An Introduction to GIS (All Things Data)

2011 ◽  
pp. 21-51
Author(s):  
Andrew Curtis ◽  
Michael Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Spatial Object ◽  
Prenatal Risk ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Basic Understanding

One of the purposes of this book is to introduce community health groups to the potential of GIS, a technology that can help in understanding the spatial landscape of prenatal risk. Therefore, one of the first steps is to provide a brief overview of GIS. This introduction will be split over the next two sections, with this chapter focused on data issues associated with using a GIS, while the next presents an introduction to the functions of a GIS that make it so powerful: the ability to analyze and visualize spatial data. These two chapters are not meant for experienced GIS users (though even for these a few points and references from the non-geographic literature may prove to be useful). It is also not meant to be a comprehensive introduction to the science; there are several other excellent texts serving that need. These next two chapters are meant to give a basic understanding, and inform enough to encourage the adoption of a GIS approach. Most people reading this book will probably be using a vector GIS. There are, however, two basic GIS formats, raster being the other type. Raster GIS is best suited for surface or complete coverage data (for example, vegetation cover) because the spatial surface is transformed into a grid, with each cell or pixel containing a relevant geographic attribute (such as 1 = water, 2 = forest, etc.). These pixels are fixed in space, allowing multiple layers at a single location to be compared and analyzed. Vector GIS, which is a more useful GIS format for the type of investigation likely to be performed by a health unit, contains points, lines, and areas. Unlike in a raster GIS, each spatial object has its own geography.

scholarly journals Change detection and building spatial geodatabase for Iraqi marshes

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 03021
Author(s):  
Oday Jasim ◽  
Noor Hamed ◽  
Tamarra Abdulgabar
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Mosaic ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Three Stages

The Iraqi Marshlands has natural and economic potential through its environment rich in various forms of lives. This region has suffered numerous setbacks due to human and natural factors, especially in the last two decades of the last century, which led to significant environmental degradation. The purpose of this paper is to prepare spatial data for the area of the marshes in Iraq as a base (Hour-al Hoveizah and central marshes and Hammar). Also, the other aim is to produce a digital geodatabase for the marshes for the years 1973, 1986, 1999, 2006 and 2016 by using ArcGIS. The process of building geodatabase has been through done in three stages: the first stage is including data collection. The second stage will be by merging the satellite images covering the Iraqi marshes and add to images in order to get the image mosaic process. Also, a georeferencing of satellite images is to be done with all the traditional maps of the same area of the marsh. Finally, complete the full geodatabase for the area of interest by using ArcGIS as the in Cartography Design. The results of this research would be a geodatabase for the Iraqi marshes.

scholarly journals PEMETAAN LOKASI KELUARGA PENERIMA MANFAAT PKH DI KECAMATAN PRAYA TENGAH MENGUNAKAN EXTENTION GEOPROCESSING

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Sofiansyah Fadli ◽  
Fitri Rohyatul Aini
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Government Program ◽  
Family Expectations ◽  
The Government ◽  
System Mapping ◽  
The Town

Based on data from UPPKH sub-district of Central Praya Year in 2017. The number of beneficiaries from the Government Program namely the Program Family expectations (PKH) and Beneficiary Families (KPM) is 3,425 which are spread throughout the villages in the Central Praya. The existence of the problems and constraints that have emerged is the difficulty the other escorts who are outside of the town would like to know the location and development of recipient PKH KPM. Extention Geoprocessing is a tool for processing spatial data in ArcView. The use of extension geoprocessing on the geographic information syste is one tool that can be used to assist in analyzing the condition and whereabouts of beneficiaries of government programs, especially the PKH KPM Program, especially in the Central Praya sub-district.The method used in analyzing data is the model SPIRAL method, the programming language used is PHP / MapScript, and criteria used are sourced from BPS. With the building of a geographic information system mapping the PKH KPM location, the community and the government will find it easier to know the development of poverty and can facilitate outside sub-district facilitators to find the location of PKH KPM in the central Praya sub-district.

