Undisturbed Survival Mode

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-57
Author(s):  
Vance Lee Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Inner City ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Teaching Position ◽  
Survival Mode

African Americans are moving around the country – again. This time to suburban areas. It seems they are moving to the suburban areas for the same reasons they moved to the urban areas a century ago (jobs, safety, education, and improved living conditions). This chapter focuses on four African American women teachers. Three currently teach in the suburbs of Dallas, Texas. One teaches in the Washington School for Girls—an inner-city, urban school in Washington, DC. Two of the teachers are from rural areas. One teaches in a suburban school outside of Dallas with demographics much like the inner-city schools. The other two teachers grew up in urban Dallas but have taken a teaching position in an affluent Dallas suburb. The notion that African Americans are losing an identity they never had is non-commonsensical. Instead, this chapter suggests that African Americans are still in a survival mode thrusted upon them since slavery while a new developing generation of Blacks view blackness from a different set of identities.

scholarly journals The Influence of Vegetation on UHIs, MUHIs, and Microclimate of Selected Southern Cities

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 509A-509
Author(s):  
Derald A. Harp ◽  
Edward L. McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The City

Urban areas have average annual temperatures 2–3°C warmer than surrounding rural areas, with daily differences of 5–6°C common. A suggested reason for this temperature difference is the extensive use of concrete, asphalt, and other building materials in the urban environment. Vegetation can moderate these temperatures by intercepting incoming radiation. The influence of vegetation patterns on the magnitude of urban and micro-urban “heat islands” (UHI and MUHI, respectively) is compared for several cities including Houston, Austin, College Station, and Ft. Worth, Texas; Huntsville, Ala.; and Gainesville, Fla. Temperatures for all cities studied were greatest in the built-up areas and dropped off in suburban areas and adjacent rural areas. In Houston, surrounding rice fields were 3–5°C cooler than urban areas. Heavily built-up areas of Austin were 2–4°C warmer than parks and fields outside of the city. In all of the cities, large parks were typically 2–3°C cooler than adjacent built-up areas. Large shopping malls varied in nocturnal winter and summer temperature, with winter temperatures near door openings 2–3°C warmer, and summer daytime temperatures as much as 17°C cooler beneath trees. This effect seemed to persist at the microclimatic scale. Areas beneath evergreen trees and shrubs were warmer in the winter than surrounding grass covered areas. Video thermography indicated that the lower surfaces of limbs in deciduous trees were warmer than the upper surfaces. Overall, vegetation played a significant role, both at the local and microscale, in temperature moderation.

scholarly journals They’re Dying in the Suburbs: COVID-19 Cases and Deaths by Geography in Louisiana (USA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Schnake-Mahl ◽  
Usama Bilal
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second Peak

AbstractThe national COVID-19 conversation in the US has mostly focused on urban areas, without sufficient examination of another geography with large vulnerable populations: the suburbs. While suburbs are often thought of as areas of uniform affluence and racial homogeneity, over the past 20 years, poverty and diversity have increased substantially in the suburbs. In this study, we compare geographic and temporal trends in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Louisiana, one of the few states with high rates of COVID-19 during both the spring and summer. We find that incidence and mortality rates were initially highest in New Orleans. By the second peak, trends reversed: suburban areas experienced higher rates than New Orleans and similar rates to other urban and rural areas. We also find that increased social vulnerability was associated with increased positivity and incidence during the first peak. During the second peak, these associations reversed in New Orleans while persisting in other urban, suburban, and rural areas. The work draws attention to the high rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in suburban areas and the importance of metropolitan-wide actions to address COVID-19.RegistrationN/AFunding sourceNIH (DP5OD26429) and RWJF (77644)Code and data availabilityCode for replication along with data is available here: https://github.com/alinasmahl1/COVID_Louisiana_Suburban/.

