◽  
pp. 595-603
Author(s):  
Baban Baburao Gunjal
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Biodegradable Waste ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Value Added Products

Food waste is the most challenging issue humankind is facing worldwide. Food waste, which consists of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and inorganic compounds, is a biodegradable waste discharged from food processing industries, households, and hospitality sectors. The management of food waste is very important. The food waste generated is usually incinerated or dumped in open areas which may cause severe health and environmental issues. The management of food waste can be done by conversion to different value-added products, for example, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, food supplements, livestock feed, dietary fibers, biopigments and colorants, emulsifiers, edible and essential oils, biopreservatives, biofertilizers, biofuels, and single cell proteins. The value-added products from food waste will be very eco-friendly. The chapter will focus on different value-added products from food waste.

Advancements in High-Throughput Omics-Technologies for Understanding the Biology of Neglected and Underutilized Crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-236
Author(s):  
Ashish Kumar Choudhary ◽  
Riyazuddin Riyazuddin ◽  
Arun Kumar Maurya ◽  
Ravi Gupta
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Underutilized Crops ◽  
Omics Technologies
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document