Prediction of Soil Particle Size Fraction using Geographically Weighted Regression and Random Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 683-693
Author(s):  
Henny Pramoedyo ◽  
Novi Nur Aini ◽  
Sativandi Riza ◽  
Danang Ariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Terrain Attributes ◽  
Soil Fraction ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Gwr Model

The development of spatial modeling for soil properties has progressed in recent decades. This responds to the growing demand for land spatial data and exact soil property prediction for agronomical reasons, particularly in precision farming, in order to speed up precision agricultural activities. In this regards a comparison of the GWR and RF models was carried out in order to determine which model is the best at forecasting surface soil texture and how dependable each model is at doing so. The purpose of this research is to get the best model in predicting particle soil fraction (PSF). 50 topsoil samples were collected from several locations in the Kalikonto Watershed, Indonesia, and the soil PSF (sand, silt, and clay) in the upper 10 cm varied. The LMV, slope, and elevation were calculated using DEM data and utilized as predictor variables. As a result, the weighting of the GWR model has a considerable impact on the final model, and all other factors have a major effect on the PSF determination. The RF, on the other hand, looks to be superior than the GWR variants. The RF model outperformed the other models in every PSF variable. This study reveals that topsoil quality and terrain attributes are linked, which may be assessed using field measurements and model projections. More research is needed to generate more efficient input parameters that will help with soil variability precision and accuracy of soil map products.

An Introduction to XBRL through the Use of Research and Technical Assignments

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Farewell
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extensible Markup Language ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Basic Skill ◽  
Reading Research ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
The Future ◽  
Extensible Markup

This project is designed to facilitate an understanding of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). The materials are structured so that each can be used independently of the other components. The materials consist of a reading, research assignments, and two technical assignments. The reading is written to provide a background on XBRL. After obtaining a basic understanding of XBRL, research and technical assignments are used to increase the student's skill-set. The research assignments look at the evolution of XBRL. The first technical assignment modifies and styles eXtensible Markup Language (XML) tagged data. In the second technical assignment an industry extension is developed to the promulgated Commercial and Industrial (C-I) taxonomy. The second technical assignment concludes with the creation of an instance document and viewing of the instance document with a style sheet. Through an understanding of XBRL, students will possess an important basic skill-set for a technology that will likely play a significant role in the future of accounting. In addition, they should have an appreciation for the purpose of XBRL, including the nature of the technology and the inherent challenges.

A Multidimensional Methodology with Support for Spatio-Temporal Multigranularity in the Conceptual and Logical Phases

2011 ◽  
pp. 194-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepción M. Gascueña ◽  
Rafael Guadalupe
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Multidimensional Databases ◽  
Object Relational ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The One ◽  
Spatial Semantics ◽  
Thematic Data

The Multidimensional Databases (MDB) are used in the Decision Support Systems (DSS) and in Geographic Information Systems (GIS); the latter locates spatial data on the Earth’s surface and studies its evolution through time. This work presents part of a methodology to design MDB, where it considers the Conceptual and Logical phases, and with related support for multiple spatio-temporal granularities. This will allow us to have multiple representations of the same spatial data, interacting with other, spatial and thematic data. In the Conceptual phase, the conceptual multidimensional model—FactEntity (FE)—is used. In the Logical phase, the rules of transformations are defined, from the FE model, to the Relational and Object Relational logical models, maintaining multidimensional semantics, and under the perspective of multiple spatial, temporal, and thematic granularities. The FE model shows constructors and hierarchical structures to deal with the multidimensional semantics on the one hand, carrying out a study on how to structure “a fact and its associated dimensions.” Thus making up the Basic factEnty, and in addition, showing rules to generate all the possible Virtual factEntities. On the other hand, with the spatial semantics, highlighting the Semantic and Geometric spatial granularities.

scholarly journals Spatial long memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Peter M. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Long Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Memory Time ◽  
Short Memory ◽  
The One ◽  
Relevant Work

AbstractWe discuss developments and future prospects for statistical modeling and inference for spatial data that have long memory. While a number of contributons have been made, the literature is relatively small and scattered, compared to the literatures on long memory time series on the one hand, and spatial data with short memory on the other. Thus, over several topics, our discussions frequently begin by surveying relevant work in these areas that might be extended in a long memory spatial setting.

scholarly journals AN EFFECTIVE DATABASE MANAGEMENT OF THE URBAN UNDERGROUND FACILITIES AND TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Žilvinas Stankevičius ◽  
Dominykas Šlikas ◽  
Darius Popovas
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Spatial Objects ◽  
Topographic Information ◽  
Data Provision