White Internal Migration to American Cities, 1940–1980

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Berry
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The North

An overview of Euro-American internal migration in the United States between 1940 and 1980 explores the overall population movement away from rural areas to cities and suburban areas. Although focused on white Americans and their migrations, there are similarities to the Great Migration of African Americans, who continued to move out of the South during the mid-20th century. In the early period, the industrial areas in the North and West attracted most of the migrants. Mobilization for World War II loosened rural dwellers who were long kept in place by low wages, political disfranchisement, and low educational attainment. The war also attracted significant numbers of women to urban centers in the North and West. After the war, migration increased, enticing white Americans to become not just less rural but also increasingly suburban. The growth of suburbs throughout the country was prompted by racial segregation in housing that made many suburban areas white and earmarked many urban areas for people of color. The result was incredible growth in suburbia: from 22 million living in those areas in 1940 to triple that in 1970. Later in the period, as the Steelbelt rusted, the rise of the West as a migration magnet was spurred by development strategies, federal investment in infrastructure, and military bases. Sunbelt areas were making investments that stood ready to recruit industries and of course people, especially from Rustbelt areas in the North. By the dawn of the 21st century, half of the American population resided in suburbs.

Between the Country and the Concrete: Rediscovering the Rural–Urban Fringe

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff S. Sharp ◽  
Jill K. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Rural Places ◽  
Practical Implications

Substantial U.S. population growth in relatively rural areas adjacent to large urban areas is sparking renewed interest in the rural–urban fringe. This research identifies some of the roots of the rural–urban fringe concept and reviews recent scholarly interest in the related exurban concept. Analysis of primary and secondary data is conducted to examine the fringe in relation to both urban/suburban areas and rural areas of Ohio, seeking to determine the extent to which the fringe is similar to or dissimilar from the suburbs or more rural areas. Comparisons are made across a number of ecological, occupational, and sociocultural attributes. Differences between incorporated (cities and villages) and unincorporated (township) areas are also considered. Findings support the notion of the fringe being distinct from the suburbs, with more modest differences compared to more rural places. Practical implications of this research are discussed as are future research needs for further understanding an increasingly important settlement area of the United States.

scholarly journals Effects of varying sampling effort on the observed diversity of carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in the Danglobe Project, Denmark

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Sapia ◽  
Gábor Lövei ◽  
Zoltán Elek
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Index Family

Diversity relations among three stages of an urbanisation gradient were studied, using the Rényi scalable diversity index family and the Right Tail Sum (RTS) diversity. The rural areas were less diverse than either the urban or the suburban ones. The urban areas were more diverse considering the dominant species, while the suburban areas were more diverse considering the rare species. Next, we examined the impact of different sampling regimes on these diversity relations. A pulsating sampling method (sampling for 2 weeks every month) gave the same diversity ordering as continuous sampling. Further reduction in sampling period altered the diversity relations.

scholarly journals An Exploration of the Roles, Goals, and Social Interactions of Ghanaian Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raven Gilliam ◽  
Medha Talpade
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
College Students ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Dominant Society ◽  
Ghanaian Women

This ethnography study sought to explore the lived experiences of Ghanaian women from urban and rural areas, and their roles in society. Research has revealed that Ghanaian women are on the rise of independence and higher education. Empirical data has identified the popular jobs among Ghanaian women in rural and urban areas as well as how much they value education. Research has also identified the careers which are and are not respected in Ghanaian culture. This study took a unique glimpse into the lives of young Ghanaian college students’ and how aspirations and career goals for either gender is the same but differences exist in upbringing. Focus groups consisted of college students, ages 20-25. Native Ghanaian students from rural and urban area of Ghana. Research questions focused on the roles of Ghanaian women in society; specifically, their roles at home and work; their social relationships, specifically their interactions and friendships.Validation strategies include rich thick descriptions, member checking, and journaling. Atlas Ti was used for the data analyses and the following themes emerged; experiences of higher education, white collar jobs, feelings about financial stability, feelings and experiences about marriage and friendship, and the essence of independence. This exploration serves as a means to educate young African American women on the culture and values held so respectfully by Ghanaians which would be the land of many of our ancestors. This is an attempt to understand how Ghanaian women take on the challenge of laying a foundation for women to walk on while having to conform to what a male dominant society expects while still holding on to their own sense of power.

The Mental Health Impact of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico and Florida

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Scaramutti ◽  
Christopher P. Salas-Wright ◽  
Saskia R. Vos ◽  
Seth J. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of Hurricane Maria on internalizing and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) among Puerto Ricans who moved to Florida after the storm versus those who stayed on the island.MethodsIn March through April 2018 (6 months after Hurricane Maria), an online survey was used to assess the effects of the storm on mental health. A sample of 213 displaced Puerto Ricans living in urban and rural/suburban areas in Florida, as well as urban and rural areas of Puerto Rico, participated in the study.ResultsRates of PTSD were high in both sites (Florida, 65.7%; Puerto Rico, 43.6%); however, participants in Florida were far more likely than those in Puerto Rico to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.67-5.26). Among participants in both Florida and Puerto Rico, those living in urban areas were more likely than those in rural/suburban areas to meet criteria for PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder.ConclusionsResults suggest that post-Hurricane Maria adjustment and adaptation may have been more psychologically taxing for Puerto Ricans who moved to Florida than it was for those who remained on the island, and more difficult for those in urban areas than it was for those in suburban or rural areas. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:24–27)

scholarly journals Identification of rural landscape classes through a GIS clustering method

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2s) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Diti ◽  
Daniele Torreggiani ◽  
Patrizia Tassinari
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agricultural Areas

The paper presents a methodology aimed at supporting the rural planning process. The analysis of the state of the art of local and regional policies focused on rural and suburban areas, and the study of the scientific literature in the field of spatial analysis methodologies, have allowed the definition of the basic concept of the research. The proposed method, developed in a GIS, is based on spatial metrics selected and defined to cover various agricultural, environmental, and socio-economic components. The specific goal of the proposed methodology is to identify homogeneous extra-urban areas through their objective characterization at different scales. Once areas with intermediate urban-rural characters have been identified, the analysis is then focused on the more detailed definition of periurban agricultural areas. The synthesis of the results of the analysis of the various landscape components is achieved through an original interpretative key which aims to quantify the potential impacts of rural areas on the urban system. This paper presents the general framework of the methodology and some of the main results of its first implementation through an Italian case study.

scholarly journals Changes in the Administrative Hierarchy of Cities and Entrepreneurship in Suburban Areas (The Cases of Kielce and Radom)

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Mirosław Mularczyk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central City ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Systemic Transformation ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Service Sectors

Abstract The systemic transformation of Poland after 1989 led to an acceleration of restructuring processes both in the national economy and in individual regions. The dynamics of changes was exceptionally high in rural areas. The most rapid changes occurred in areas which are situated within the range of the direct influence of bigger cities. This paper strives to compare the changes in entrepreneurship which took place in the suburban areas of Kielce and Radom during the transformation period, before and after the introduction of the administrative reform in Poland. We sought answers to the following questions: – What differences occur in the dynamics of changes of the entrepreneurship indicator in sub-urban areas in case of two cities of a similar size, of which only Kielce has remained the regional (voivodship) capital? – What differences occur in the dynamics of changes of the entrepreneurship indicator in relation to the distance from the central city? In order to answer the above questions, the entrepreneurship indicators for agriculture, industry and service sectors were calculated for the analysed areas between 1995 and 2005.

An Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study of Giardia lamblia in Anbar Province – Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Suad Shallal Shahatha
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Teucrium Polium L ◽  
Therapeutic Study

This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia parasites in patients who visited some of the hospitals in Anbar province, which included (Fallujah Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children and Hit Hospital) during by examining 864 stool samples in a direct examination method, The results revealed the infection rate was 41.7 % and the percentage of infection among males 47.8% is higher than that of females 35.4% with significant differences (p≤0.05). The age groups (1-9) years recorded the highest rates 55.4% and the lowest rate 13.6% in the age group (40-49) years. The highest rate of infection was 62.5% during the month of June, while the month of October was the lowest rate 5% and significant differences. The incidence rate in rural areas was 50.6% higher than in the urban areas 32.5%. The study also included the effect of Teucrium polium L. on the parasite in the culture media HSP-1, the concentrations of 0.5-3 mg / mL significantly affected Giardia, it was noted whenever the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during different treatment periods (1-4) days, as the highest concentration 3 mg/ml killed all Giardia parasites on the fourth day of treatment.

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