In developed countries the most accurate and reliable spatial data (M 1:500–1:1000) are extensively used. The same spatial object could be inscribed into separate systems: utilities companies have some systems, municipality collected catalogues of CAD data, separately developed real estate map. The same spatial objects are repeated and reiterated, unreasonable costs are incurred for their storage, the customers find it complicated to determine and select the best and appropriate spatial data required just for their own needs. This article suggests the solution of the problem. Authors have introduced the idea to compose and develop information system specialized for topography and infrastructure subsequently to be merged and coordinated. The model for data storage, data provision to the customers and service activities is defined. The available electronic services for the spatial data are described as advantageous for implementation on topographic maps, for inspection and monitoring of construction projects, for the issue of permits of excavation works and for the other activities.

scholarly journals ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) of Vegetation Cover in Urban Areas—Recognition of Vulnerabilities for the Management of Resources in Urban Green Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1933
Author(s):  
Ana Clara M. Moura ◽  
Bráulio M. Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Local Index

From the mapping of urban vegetation cover by high-resolution orthoimages, using IR band and NDVI classification (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), added to three-dimensional representation obtained by LiDAR capture (Light Detection and Ranging), the volumetric values of vegetal cover are obtained as a base to construct spatial analysis in the district of Pampulha, in Belo Horizonte, investigating the role it plays in the neighborhood. The article aims to analyze the relationship between vegetation cover, income distribution and population density, as a support to urban environmental quality management. It applies Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to identify the presence of clusters and patterns of spatial distribution and to examine spatial autocorrelation. The results confirm the concentration of vegetation cover in areas of high income and lower population density but the main contribution of the study is the use of a method to analyze the spatial behavior of this distribution. Calculating Moran global index and local index (LISA), these spatial combinations are mainly used to identify transformation pressures, which may result in the definition of priorities for public actions and the construction of proposals for parameterization of vegetation cover to support plans related to green infrastructure in urban areas.

Katena gleb mułowo-madowych w okolicy Suraża w Dolinie Górnej Narwi / Muddy-alluvial soils catena near Suraż in the Upper Narew Valley

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Roj-Rojewski ◽  
Marek Walasek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Water Conditions

Abstract The aim of the study was the recognition of profile structure and main physical properties of humus-rich endogley soils, which form muddy-alluvial habitats, and soils appearing together with them in a catena developed in the Upper Narew Valley near Sura¿. Plant communities growing on these soils were also recognized. Typological development of the analysed soils is clearly connected with microrelief of flood terrace, water conditions and vegetation cover. The most moisture positions taken by humus-rich endogley soils are overgrown by Glycerietum maximae community. Typic czernozemic alluvial and mucky-like soils with Phalaridetum arundinaceae community are found slightly higher. In the highest and the most dried parts of the analysed terrain mucky soils overgrown by plant community with domination of Alopecurus pratensis appears. Due to lower ash content physical properties of humus-rich endogley soils and peaty-like deposits considerably distinguish from properties of the other soils and deposits founded on the study area.

Crystal growth and the role of the organic network in eggshell biomineralization

1986 ◽  
Vol 227 (1248) ◽  
pp. 303-324 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Fracture Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Component ◽  
Palisade Layer ◽  
Crystal Deposition ◽  
Fibrous Network ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Crystalline Fracture

A model based on geometrical crystal growth considerations is proposed for the deposition of the crocodilian, testudinian and avian eggshells. Ir each shell column, crystal deposition is initiated at a single location, from which growth fans out at all angles to the shell normal. In both co1citic and aragonitic shells, growth is in the [001] direction, resulting in an increase in the degree of (001) preferred orientation with distance from nucleation. Where there is unhindered crystal growth, the shells show a crystalline fracture morphology, and the degree of texture that develops is a simple function of the column radius. This type of growth makes up the whole of the testudinian shell, the inner 0.3-0.4 (30-40 %) of the thick ratite shells and the cone layer of the other avian shells. At the start of the palisade layer of the avian shell, the onset of deposition of the organic component coincides with a hindrance to texture development, which thereafter proceeds at a lower rate. A further hindrance occurs about halfway through the shell, probably caused by a change in the physical characteristics of the organic network. The degree of texture that develops in the avian shell is a function of the column radius and the degree of physical hindrance presented by the organic network. The palisade layer of the avian shell has a composite fracture morphology resulting from the intermingling of the network with the inorganic phase.The organic component does not appear to control crystal growth, as previously believed, but instead acts as a reinforcing fibrous network.

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